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Author: P.A. Floyd
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9401130426
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 470
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Book Description
Basalt is the most voluminous of all the igneous rocks. Extensive field, experimental, petrographic and geochemical studies of basalt have provided us with a considerable understanding of igneous petrogenesis, plate tectonics, and crust-mantle interaction and exchange. One important aspect of geology that has developed over the last few decades is the study of oceanic basalts. The ocean basins cover about two thirds of the earth's surface and are floored by a basement of oceanic basalt that is continuously undergoing generation at spreading centres and destruction at subduction zones, a process which throughout geological time is recognized as the principal means of generating new crust. The study of oceanic basalts enables us to understand better the generation and recycling of crustal materials (including the continental crust), and the exchange between oceanic crust and seawater via hydrothermal activity. Compositional variations displayed by oceanic basalts provide windows into the mantle, and the identification of isotopically-distinct mantle reservoirs demonstrates that the source of oceanic basalts is heterogeneous and is controlled by convection and reservoir interactions within the mantle.
Author: P.A. Floyd
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9401130426
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 470
Get Book Here
Book Description
Basalt is the most voluminous of all the igneous rocks. Extensive field, experimental, petrographic and geochemical studies of basalt have provided us with a considerable understanding of igneous petrogenesis, plate tectonics, and crust-mantle interaction and exchange. One important aspect of geology that has developed over the last few decades is the study of oceanic basalts. The ocean basins cover about two thirds of the earth's surface and are floored by a basement of oceanic basalt that is continuously undergoing generation at spreading centres and destruction at subduction zones, a process which throughout geological time is recognized as the principal means of generating new crust. The study of oceanic basalts enables us to understand better the generation and recycling of crustal materials (including the continental crust), and the exchange between oceanic crust and seawater via hydrothermal activity. Compositional variations displayed by oceanic basalts provide windows into the mantle, and the identification of isotopically-distinct mantle reservoirs demonstrates that the source of oceanic basalts is heterogeneous and is controlled by convection and reservoir interactions within the mantle.
Author: Susan Elizabeth Humphris
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Basalt
Languages : en
Pages : 982
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Book Description
Author: YEN-HONG SHAU
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 604
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Book Description
appears to be mainly controlled by kinetic factors. Parageneses and compositions of phyllosilicates strongly depend upon available chemical components from precursor minerals or fluids. The alteration of other phases such as plagioclase and titanomagnetite provides components for formation of phyllosilicates. The degree of alteration in the basalts is mainly controlled by fluid/rock ratios, which in turn are determined by rock permeability.
Author: Theodore Phillip Paster
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Basalt
Languages : en
Pages : 242
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Book Description
The chemistry of submarine basalts has been used in upper mantle petrogenesis models but criteria for selecting fresh, representative samples and an understanding of within-specimen variations are vague. In an effort to define alteration criteria, variations in the mineralogical, chemical and magnetic parameters of one alkalic and eight tholeiitic basalt pillows from abyssal hills in eight widely scattered localities of the Southern Ocean have been studied from glass rim to aphanitic interior. These variations are related to primary cooling (quenching ane deuteric alteration) and secondary alteration (hydration and recrystallization). Four texturally gradational zones are defined from glass rim inward: hydrated glass, unhydrated glass, "variolitic" zone, and aphanitic zone. This transition occurs through a minimum thickness of three centimeters. These zones are also characterized by low intensity of magnetization (J) and low susceptibility (c.g.s. units) in the glass (no opaques), high J and susceptibility in the variolitic zone (very minute opaques), and medium J and susceptibility in the aphanitic basalt (opagues larger than single domain size). Deuteric alteration affects the intensity and coercivity of the basalts. Vesicularity in the eight tholeiites does not exceed 3% at depths greater than 3200 meters which is consistent with physico-chemical data. Three types of alteration are common: (1) glass hydration (>2.0% total H2O) resulting in loss of magnesium and calcium and increase of total iron ferric/ferrous ratio, and potassium; (2) serpentinization adjacent to joints and fractures; and (3) higher temperature deuteric alteration in the aphanitic zone causing depletion of magnesium and total iron as FeO (up to 2.0 wt. percent of rock). The iron migrates to joints where it is oxidized and made available in significant quantities for redeposition in iron-rich sediments and ferro-manganese concretions.
Author: Gunter Faure
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3662044749
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 506
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Book Description
The origin of different kinds of igneous rocks can be understood in terms of their tectonic setting, and by way of the isotope compositions of strontium, neodymium, and lead. This book explains the petrogenesis of igneous rocks as a consequence of tectonic processes resulting from interactions between asthenopheric plumes and the overlying lithospheric mantle. The relevant principles of isotope geochemistry are explained in the first chapter, making it accessible for university students as well as professionals. The relevant isotopic data is presented in diagrammatic form. The book contains more than 400 original drawings.
Author: Cesare Emiliani
Publisher: Harvard University Press
ISBN: 9780674017368
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 1758
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Book Description
Author: Thomas W. Donnelly
Publisher: Geological Society of America
ISBN: 0813711304
Category : Geology
Languages : en
Pages : 247
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Book Description
Author: James R. Heirtzler
Publisher: American Geophysical Union
ISBN: 0875902081
Category : Geology
Languages : en
Pages : 612
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Book Description
Author: William M. White
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 111943811X
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 963
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Book Description
A Comprehensive Introduction to the “Geochemist Toolbox” – the Basic Principles of Modern Geochemistry In the new edition of William M. White’s Geochemistry, undergraduate and graduate students will find each of the core principles of geochemistry covered. From defining key principles and methods to examining Earth’s core composition and exploring organic chemistry and fossil fuels, this definitive edition encompasses all the information needed for a solid foundation in the earth sciences for beginners and beyond. For researchers and applied scientists, this book will act as a useful reference on fundamental theories of geochemistry, applications, and environmental sciences. The new edition includes new chapters on the geochemistry of the Earth’s surface (the “critical zone”), marine geochemistry, and applied geochemistry as it relates to environmental applications and geochemical exploration. ● A review of the fundamentals of geochemical thermodynamics and kinetics, trace element and organic geochemistry ● An introduction to radiogenic and stable isotope geochemistry and applications such as geologic time, ancient climates, and diets of prehistoric people ● Formation of the Earth and composition and origins of the core, the mantle, and the crust ● New chapters that cover soils and streams, the oceans, and geochemistry applied to the environment and mineral exploration In this foundational look at geochemistry, new learners and professionals will find the answer to the essential principles and techniques of the science behind the Earth and its environs.
Author: Alexander R. McBirney
Publisher: Jones & Bartlett Learning
ISBN: 9780763734480
Category : Nature
Languages : en
Pages : 572
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Book Description
The field of Igneous Petrology has evolved greatly in the past years. McBirney's new Third Edition, completely revised and updated, presents a modern and integrated survey of the geological and genetic relations of igneous rocks. It illustrates how modern geochemical and geophysical methods can be combined with field relations to understand the generational and compositional evolution of magmas.
