Author: Roger Paez
Publisher: Actar D, Inc.
ISBN: 163840139X
Category : Architecture
Languages : en
Pages : 329
Book Description
Operative Mapping investigates the use of maps as a design tool, providing insight with the potential to benefit education and practice in the design disciplines. The book’s fundamental aim is to offer a methodological contribution to the design disciplines, both in conceptual and instrumental terms. When added to the resources of contemporary design, operative mapping overcomes the analytical and strictly instrumental approaches of maps, opening up the possibility of working both pragmatically and critically by acknowledging the need for an effective transformation of the milieu based on an understanding of pre-existing conditions. The approach is pragmatic, not only discussing the present but, above all, generating a toolbox to help expand on the objectives, methodologies and formats of design in the immediate future. The book joins together a review of the theoretical body of work on mapping from the social sciences with case studies from the past 30 years in architecture, planning and landscape design in the interest of linking past practices with future ones.
Operative Mapping
Author: Roger Paez
Publisher: Actar D, Inc.
ISBN: 163840139X
Category : Architecture
Languages : en
Pages : 329
Book Description
Operative Mapping investigates the use of maps as a design tool, providing insight with the potential to benefit education and practice in the design disciplines. The book’s fundamental aim is to offer a methodological contribution to the design disciplines, both in conceptual and instrumental terms. When added to the resources of contemporary design, operative mapping overcomes the analytical and strictly instrumental approaches of maps, opening up the possibility of working both pragmatically and critically by acknowledging the need for an effective transformation of the milieu based on an understanding of pre-existing conditions. The approach is pragmatic, not only discussing the present but, above all, generating a toolbox to help expand on the objectives, methodologies and formats of design in the immediate future. The book joins together a review of the theoretical body of work on mapping from the social sciences with case studies from the past 30 years in architecture, planning and landscape design in the interest of linking past practices with future ones.
Publisher: Actar D, Inc.
ISBN: 163840139X
Category : Architecture
Languages : en
Pages : 329
Book Description
Operative Mapping investigates the use of maps as a design tool, providing insight with the potential to benefit education and practice in the design disciplines. The book’s fundamental aim is to offer a methodological contribution to the design disciplines, both in conceptual and instrumental terms. When added to the resources of contemporary design, operative mapping overcomes the analytical and strictly instrumental approaches of maps, opening up the possibility of working both pragmatically and critically by acknowledging the need for an effective transformation of the milieu based on an understanding of pre-existing conditions. The approach is pragmatic, not only discussing the present but, above all, generating a toolbox to help expand on the objectives, methodologies and formats of design in the immediate future. The book joins together a review of the theoretical body of work on mapping from the social sciences with case studies from the past 30 years in architecture, planning and landscape design in the interest of linking past practices with future ones.
Operative Mapping
Author: Roger Paez
Publisher: Actar
ISBN: 9781948765077
Category : Architecture
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
The purpose of this book is to explore the critical uses of maps in design, and it introduces the concept of operative mapping as its cornerstone. The concept is rooted in an understanding of mapping as a design tool. Maps don't merely inform; they propose. They don't offer a neutral representation of reality; they construct reality in a particular way. In that sense, cartography is a propositive discipline, and not simply a descriptive one.
Publisher: Actar
ISBN: 9781948765077
Category : Architecture
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
The purpose of this book is to explore the critical uses of maps in design, and it introduces the concept of operative mapping as its cornerstone. The concept is rooted in an understanding of mapping as a design tool. Maps don't merely inform; they propose. They don't offer a neutral representation of reality; they construct reality in a particular way. In that sense, cartography is a propositive discipline, and not simply a descriptive one.
Schmidek and Sweet: Operative Neurosurgical Techniques E-Book
Author: Alfredo Quinones-Hinojosa
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 1455723282
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 3024
Book Description
Wherever, whenever, or however you need it, unmatched procedural guidance is at your fingertips with the new edition of Schmidek & Sweet: Operative Neurosurgical Techniques! Completely revised under the auspices of new editor-chief Dr. Alfredo Quiñones-Hinojosa, this comprehensive medical reference examines indications, operative techniques, complications, and results for nearly every neurosurgical procedure. Full-color illustrations, 21 new chapters, internationally-acclaimed contributors, surgical videos, and online access make it a "must have" for today's practitioner. Hone your skills for Master virtually every routine and specialized procedure for brain, spinal, and peripheral nerve problems in adult patients. Review clinical information on image-guided technologies and infections. Easily understand and apply techniques with guidance from more than 1,600 full-color illustrations. Rely on the knowledge and experience of new editor-in-chief Dr. Alfredo Quiñones-Hinojosa and leading international authorities, who offer multiple perspectives on neurosurgical challenges, from tried-and-true methods to the most current techniques. See exactly how to proceed with online surgical videos that guide you through each technique and procedure to ensure the best possible outcomes and results. Apply the latest techniques and knowledge in deep brain stimulation for epilepsy, movement disorders, dystonia, and psychiatric disorders; surgical management of blast injuries; invasive electrophysiology in functional neurosurgery; and interventional management of cerebral aneurysms and arterio-venous malformations. Take it with you anywhere! Access the full text, downloadable image library, video clips, and more at www.expertconsult.com.
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 1455723282
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 3024
Book Description
Wherever, whenever, or however you need it, unmatched procedural guidance is at your fingertips with the new edition of Schmidek & Sweet: Operative Neurosurgical Techniques! Completely revised under the auspices of new editor-chief Dr. Alfredo Quiñones-Hinojosa, this comprehensive medical reference examines indications, operative techniques, complications, and results for nearly every neurosurgical procedure. Full-color illustrations, 21 new chapters, internationally-acclaimed contributors, surgical videos, and online access make it a "must have" for today's practitioner. Hone your skills for Master virtually every routine and specialized procedure for brain, spinal, and peripheral nerve problems in adult patients. Review clinical information on image-guided technologies and infections. Easily understand and apply techniques with guidance from more than 1,600 full-color illustrations. Rely on the knowledge and experience of new editor-in-chief Dr. Alfredo Quiñones-Hinojosa and leading international authorities, who offer multiple perspectives on neurosurgical challenges, from tried-and-true methods to the most current techniques. See exactly how to proceed with online surgical videos that guide you through each technique and procedure to ensure the best possible outcomes and results. Apply the latest techniques and knowledge in deep brain stimulation for epilepsy, movement disorders, dystonia, and psychiatric disorders; surgical management of blast injuries; invasive electrophysiology in functional neurosurgery; and interventional management of cerebral aneurysms and arterio-venous malformations. Take it with you anywhere! Access the full text, downloadable image library, video clips, and more at www.expertconsult.com.
Schmidek and Sweet: Operative Neurosurgical Techniques 2-Volume Set
Author: Alfredo Quinones-Hinojosa, MD, FAANS, FACS
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 1416068392
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 3023
Book Description
Wherever, whenever, or however you need it, unmatched procedural guidance is at your fingertips with the new edition of Schmidek & Sweet: Operative Neurosurgical Techniques! Completely revised under the auspices of new editor-chief Dr. Alfredo Quiñones-Hinojosa, this comprehensive medical reference examines indications, operative techniques, complications, and results for nearly every neurosurgical procedure. Full-color illustrations, 21 new chapters, internationally-acclaimed contributors, surgical videos, and online access make it a "must have" for today's practitioner. Hone your skills for virtually every routine and specialized procedure for brain, spinal, and peripheral nerve problems in adult patients. Review clinical information on image-guided technologies and infections. Easily understand and apply techniques with guidance from more than 1,600 full-color illustrations. Rely on the knowledge and experience of new editor-in-chief Dr. Alfredo Quiñones-Hinojosa and leading international authorities, who offer multiple perspectives on neurosurgical challenges, from tried-and-true methods to the most current techniques. See exactly how to proceed with online surgical videos that guide you through each technique and procedure to ensure the best possible outcomes and results. Apply the latest techniques and knowledge in deep brain stimulation for epilepsy, movement disorders, dystonia, and psychiatric disorders; surgical management of blast injuries; invasive electrophysiology in functional neurosurgery; and interventional management of cerebral aneurysms and arterio-venous malformations. Take it with you anywhere! Access the full text, downloadable image library, video clips, and more at www.expertconsult.com. With 337 additional expert contributors. Get procedural guidance on the latest neurosurgical operative techniques from Schmidek & Sweet on your shelf, laptop and mobile device.
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 1416068392
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 3023
Book Description
Wherever, whenever, or however you need it, unmatched procedural guidance is at your fingertips with the new edition of Schmidek & Sweet: Operative Neurosurgical Techniques! Completely revised under the auspices of new editor-chief Dr. Alfredo Quiñones-Hinojosa, this comprehensive medical reference examines indications, operative techniques, complications, and results for nearly every neurosurgical procedure. Full-color illustrations, 21 new chapters, internationally-acclaimed contributors, surgical videos, and online access make it a "must have" for today's practitioner. Hone your skills for virtually every routine and specialized procedure for brain, spinal, and peripheral nerve problems in adult patients. Review clinical information on image-guided technologies and infections. Easily understand and apply techniques with guidance from more than 1,600 full-color illustrations. Rely on the knowledge and experience of new editor-in-chief Dr. Alfredo Quiñones-Hinojosa and leading international authorities, who offer multiple perspectives on neurosurgical challenges, from tried-and-true methods to the most current techniques. See exactly how to proceed with online surgical videos that guide you through each technique and procedure to ensure the best possible outcomes and results. Apply the latest techniques and knowledge in deep brain stimulation for epilepsy, movement disorders, dystonia, and psychiatric disorders; surgical management of blast injuries; invasive electrophysiology in functional neurosurgery; and interventional management of cerebral aneurysms and arterio-venous malformations. Take it with you anywhere! Access the full text, downloadable image library, video clips, and more at www.expertconsult.com. With 337 additional expert contributors. Get procedural guidance on the latest neurosurgical operative techniques from Schmidek & Sweet on your shelf, laptop and mobile device.
World Mapping Today
Author: Bob Parry
Publisher: Walter de Gruyter
ISBN: 3110959445
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 1080
Book Description
Publisher: Walter de Gruyter
ISBN: 3110959445
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 1080
Book Description
Brain Mapping
Author: Alfredo Quinones-Hinojosa
Publisher: Thieme
ISBN: 1684200938
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 618
Book Description
Comprehensive resource features state-of-the-art brain mapping techniques and pearls from international recognized neurosurgeons Alfredo Quinones-Hinojosa and Kaisorn Chaichana and coeditor Deependra Mahato Despite advances in imaging techniques to identify eloquent cortical brain regions and subcortical white matter, brain mapping is the only method for obtaining real-time information with high sensitivity and specificity. This groundbreaking technology greatly enhances the neurosurgeon's ability to safely resect challenging lesions located in eloquent areas of the brain. Brain Mapping: Indications and Techniques by esteemed neurosurgeons Alfredo Quinones-Hinojosa, Kaisorn Chaichana, and Deependra Mahato, is a comprehensive overview of the most critical aspects of brain mapping from leaders in the field. The book starts with discussion of preoperative aspects, including the history of brain mapping and anatomy of eloquent cortical and eloquent white matter tracts. Subsequent chapters cover perioperative aspects of brain mapping including indirect and direct functional mapping, the role of neurophysiology, awake craniotomy operating room set-up and surgical instruments, and anesthetic considerations. Diverse awake and asleep brain mapping techniques are described for various intracranial pathologies, as well as advances in postoperative recovery of neurological function including physical and speech therapy. Key Features Dedicated chapters focused on essential sensory functions cover speech mapping, asleep motor mapping, awake subcortical language mapping, and visual cortex and visual tract mapping Disease- and region-specific techniques that encompass extra-operative brain mapping for epilepsy, surgery mapping for insular tumors, seizure mapping, and brainstem and spinal cord mapping Clinical pearls on postoperative issues such as rehabilitation, emergence of DBS-evoked functional connectomics, brain neuroplasticity, and radiating eloquent areas High-quality illustrations and videos enhance understanding of brain regions targeted in different mapping techniques This is the most comprehensive resource available to date on brain mapping and surgery in eloquent regions. As such, it is a must-have for neurosurgical residents, fellows, practicing neurosurgeons, and allied healthcare practitioners who treat patients with brain conditions.
Publisher: Thieme
ISBN: 1684200938
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 618
Book Description
Comprehensive resource features state-of-the-art brain mapping techniques and pearls from international recognized neurosurgeons Alfredo Quinones-Hinojosa and Kaisorn Chaichana and coeditor Deependra Mahato Despite advances in imaging techniques to identify eloquent cortical brain regions and subcortical white matter, brain mapping is the only method for obtaining real-time information with high sensitivity and specificity. This groundbreaking technology greatly enhances the neurosurgeon's ability to safely resect challenging lesions located in eloquent areas of the brain. Brain Mapping: Indications and Techniques by esteemed neurosurgeons Alfredo Quinones-Hinojosa, Kaisorn Chaichana, and Deependra Mahato, is a comprehensive overview of the most critical aspects of brain mapping from leaders in the field. The book starts with discussion of preoperative aspects, including the history of brain mapping and anatomy of eloquent cortical and eloquent white matter tracts. Subsequent chapters cover perioperative aspects of brain mapping including indirect and direct functional mapping, the role of neurophysiology, awake craniotomy operating room set-up and surgical instruments, and anesthetic considerations. Diverse awake and asleep brain mapping techniques are described for various intracranial pathologies, as well as advances in postoperative recovery of neurological function including physical and speech therapy. Key Features Dedicated chapters focused on essential sensory functions cover speech mapping, asleep motor mapping, awake subcortical language mapping, and visual cortex and visual tract mapping Disease- and region-specific techniques that encompass extra-operative brain mapping for epilepsy, surgery mapping for insular tumors, seizure mapping, and brainstem and spinal cord mapping Clinical pearls on postoperative issues such as rehabilitation, emergence of DBS-evoked functional connectomics, brain neuroplasticity, and radiating eloquent areas High-quality illustrations and videos enhance understanding of brain regions targeted in different mapping techniques This is the most comprehensive resource available to date on brain mapping and surgery in eloquent regions. As such, it is a must-have for neurosurgical residents, fellows, practicing neurosurgeons, and allied healthcare practitioners who treat patients with brain conditions.
An Improved Foundation for the Investigation and Treatment of Gastric Dysrhythmia [PhD Thesis]
Author: Gregory O'Grady
Publisher: Gregory O'Grady
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 373
Book Description
Gastric motility disorders remain a complex clinical challenge, and inflict a substantial burden of cost and suffering on society. Gastric contractions are coordinated by an underlying electrical activity, and gastric dysrhythmias are implicated in the pathophysiology of several motility disorders. However, the significance of dysrhythmias remains uncertain, and there are few elective therapies, because current tools to investigate dysrhythmias have low reliability owing to their lack of spatial resolution. This thesis aimed to develop an improved foundation for the investigation and management of gastric dysrhythmia, by advancing and translating high-resolution (HR; multi-electrode) spatiotemporal mapping. The research is a cross-disciplinary program of bioengineering, and basic and clinical electrophysiology. A range of HR mapping devices are first developed and validated for intra-operative gastric mapping, including at open and laparoscopic surgery. Automated signal processing tools are next validated for the efficient, reliable marking, grouping, and mapping of slow wave events, and these tools are integrated into an intuitive software platform. These methodological advances are then applied in a series of experimental studies. The origin and propagation of porcine gastric slow wave activity is defined, followed by clinical translation with the first spatiotemporal analysis of normal human gastric slow wave propagation. The methods are then applied to define new patterns and mechanisms of gastric dysrhythmia, initially in a porcine model, including the first demonstration of how rapid, high-amplitude circumferential propagation emerges during dysrhythmias. The first clinical study applying HR electrical mapping is then presented, performed on a cohort of patients with diabetic and idiopathic gastroparesis, revealing new patterns of human dysrhythmia. A new classification scheme for abnormalities of human gastric slow wave initiation and conduction is proposed. Finally, the evidence for high-frequency gastric electrical stimulation is reviewed, prior to the presentation of a new 'entrainment mapping' method for better assessing gastric pacing protocols. In total, this work constitutes a coordinated series of advances that offer a strengthened foundation for investigating and managing gastric electrical abnormalities. It is hoped that these new methods and findings will translate into future clinical advances, to improve the diagnosis and treatment of these complex patient populations.
Publisher: Gregory O'Grady
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 373
Book Description
Gastric motility disorders remain a complex clinical challenge, and inflict a substantial burden of cost and suffering on society. Gastric contractions are coordinated by an underlying electrical activity, and gastric dysrhythmias are implicated in the pathophysiology of several motility disorders. However, the significance of dysrhythmias remains uncertain, and there are few elective therapies, because current tools to investigate dysrhythmias have low reliability owing to their lack of spatial resolution. This thesis aimed to develop an improved foundation for the investigation and management of gastric dysrhythmia, by advancing and translating high-resolution (HR; multi-electrode) spatiotemporal mapping. The research is a cross-disciplinary program of bioengineering, and basic and clinical electrophysiology. A range of HR mapping devices are first developed and validated for intra-operative gastric mapping, including at open and laparoscopic surgery. Automated signal processing tools are next validated for the efficient, reliable marking, grouping, and mapping of slow wave events, and these tools are integrated into an intuitive software platform. These methodological advances are then applied in a series of experimental studies. The origin and propagation of porcine gastric slow wave activity is defined, followed by clinical translation with the first spatiotemporal analysis of normal human gastric slow wave propagation. The methods are then applied to define new patterns and mechanisms of gastric dysrhythmia, initially in a porcine model, including the first demonstration of how rapid, high-amplitude circumferential propagation emerges during dysrhythmias. The first clinical study applying HR electrical mapping is then presented, performed on a cohort of patients with diabetic and idiopathic gastroparesis, revealing new patterns of human dysrhythmia. A new classification scheme for abnormalities of human gastric slow wave initiation and conduction is proposed. Finally, the evidence for high-frequency gastric electrical stimulation is reviewed, prior to the presentation of a new 'entrainment mapping' method for better assessing gastric pacing protocols. In total, this work constitutes a coordinated series of advances that offer a strengthened foundation for investigating and managing gastric electrical abnormalities. It is hoped that these new methods and findings will translate into future clinical advances, to improve the diagnosis and treatment of these complex patient populations.
Intraoperative Mapping of Cognitive Networks
Author: Emmanuel Mandonnet
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 303075071X
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 421
Book Description
This book aims to give the state-of-the-art of intraoperative brain function mapping for resection of brain tumors in awake conditions, and to become a reference for acquiring the fundamental expertise necessary to select the right intraoperative task at the right time of the surgery. The chapters, all focused on a specific brain function, are divided in 4 parts: sensori-motor and visuo-spatial functions, language functions, higher-order functions, and prospects. Each chapter follows the same outline, including a brief review of the current knowledge about the networks sustaining the function in healthy subjects, the description of the intraoperative tasks designed to monitor the function, a review of the literature describing the deficits in that function after surgery, and a critical appraisal of the benefit provided by intraoperative mapping of that function.
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 303075071X
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 421
Book Description
This book aims to give the state-of-the-art of intraoperative brain function mapping for resection of brain tumors in awake conditions, and to become a reference for acquiring the fundamental expertise necessary to select the right intraoperative task at the right time of the surgery. The chapters, all focused on a specific brain function, are divided in 4 parts: sensori-motor and visuo-spatial functions, language functions, higher-order functions, and prospects. Each chapter follows the same outline, including a brief review of the current knowledge about the networks sustaining the function in healthy subjects, the description of the intraoperative tasks designed to monitor the function, a review of the literature describing the deficits in that function after surgery, and a critical appraisal of the benefit provided by intraoperative mapping of that function.
Cardiac Pacing
Author: Steinbach
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3642723675
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 944
Book Description
Proceedings of a congress serve the purpose to provide the reader with the latest know ledge in the specific field. They present at least for a limited time period a reference book that allows rapid access to the latest information for the medical profession and for an ongoing of future research. This volume is addressed not only to the participants of the VIIth World Symposium on Cardiac Pacing but to everybody involved in diagnostic and therapeutic cardiac stimula tion. The experience has shown that proceedings of conferences of comparable size are usually published with a considerable time delay limiting its value as a source of prime informa tion. The editors of this volume decided therefore, that their most important task was to guarantee the actuality of the publication. Even if it seems desirable to include as many presentations of a conference as possible, the large number of excellent presentations at the VIIth World Symposium on Cardiac Pacing, 337 oral presentations and 236 posters, could not be published within an accepta ble time period. The experience from previous conferences has shown that a book which includes all the papers can only be edited with a large delay, which reduces the value and actuality of the information.
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3642723675
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 944
Book Description
Proceedings of a congress serve the purpose to provide the reader with the latest know ledge in the specific field. They present at least for a limited time period a reference book that allows rapid access to the latest information for the medical profession and for an ongoing of future research. This volume is addressed not only to the participants of the VIIth World Symposium on Cardiac Pacing but to everybody involved in diagnostic and therapeutic cardiac stimula tion. The experience has shown that proceedings of conferences of comparable size are usually published with a considerable time delay limiting its value as a source of prime informa tion. The editors of this volume decided therefore, that their most important task was to guarantee the actuality of the publication. Even if it seems desirable to include as many presentations of a conference as possible, the large number of excellent presentations at the VIIth World Symposium on Cardiac Pacing, 337 oral presentations and 236 posters, could not be published within an accepta ble time period. The experience from previous conferences has shown that a book which includes all the papers can only be edited with a large delay, which reduces the value and actuality of the information.
New Advances in Gastrointestinal Motility Research
Author: L. K. Cheng
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9400765614
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 266
Book Description
Research into gastrointestinal motility has received renewed interest in part due to recent advances in the techniques for measuring the structure and function of gastrointestinal cells, tissue and organs. The integration of this wealth of data into biophysically based computation models can aid in interpretation of experimental and clinical measurements and the refinement of measurement techniques. The contents of this book span multiple scales - from cell, tissue, organ, to whole body and is divided into four broad sections covering: i) gastrointestinal cellular activity and tissue structure; (ii) techniques for measuring, analyzing and visualizing high-resolution extra-cellular recordings; (iii) methods for sensing gastroelectrical activity using non-invasive bio-electro-magnetic fields and for modulating the underlying gastric electrical activity and finally (iv) methods for assessing manometric and videographic motility patterns and the application of these data for predicting the flow and mixing behavior of luminal contents by using computational fluid dynamic techniques. This book aims to provide both an overview of historical and existing research techniques as well as to highlight future directions and challenges for the community as a whole. It will be suitable for clinicians to understand the cellular and biophysical underpinnings of gastric emptying, gastroenterologists, surgeons, bioengineers and all scientists with interests in gastrointestinal motility research.
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9400765614
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 266
Book Description
Research into gastrointestinal motility has received renewed interest in part due to recent advances in the techniques for measuring the structure and function of gastrointestinal cells, tissue and organs. The integration of this wealth of data into biophysically based computation models can aid in interpretation of experimental and clinical measurements and the refinement of measurement techniques. The contents of this book span multiple scales - from cell, tissue, organ, to whole body and is divided into four broad sections covering: i) gastrointestinal cellular activity and tissue structure; (ii) techniques for measuring, analyzing and visualizing high-resolution extra-cellular recordings; (iii) methods for sensing gastroelectrical activity using non-invasive bio-electro-magnetic fields and for modulating the underlying gastric electrical activity and finally (iv) methods for assessing manometric and videographic motility patterns and the application of these data for predicting the flow and mixing behavior of luminal contents by using computational fluid dynamic techniques. This book aims to provide both an overview of historical and existing research techniques as well as to highlight future directions and challenges for the community as a whole. It will be suitable for clinicians to understand the cellular and biophysical underpinnings of gastric emptying, gastroenterologists, surgeons, bioengineers and all scientists with interests in gastrointestinal motility research.