Author: Durga Kumawat
Publisher: via tolino media
ISBN: 3757929594
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 136
Book Description
Are you struggling with chronic pain, fatigue, or cognitive challenges that are holding you back from living your best life? Occupational therapy can help you overcome these obstacles and achieve your goals. In this comprehensive self-help book, you'll learn practical techniques to manage your symptoms and enhance your overall well-being. From adapting your environment and improving your mobility to building healthy relationships and enhancing your sensory awareness, this book covers a wide range of topics to help you lead a fulfilling life. With expert guidance and actionable advice, you'll gain the tools you need to take control of your health and thrive. Whether you're looking to manage a chronic condition or simply enhance your quality of life, this book is an essential resource for anyone seeking to achieve their full potential. So, what are you waiting for? Let's get started on your journey to a happier, healthier you with occupational therapy!
Occupational Therapy
Author: Durga Kumawat
Publisher: via tolino media
ISBN: 3757929594
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 136
Book Description
Are you struggling with chronic pain, fatigue, or cognitive challenges that are holding you back from living your best life? Occupational therapy can help you overcome these obstacles and achieve your goals. In this comprehensive self-help book, you'll learn practical techniques to manage your symptoms and enhance your overall well-being. From adapting your environment and improving your mobility to building healthy relationships and enhancing your sensory awareness, this book covers a wide range of topics to help you lead a fulfilling life. With expert guidance and actionable advice, you'll gain the tools you need to take control of your health and thrive. Whether you're looking to manage a chronic condition or simply enhance your quality of life, this book is an essential resource for anyone seeking to achieve their full potential. So, what are you waiting for? Let's get started on your journey to a happier, healthier you with occupational therapy!
Publisher: via tolino media
ISBN: 3757929594
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 136
Book Description
Are you struggling with chronic pain, fatigue, or cognitive challenges that are holding you back from living your best life? Occupational therapy can help you overcome these obstacles and achieve your goals. In this comprehensive self-help book, you'll learn practical techniques to manage your symptoms and enhance your overall well-being. From adapting your environment and improving your mobility to building healthy relationships and enhancing your sensory awareness, this book covers a wide range of topics to help you lead a fulfilling life. With expert guidance and actionable advice, you'll gain the tools you need to take control of your health and thrive. Whether you're looking to manage a chronic condition or simply enhance your quality of life, this book is an essential resource for anyone seeking to achieve their full potential. So, what are you waiting for? Let's get started on your journey to a happier, healthier you with occupational therapy!
Therapeutic Reasoning in Occupational Therapy - E-Book
Author: Jane Clifford O'Brien
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 032383082X
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 273
Book Description
Build the clinical reasoning skills you need to make sound decisions in OT practice! Therapeutic Reasoning in Occupational Therapy: How to Develop Critical Thinking for Practice uses practical learning activities, worksheets, and realistic cases to help you master clinical reasoning and critical thinking concepts. Video clips on the Evolve website demonstrate therapeutic reasoning and show the diverse perspectives of U.S. and international contributors. Written by OT experts Jane Clifford O'Brien, Mary Elizabeth Patnaude, and Teressa Garcia Reidy, this "how-to" workbook makes it easier to apply clinical reasoning in a variety of practice settings. - Dynamic, interactive approach reinforces your understanding with learning activities in each chapter. - Case studies and experiential learning activities flow from simple to complex, and represent occupational therapy across the lifespan. - AOTA's Occupational Therapy Practice Framework, 4th Edition and current OT practice are reflected throughout the book. - Practical learning activities and templates are clinically relevant and designed to support reasoning in a variety of practice settings. - Video clips on the Evolve website are contributed by practitioners, educators, and students, reinforcing content and showing how therapeutic reasoning applies to real-world cases. - Worksheets and/or templates are included in each chapter to enhance learning and for use in practice. - Assessments in each chapter measure therapeutic reasoning outcomes. - Student and practitioner resources on Evolve include printable PDFs of the in-text worksheets, video clips, additional case examples, templates for assignments, exemplars, and reflective activities.
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 032383082X
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 273
Book Description
Build the clinical reasoning skills you need to make sound decisions in OT practice! Therapeutic Reasoning in Occupational Therapy: How to Develop Critical Thinking for Practice uses practical learning activities, worksheets, and realistic cases to help you master clinical reasoning and critical thinking concepts. Video clips on the Evolve website demonstrate therapeutic reasoning and show the diverse perspectives of U.S. and international contributors. Written by OT experts Jane Clifford O'Brien, Mary Elizabeth Patnaude, and Teressa Garcia Reidy, this "how-to" workbook makes it easier to apply clinical reasoning in a variety of practice settings. - Dynamic, interactive approach reinforces your understanding with learning activities in each chapter. - Case studies and experiential learning activities flow from simple to complex, and represent occupational therapy across the lifespan. - AOTA's Occupational Therapy Practice Framework, 4th Edition and current OT practice are reflected throughout the book. - Practical learning activities and templates are clinically relevant and designed to support reasoning in a variety of practice settings. - Video clips on the Evolve website are contributed by practitioners, educators, and students, reinforcing content and showing how therapeutic reasoning applies to real-world cases. - Worksheets and/or templates are included in each chapter to enhance learning and for use in practice. - Assessments in each chapter measure therapeutic reasoning outcomes. - Student and practitioner resources on Evolve include printable PDFs of the in-text worksheets, video clips, additional case examples, templates for assignments, exemplars, and reflective activities.
Occupational Therapy in Housing
Author: Sylvia Clutton
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 047003520X
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 272
Book Description
This book provides practitioners with the foundations onto which they can build their own understanding and practice within housing. It is based on two fundamental principles: the importance of homes becoming enabling environments, and promoting user-centred services. The authors argues that occupational therapists working in the distinct context of housing require additional background knowledge and professional skills to those used within healthcare settings. Explores a broad range of theory bases and developing practice within the area of occupational therapy in housing Presents a vast array of knowledge, research and experience Written by occupational therapists working as practitioners, educators and managers, alongside academics in the social policy and disability issues
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 047003520X
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 272
Book Description
This book provides practitioners with the foundations onto which they can build their own understanding and practice within housing. It is based on two fundamental principles: the importance of homes becoming enabling environments, and promoting user-centred services. The authors argues that occupational therapists working in the distinct context of housing require additional background knowledge and professional skills to those used within healthcare settings. Explores a broad range of theory bases and developing practice within the area of occupational therapy in housing Presents a vast array of knowledge, research and experience Written by occupational therapists working as practitioners, educators and managers, alongside academics in the social policy and disability issues
Physical Dysfunction Practice Skills for the Occupational Therapy Assistant - E-Book
Author: Mary Beth Early
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 032326641X
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 755
Book Description
- New content on the latest advances in OT assessment and intervention includes prosthetics and assistive technologies, and updated assessment and interventions of TBI (traumatic brain injury) problems related to cognitive and visual perception.
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 032326641X
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 755
Book Description
- New content on the latest advances in OT assessment and intervention includes prosthetics and assistive technologies, and updated assessment and interventions of TBI (traumatic brain injury) problems related to cognitive and visual perception.
Creek's Occupational Therapy and Mental Health
Author: Wendy Bryant
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 0702049506
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 519
Book Description
Now in its fifth edition, this seminal textbook for occupational therapy students and practitioners has retained the comprehensive detail of previous editions with significant updates, including the recovery approach informed by a social perspective. Emerging settings for practice are explored and many more service users have been involved as authors, writing commentaries on 14 chapters. All chapters are revised and there are also new chapters, such as mental health and wellbeing, professional accountability, intersectionality, green care and working with marginalized populations. Chapter 11 is written by two people who have received occupational therapy, examining different perspectives on the experience of using services. This edition is divided into clear sections, exploring theory and practice issues in detail. The first section covers the historical, theoretical and philosophical basis for occupational therapy in the promotion of mental health and wellbeing. The second section examines the occupational therapy process, followed by a third section on ensuring quality in contemporary practice. The fourth section offers insights into issues arising from the changing contexts for occupational therapy including an analysis of the implications for occupational therapy education. The fifth section has eight chapters on specific occupations that can be applied across the varied settings which are covered in the sixth and final section. Occupational Therapy and Mental Health is essential reading for students and practitioners across all areas of health and/or social care, in statutory, private or third (voluntary) sectors, and in institutional and community-based settings. - Presents different theories and approaches - Outlines the occupational therapy process - Discusses the implications of a wide range of practice contexts - Describes a broad range of techniques used by occupational therapists - Provides many different perspectives through service user commentaries - Coverage of trust as part of professional accountability, leadership, green care, ethical practice using a principled approach - Additional and extended service user commentaries - An editorial team selected and mentored by the retired editors, Jennifer Creek and Lesley Lougher
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 0702049506
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 519
Book Description
Now in its fifth edition, this seminal textbook for occupational therapy students and practitioners has retained the comprehensive detail of previous editions with significant updates, including the recovery approach informed by a social perspective. Emerging settings for practice are explored and many more service users have been involved as authors, writing commentaries on 14 chapters. All chapters are revised and there are also new chapters, such as mental health and wellbeing, professional accountability, intersectionality, green care and working with marginalized populations. Chapter 11 is written by two people who have received occupational therapy, examining different perspectives on the experience of using services. This edition is divided into clear sections, exploring theory and practice issues in detail. The first section covers the historical, theoretical and philosophical basis for occupational therapy in the promotion of mental health and wellbeing. The second section examines the occupational therapy process, followed by a third section on ensuring quality in contemporary practice. The fourth section offers insights into issues arising from the changing contexts for occupational therapy including an analysis of the implications for occupational therapy education. The fifth section has eight chapters on specific occupations that can be applied across the varied settings which are covered in the sixth and final section. Occupational Therapy and Mental Health is essential reading for students and practitioners across all areas of health and/or social care, in statutory, private or third (voluntary) sectors, and in institutional and community-based settings. - Presents different theories and approaches - Outlines the occupational therapy process - Discusses the implications of a wide range of practice contexts - Describes a broad range of techniques used by occupational therapists - Provides many different perspectives through service user commentaries - Coverage of trust as part of professional accountability, leadership, green care, ethical practice using a principled approach - Additional and extended service user commentaries - An editorial team selected and mentored by the retired editors, Jennifer Creek and Lesley Lougher
Early's Physical Dysfunction Practice Skills for the Occupational Therapy Assistant E-Book
Author: Mary Beth Patnaude
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 0323550541
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 659
Book Description
- NEW! Intervention Principles for Feeding and Eating chapter is added to this edition. - NEW! Reorganization of all chapters aligns content more closely with the Occupational Therapy Practice Framework. - NEW! Combined chapters make the material more concise and easier to navigate.
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 0323550541
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 659
Book Description
- NEW! Intervention Principles for Feeding and Eating chapter is added to this edition. - NEW! Reorganization of all chapters aligns content more closely with the Occupational Therapy Practice Framework. - NEW! Combined chapters make the material more concise and easier to navigate.
Pedretti's Occupational Therapy - E-Book
Author: Heidi McHugh Pendleton
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 0323793665
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 1442
Book Description
Gain the knowledge and skills you need to treat clients/patients with physical disabilities! Pedretti's Occupational Therapy: Practice Skills for Physical Dysfunction, 9th Edition uses a case-based approach threaded through each chapter to provide a solid foundation in evaluation, intervention, and clinical reasoning. The text continues to support the entry-level occupational therapist and the experienced occupational therapist focused on expanding skills and knowledge. With the OT practice framework as a guide, you will focus on the core concepts and central goals of client care. And by studying threaded case studies, you will learn to apply theory to clinical practice. Written by a team of expert OT educators and professionals led by Heidi McHugh Pendleton and Winifred Schultz-Krohn, this edition includes an eBook free with each new print purchase, featuring a fully searchable version of the entire text. - UNIQUE! Threaded case studies begin and are woven through each chapter, helping you develop clinical reasoning and decision-making skills and to apply concepts to real-life clinical practice. - UNIQUE! Ethical Considerations boxes examine the obligation to collaborate with clients on their care, using evidence to select treatment options. - UNIQUE! OT Practice Notes convey important tips and insights into professional practice. - Illustrated, evidence-based content provides a foundation for practice, especially relating to evaluation and intervention. - Information on prevention — rather than simply intervention or treatment — shows how OTs can take a proactive role in client care. - Focus on health promotion and wellness addresses the role of the occupational therapist in what the AOTA has identified as a key practice area. - Content on cultural and ethnic diversity is included in every chapter, reflecting occupational therapy's commitment to this important issue. - Key terms, chapter outlines, and chapter objectives highlight the information you can expect to learn from each chapter. - NEW! Updated content reflects the new Occupational Therapy Practice Framework (OTPF) and the new Accreditation Council for Occupational Therapy Education (ACOTE) curriculum standards along with the new AOTA Code of Ethics. - NEW! Implementation of Occupational Therapy Services, Therapeutic Use of Self, Telehealth, and Lifestyle Redesign chapters are added to this edition. - NEW! Content on the role of the occupational therapist with clients/patients who experience long COVID. - NEW! Inside look at the lived experience of disability covers the intersection of disability perspectives and occupational justice, along with the implications for Occupational Therapy. - NEW! Updated Mindfulness chapter is expanded to cover the wide use of mindfulness in occupational therapy for those with physical disabilities. - NEW! eBook version – included with print purchase – allows you to access all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices, and offers the ability to search, customize your content, make notes and highlights, and have the content read aloud.
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 0323793665
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 1442
Book Description
Gain the knowledge and skills you need to treat clients/patients with physical disabilities! Pedretti's Occupational Therapy: Practice Skills for Physical Dysfunction, 9th Edition uses a case-based approach threaded through each chapter to provide a solid foundation in evaluation, intervention, and clinical reasoning. The text continues to support the entry-level occupational therapist and the experienced occupational therapist focused on expanding skills and knowledge. With the OT practice framework as a guide, you will focus on the core concepts and central goals of client care. And by studying threaded case studies, you will learn to apply theory to clinical practice. Written by a team of expert OT educators and professionals led by Heidi McHugh Pendleton and Winifred Schultz-Krohn, this edition includes an eBook free with each new print purchase, featuring a fully searchable version of the entire text. - UNIQUE! Threaded case studies begin and are woven through each chapter, helping you develop clinical reasoning and decision-making skills and to apply concepts to real-life clinical practice. - UNIQUE! Ethical Considerations boxes examine the obligation to collaborate with clients on their care, using evidence to select treatment options. - UNIQUE! OT Practice Notes convey important tips and insights into professional practice. - Illustrated, evidence-based content provides a foundation for practice, especially relating to evaluation and intervention. - Information on prevention — rather than simply intervention or treatment — shows how OTs can take a proactive role in client care. - Focus on health promotion and wellness addresses the role of the occupational therapist in what the AOTA has identified as a key practice area. - Content on cultural and ethnic diversity is included in every chapter, reflecting occupational therapy's commitment to this important issue. - Key terms, chapter outlines, and chapter objectives highlight the information you can expect to learn from each chapter. - NEW! Updated content reflects the new Occupational Therapy Practice Framework (OTPF) and the new Accreditation Council for Occupational Therapy Education (ACOTE) curriculum standards along with the new AOTA Code of Ethics. - NEW! Implementation of Occupational Therapy Services, Therapeutic Use of Self, Telehealth, and Lifestyle Redesign chapters are added to this edition. - NEW! Content on the role of the occupational therapist with clients/patients who experience long COVID. - NEW! Inside look at the lived experience of disability covers the intersection of disability perspectives and occupational justice, along with the implications for Occupational Therapy. - NEW! Updated Mindfulness chapter is expanded to cover the wide use of mindfulness in occupational therapy for those with physical disabilities. - NEW! eBook version – included with print purchase – allows you to access all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices, and offers the ability to search, customize your content, make notes and highlights, and have the content read aloud.
Occupational Therapy Practice Framework: Domain and Process
Author: Aota
Publisher: AOTA Press
ISBN: 9781569003619
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 51
Book Description
As occupational therapy celebrates its centennial in 2017, attention returns to the profession's founding belief in the value of therapeutic occupations as a way to remediate illness and maintain health. The founders emphasized the importance of establishing a therapeutic relationship with each client and designing an intervention plan based on the knowledge about a client's context and environment, values, goals, and needs. Using today's lexicon, the profession's founders proposed a vision for the profession that was occupation based, client centered, and evidence based--the vision articulated in the third edition of the Occupational Therapy Practice Framework: Domain and Process. The Framework is a must-have official document from the American Occupational Therapy Association. Intended for occupational therapy practitioners and students, other health care professionals, educators, researchers, payers, and consumers, the Framework summarizes the interrelated constructs that describe occupational therapy practice. In addition to the creation of a new preface to set the tone for the work, this new edition includes the following highlights: a redefinition of the overarching statement describing occupational therapy's domain; a new definition of clients that includes persons, groups, and populations; further delineation of the profession's relationship to organizations; inclusion of activity demands as part of the process; and even more up-to-date analysis and guidance for today's occupational therapy practitioners. Achieving health, well-being, and participation in life through engagement in occupation is the overarching statement that describes the domain and process of occupational therapy in the fullest sense. The Framework can provide the structure and guidance that practitioners can use to meet this important goal.
Publisher: AOTA Press
ISBN: 9781569003619
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 51
Book Description
As occupational therapy celebrates its centennial in 2017, attention returns to the profession's founding belief in the value of therapeutic occupations as a way to remediate illness and maintain health. The founders emphasized the importance of establishing a therapeutic relationship with each client and designing an intervention plan based on the knowledge about a client's context and environment, values, goals, and needs. Using today's lexicon, the profession's founders proposed a vision for the profession that was occupation based, client centered, and evidence based--the vision articulated in the third edition of the Occupational Therapy Practice Framework: Domain and Process. The Framework is a must-have official document from the American Occupational Therapy Association. Intended for occupational therapy practitioners and students, other health care professionals, educators, researchers, payers, and consumers, the Framework summarizes the interrelated constructs that describe occupational therapy practice. In addition to the creation of a new preface to set the tone for the work, this new edition includes the following highlights: a redefinition of the overarching statement describing occupational therapy's domain; a new definition of clients that includes persons, groups, and populations; further delineation of the profession's relationship to organizations; inclusion of activity demands as part of the process; and even more up-to-date analysis and guidance for today's occupational therapy practitioners. Achieving health, well-being, and participation in life through engagement in occupation is the overarching statement that describes the domain and process of occupational therapy in the fullest sense. The Framework can provide the structure and guidance that practitioners can use to meet this important goal.
Occupational Therapy for Children and Adolescents - E-Book
Author: Jane Case-Smith
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 032329099X
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 911
Book Description
- NEW video clips and case studies on the Evolve website demonstrate important concepts and rehabilitation techniques. - NEW Autism Spectrum Disorder chapter contains important information for OTs not addressed in other texts. - NEW Neuromotor: Cerebral Palsy chapter addresses the most prevalent cause of motor dysfunction in children. - NEW Adolescent Development chapter helps you manage the special needs of teenagers and young adults. - NEW contemporary design includes full-color photos and illustrations. - UPDATED content and references ensure you have access to the comprehensive, research-based information that will guide you in making optimal decisions in practice.
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 032329099X
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 911
Book Description
- NEW video clips and case studies on the Evolve website demonstrate important concepts and rehabilitation techniques. - NEW Autism Spectrum Disorder chapter contains important information for OTs not addressed in other texts. - NEW Neuromotor: Cerebral Palsy chapter addresses the most prevalent cause of motor dysfunction in children. - NEW Adolescent Development chapter helps you manage the special needs of teenagers and young adults. - NEW contemporary design includes full-color photos and illustrations. - UPDATED content and references ensure you have access to the comprehensive, research-based information that will guide you in making optimal decisions in practice.
Occupational Therapy with Aging Adults - E-Book
Author: Karen Frank Barney
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 032387892X
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 1501
Book Description
Get all the information you need to work holistically, creatively, and collaboratively when providing services for older adults with Karen Frank Barney, Margaret A. Perkinson, and Debbie Laliberte Rudman's Occupational Therapy with Aging Adults, 2nd Edition. Emphasizing evidence-based, occupation-based practice and a collaborative, interdisciplinary approach, this text walks students and practitioners through the full range of gerontological occupational therapy practice, inclusive of working with individual clients to working at systems and societal levels. Over 80 leaders in their respective topical areas contributed to the book's 33 chapters, including the conceptual foundations and principles of gerontological occupational therapy, bio-psychosocial age-related changes, environmental forces shaping occupational participation for older adults, the continuum of health care as well as implications for communities, and the attributes, ethical responsibilities, and roles involved in gerontological occupational therapy. This edition also covers topical OT issues that are crucially important to an aging population — such as diversity and inclusion, disability and aging, sexuality, technology, telehealth and virtual environments, intergenerational connections, updates on dementia research and caring for someone with dementia, occupational justice and aging, age inclusive communities, and an expanded section on hearing — to ensure your students are well versed in every aspect of this key practice area. - UNIQUE! Intraprofessional and interprofessional approach to intervention emphasizes working holistically and collaboratively in serving older adults. - UNIQUE! Chapter on the wide range of physiological, musculoskeletal, and neurological changes among the aging patient population highlights related occupational performance issues. - Case examples help you learn to apply new information to actual client and community situations. - Chapter on evidence-based practice discusses how to incorporate evidence into clinical or community settings. - Questions at the end of each chapter can be used for discussion or other learning applications. - UNIQUE! Chapters on nutrition, food insecurity, and oral health explore related challenges faced by older adults. - Chapter on ethics provides a deeper understanding of how to address challenging ethical dilemmas.
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 032387892X
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 1501
Book Description
Get all the information you need to work holistically, creatively, and collaboratively when providing services for older adults with Karen Frank Barney, Margaret A. Perkinson, and Debbie Laliberte Rudman's Occupational Therapy with Aging Adults, 2nd Edition. Emphasizing evidence-based, occupation-based practice and a collaborative, interdisciplinary approach, this text walks students and practitioners through the full range of gerontological occupational therapy practice, inclusive of working with individual clients to working at systems and societal levels. Over 80 leaders in their respective topical areas contributed to the book's 33 chapters, including the conceptual foundations and principles of gerontological occupational therapy, bio-psychosocial age-related changes, environmental forces shaping occupational participation for older adults, the continuum of health care as well as implications for communities, and the attributes, ethical responsibilities, and roles involved in gerontological occupational therapy. This edition also covers topical OT issues that are crucially important to an aging population — such as diversity and inclusion, disability and aging, sexuality, technology, telehealth and virtual environments, intergenerational connections, updates on dementia research and caring for someone with dementia, occupational justice and aging, age inclusive communities, and an expanded section on hearing — to ensure your students are well versed in every aspect of this key practice area. - UNIQUE! Intraprofessional and interprofessional approach to intervention emphasizes working holistically and collaboratively in serving older adults. - UNIQUE! Chapter on the wide range of physiological, musculoskeletal, and neurological changes among the aging patient population highlights related occupational performance issues. - Case examples help you learn to apply new information to actual client and community situations. - Chapter on evidence-based practice discusses how to incorporate evidence into clinical or community settings. - Questions at the end of each chapter can be used for discussion or other learning applications. - UNIQUE! Chapters on nutrition, food insecurity, and oral health explore related challenges faced by older adults. - Chapter on ethics provides a deeper understanding of how to address challenging ethical dilemmas.