Notes on the Design and Operation of Waste Stabilization Ponds in Warm Climates of Developing Countries PDF Download
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Author: J. P. Arthur
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Technology
Languages : en
Pages : 130
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Book Description
The paper acknowledges that water carriage sewerage systems are not always the most appropriate sanitation solution for the disposal of liquid domestic wastes in developing countries. However, where water carriage systems are proposed, the first treatment option which should always be considered is the use of stabilization ponds, because in many instances, they represent the most cost effective and efficient way of treating domestic sewage flows. The paper results from a review of pond systems installed in six countries and concludes that: (i) designs differ widely; (ii) maximum use is not made of anaerobic ponds or the reuse potential of effluents; (iii) pond systems are frequently grossly overdesigned; and (iv) the designs are not responsive to the incremental growth encountered in LDCs. Practical design criteria are given for pond systems over a range of ambient temperature conditions and end use requirements together with notes on start up procedures, operation and trouble shooting. The recommendations are derived in part from the Israeli experience where considerable use is made of treated sewage effluent for irrigation purposes.
Author: J. P. Arthur
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Technology
Languages : en
Pages : 130
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Book Description
The paper acknowledges that water carriage sewerage systems are not always the most appropriate sanitation solution for the disposal of liquid domestic wastes in developing countries. However, where water carriage systems are proposed, the first treatment option which should always be considered is the use of stabilization ponds, because in many instances, they represent the most cost effective and efficient way of treating domestic sewage flows. The paper results from a review of pond systems installed in six countries and concludes that: (i) designs differ widely; (ii) maximum use is not made of anaerobic ponds or the reuse potential of effluents; (iii) pond systems are frequently grossly overdesigned; and (iv) the designs are not responsive to the incremental growth encountered in LDCs. Practical design criteria are given for pond systems over a range of ambient temperature conditions and end use requirements together with notes on start up procedures, operation and trouble shooting. The recommendations are derived in part from the Israeli experience where considerable use is made of treated sewage effluent for irrigation purposes.
Author: J P. Arthur
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Author: Zaini Ujang
Publisher: IWA Publishing
ISBN: 1843390302
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 364
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Book Description
Municipal Wastewater Management in Developing Countries discusses various approaches to municipal wastewater management in order to protect both public health and the environment, with the major focus being on waterborne diseases. Developing countries can be divided into two main categories, i.e. countries in transition with higher growth rates where industrialisation and urbanisation are taking place rapidly, and countries with slower growth rates. It is important, therefore, that approaches should be tailor-made and site-specific. In general, the major trends of water pollution control have significantly contributed to the development of ?conventional sanitation? approaches in terms of legal and financial frameworks, as well as technological enhancement. Despite advances in the science, engineering and legal frameworks, 95 per cent of the wastewater in the world is released into the environment without treatment. Only five per cent of global wastewater is properly treated using the ?standard? sanitation facilities, mainly in developed countries. As a result, the majority of the world?s population is still exposed to waterborne diseases, and the quality of water resources has been rapidly degraded, particularly in poor developing countries. The challenge now is to provide the world?s population, especially the poor, with adequate water and sanitation facilities. Despite billions of dollars of investment spent every year, billions of poor people are still suffering and dying because of poor sanitation. At the beginning of this century, about 1.1 billion people lived without access to clean water (compared to about the same number in 1990), 2.4 billion without appropriate sanitation (compared to 2.3 billion in 1990) and four billion without sound wastewater disposal. The future scenario, that water resources will be further depleted by a growing world population, will be coupled with environmental degradation due to poor pollution control, particularly in most of the developing countries. In order to address the issue of water and wastewater management in developing countries it is necessary to take into consideration the segments of the society itself, particularly the types of housing areas. The segments will indicate the level of socio-economic, mentality and knowledge, which is important for any planned changes in their life style and social engineering. It is also important to segregate the funding framework of any proposed projects. High-income urban communities, for instance, are generally willing to pay for sewerage services and higher water supply tariffs, therefore a designated system can be accordingly provided. Over the past 10 years, serious criticism has been given to the ?conventional sanitation? approach, consequently many definitions, concepts and characteristics have been proposed on ?sustainable sanitation?. Sustainable sanitation is a relevant concept in order to achieve the Millennium Development Goals by 2015 of providing water supply and adequate sanitation for developing countries. Sustainable sanitation is flexible in approach any community ? poor or rich, urban or rural, water-rich or water-poor country ? and requires lower investment costs compared to conventional sanitation approaches. It is also important to note that the framework of sustainable sanitation is much easier to adopt in developing countries where water supply and sanitation infrastructures are still in the developing stages. In some developing countries, no public facilities are available therefore it is an ideal condition to start a new infrastructure with a new framework. This comprehensive reference, prepared by leading international authorities, will provide an invaluable reference for all those concerned with the management of sanitation services in developing countries worldwide.
Author: Marcos Von Sperling
Publisher: IWA Publishing
ISBN: 1843391635
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 177
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Book Description
Waste Stabilisation Ponds is the third volume in the series Biological Wastewater Treatment. The major variants of pond systems are fully covered, namely: facultative ponds anaerobic ponds aerated lagoons maturation ponds The book presents in a clear and informative way the main concepts, working principles, expected removal efficiencies, design criteria, design examples, construction aspects, operational guidelines and sludge managment for pond systems. About the series: The series is based on a highly acclaimed set of best selling textbooks. This international version is comprised by six textbooks giving a state-of-the-art presentation of the science and technology of biological wastewater treatment. Other titles in the series are: Volume 1: Waste Stabilisation Ponds Volume; 2: Basic Principles of Wastewater Treatment; Volume 4: Anaerobic Reactors; Volume 5: Activated Sludge and Aerobic Biofilm Reactors; Volume 6: Sludge Treatment and Disposal
Author: Duncan Mara
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1136567925
Category : Nature
Languages : en
Pages : 311
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Book Description
Affordable and effective domestic wastewater treatment is a critical issue in public health and disease prevention around the world, particularly so in developing countries which often lack the financial and technical resources necessary for proper treatment facilities. This practical guide provides state-of-the-art coverage of methods for domestic wastewater treatment and provides a foundation to the practical design of wastewater treatment and re-use systems. The emphasis is on low-cost, low-energy, low-maintenance, high-performance 'natural' systems that contribute to environmental sustainability by producing effluents that can be safely and profitably used in agriculture for crop irrigation and/or in aquaculture, for fish and aquatic vegetable pond fertilization. Modern design methodologies, with worked design examples, are described for waste stabilization ponds, wastewater storage and treatment reservoirs; constructed wetlands, upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors, biofilters, aerated lagoons and oxidation ditches. This book is essential reading for engineers, academics and upper-level and graduate students in engineering, wastewater management and public health, and others interested in sustainable and cost-effective technologies for reducing wastewater-related diseases and environmental damage.
Author: H. W. Pearson
Publisher: IWA Publishing (International Water Assoc)
ISBN:
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 432
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Book Description
The importance of pond technology is now recognized globally and indeed is undergoing a renaissance at the present time. It was therefore no surprise that scientists and engineers from over 25 countries presented their most recent findings at the Marrakech conference. The choice of Morocco was especially appropriate as it, like most countries of the Magreb, has actively endorsed and implemented the use of waste stabilization ponds as a preferred wastewater treatment technology. The need to reuse treated wastewater is a key component of the water cycle in such water-short regions, and the crucial role that ponds can play in the safe reuse of effluents, particularly for agriculture, has also been recognized and supported by active research at institutions all round the world. This issue contains a selection of the papers presented both in the oral and poster sessions at the conference and should prove very informative for those who wish to keep abreast of developments in the field. Among the 52 papers selected from the oral and poster sessions for these proceedings are work on the performance of ponds systems worldwide, pond microbiology, nutrient removal, pond sludges and sediments, pond design and modeling, high-rate ponds, and effluent reuse.
Author: Jens Lonholdt
Publisher: IWA Publishing
ISBN: 1843390132
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 393
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Book Description
Water and Wastewater Management in the Tropics provides the necessary conceptual framework and tools to assess all appropriate aspects of water and sanitation projects in developing countries. Using the lessons learned from courses taught at the Technical University of Denmark, Water and Wastewater Management in the Tropics is the concerted effort of a broad team including "hard core" engineers and practitioners as well as "soft core" environmental and institutional planners and economists, with contributions from renowned researchers as well as seasoned project managers. The first part of the book aims to give a basic understanding of international projects and addresses how to identify, formulate, select, organise, cost, finance, implement and manage water and wastewater management projects in developing countries. Later chapters focus on three different types of water and wastewater management projects in a tropical context: rural water and sanitation; urban water and wastewater management; and, industrial water and wastewater management. Water and Wastewater Management in the Tropics will appeal to graduate environmental engineering students but also to practitioners, economists, sociologists, and institutional planners working with water and sanitation projects in developing countries.
Author: Raul Muñoz
Publisher: IWA Publishing
ISBN: 1789060923
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 254
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Book Description
Over 80% of globally produced wastewater receives little or no treatment before it is disposed into the environment. Therefore, it is urgent to develop new wastewater treatment technologies that are sustainable in the broad sense of the word, i.e. not only produce high quality effluents, but also minimise energy expenses, recover energy and nutrients, and apply technology that is appropriate in relation to the availability of skilled personnel. This book compiles the main outcomes of recent efforts to improve the design of waste stabilisation ponds, and confirms the superior performance of high rate algal ponds as a result of process intensification. Anaerobic digestion devoted to biogas production continues to be the preferred strategy for the energy valorisation of the algal biomass, co-digestion with multiple high C/N ratio substrates gathering significant attention over the past years. The potential of algal biomass as a biosorbent for heavy metal removal (Cu, Ni, F) maintains its share in the research field of water bioremediation, while research on nutrient removal has focused on providing new insights on the mechanism of nitrogen and phosphorus removal from wastewater in algal–bacterial systems. Finally, it is worth noticing that breakthroughs in complementary fields of research such as nanotechnology or lighting technology are gradually being implemented in algal biotechnology, with new products such as nanoparticles for water disinfection or photobioreactors illuminated by low intensity LED panels. In Focus – a book series that showcases the latest accomplishments in water research. Each book focuses on a specialist area with papers from top experts in the field. It aims to be a vehicle for in-depth understanding and inspire further conversations in the sector.
Author: Juan Pablo Silva Vinasco
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1000293203
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 195
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Book Description
Ecotechnologies for wastewater treatment (EWWT) have been used as a cost-effective alternative to conventional wastewater treatment methods for improving the removal of organic carbon, nutrients and pathogenic microorganisms from wastewater. However, due to biochemical transformations of organic matter and nutrients EWWT are net sources of CO2, CH4 and N2O greenhouse gases (GHGs), which may be transferred into the atmosphere contributing to global warming. Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Ecotechnologies for Wastewater Treatment provides scientific information about greenhouse gas, such as CO2, CH4 and N2O, generation and emissions from different municipal EWWT. The main EWWT considered in this book are anaerobic ponds, facultative ponds, duckweed-based ponds, and a freshwater natural wetland perturbed by anthropogenic activities such as wastewater discharge and nutrients from agricultural run-off. The book includes a full literature review of recent publications about GHGs emissions from EWWT. It also introduces the calculation of GHGs flux using a static chamber technique. Besides, the book presents information on the influence of environmental factors such as temperature, pH, DO, and nutrients on GHG emissions produced in EWWT under tropical conditions. This book will be a useful reference for researches and students interested in the broader area of water and climate change subjects. The publication may also be of interest to policy makers concerned with climate change, water sector planning, and wastewater treatment.
Author: Omar Zimmo
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 9789058095763
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 148
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Book Description
Effective treatment of nitrogen containing wastewater is required to prevent eutrophication and groundwater pollution. This thesis shows that effective treatment may be combined with substantial nitrogen recovery in duckweed-based waste stabilization ponds.
