Author: Linda Tirado
Publisher: Penguin
ISBN: 0425277976
Category : Biography & Autobiography
Languages : en
Pages : 242
Book Description
The real-life Nickel and Dimed—the author of the wildly popular “Poverty Thoughts” essay tells what it’s like to be working poor in America. ONE OF THE FIVE MOST IMPORTANT BOOKS OF THE YEAR--Esquire “DEVASTATINGLY SMART AND FUNNY. I am the author of Nickel and Dimed, which tells the story of my own brief attempt, as a semi-undercover journalist, to survive on low-wage retail and service jobs. TIRADO IS THE REAL THING.”—Barbara Ehrenreich, from the Foreword As the haves and have-nots grow more separate and unequal in America, the working poor don’t get heard from much. Now they have a voice—and it’s forthright, funny, and just a little bit furious. Here, Linda Tirado tells what it’s like, day after day, to work, eat, shop, raise kids, and keep a roof over your head without enough money. She also answers questions often asked about those who live on or near minimum wage: Why don’t they get better jobs? Why don’t they make better choices? Why do they smoke cigarettes and have ugly lawns? Why don’t they borrow from their parents? Enlightening and entertaining, Hand to Mouth opens up a new and much-needed dialogue between the people who just don’t have it and the people who just don’t get it.
Hand to Mouth
Author: Linda Tirado
Publisher: Penguin
ISBN: 0425277976
Category : Biography & Autobiography
Languages : en
Pages : 242
Book Description
The real-life Nickel and Dimed—the author of the wildly popular “Poverty Thoughts” essay tells what it’s like to be working poor in America. ONE OF THE FIVE MOST IMPORTANT BOOKS OF THE YEAR--Esquire “DEVASTATINGLY SMART AND FUNNY. I am the author of Nickel and Dimed, which tells the story of my own brief attempt, as a semi-undercover journalist, to survive on low-wage retail and service jobs. TIRADO IS THE REAL THING.”—Barbara Ehrenreich, from the Foreword As the haves and have-nots grow more separate and unequal in America, the working poor don’t get heard from much. Now they have a voice—and it’s forthright, funny, and just a little bit furious. Here, Linda Tirado tells what it’s like, day after day, to work, eat, shop, raise kids, and keep a roof over your head without enough money. She also answers questions often asked about those who live on or near minimum wage: Why don’t they get better jobs? Why don’t they make better choices? Why do they smoke cigarettes and have ugly lawns? Why don’t they borrow from their parents? Enlightening and entertaining, Hand to Mouth opens up a new and much-needed dialogue between the people who just don’t have it and the people who just don’t get it.
Publisher: Penguin
ISBN: 0425277976
Category : Biography & Autobiography
Languages : en
Pages : 242
Book Description
The real-life Nickel and Dimed—the author of the wildly popular “Poverty Thoughts” essay tells what it’s like to be working poor in America. ONE OF THE FIVE MOST IMPORTANT BOOKS OF THE YEAR--Esquire “DEVASTATINGLY SMART AND FUNNY. I am the author of Nickel and Dimed, which tells the story of my own brief attempt, as a semi-undercover journalist, to survive on low-wage retail and service jobs. TIRADO IS THE REAL THING.”—Barbara Ehrenreich, from the Foreword As the haves and have-nots grow more separate and unequal in America, the working poor don’t get heard from much. Now they have a voice—and it’s forthright, funny, and just a little bit furious. Here, Linda Tirado tells what it’s like, day after day, to work, eat, shop, raise kids, and keep a roof over your head without enough money. She also answers questions often asked about those who live on or near minimum wage: Why don’t they get better jobs? Why don’t they make better choices? Why do they smoke cigarettes and have ugly lawns? Why don’t they borrow from their parents? Enlightening and entertaining, Hand to Mouth opens up a new and much-needed dialogue between the people who just don’t have it and the people who just don’t get it.
Why the Rich Are Getting Richer
Author: Robert T. Kiyosaki
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781612680972
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages :
Book Description
It's Robert Kiyosaki's position that "It is our educational system that causes the gap between the rich and everyone else." He laid the foundation for many of his messages in the international best-seller Rich Dad Poor Dad -- the #1 Personal Finance book of all time -- and in Why the Rich Are Getting Richer, he makes his case... In this book, the reader will learn why the gap between the rich and everyone else grows wider. In this book, the reader will get an explanation of why savers are losers. In this book, the reader will find out why debt and taxes make the rich richer. In this book, the reader will learn why traditional education actually causes many highly educated people, such as Robert's poor dad, to live poorly. In this book, the reader will find out why going to school, working hard, saving money, buying a house, getting out of debt, and investing for the long term in the stock market is the worst financial advice for most people. In this book, the reader will learn the answers Robert found on his life-long search, after repeatedly asking the question, "When will we learn about money?" In this book, the reader will find out why real financial education may never be taught in schools. In this book, the reader will find out "What financially education is... really."
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781612680972
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages :
Book Description
It's Robert Kiyosaki's position that "It is our educational system that causes the gap between the rich and everyone else." He laid the foundation for many of his messages in the international best-seller Rich Dad Poor Dad -- the #1 Personal Finance book of all time -- and in Why the Rich Are Getting Richer, he makes his case... In this book, the reader will learn why the gap between the rich and everyone else grows wider. In this book, the reader will get an explanation of why savers are losers. In this book, the reader will find out why debt and taxes make the rich richer. In this book, the reader will learn why traditional education actually causes many highly educated people, such as Robert's poor dad, to live poorly. In this book, the reader will find out why going to school, working hard, saving money, buying a house, getting out of debt, and investing for the long term in the stock market is the worst financial advice for most people. In this book, the reader will learn the answers Robert found on his life-long search, after repeatedly asking the question, "When will we learn about money?" In this book, the reader will find out why real financial education may never be taught in schools. In this book, the reader will find out "What financially education is... really."
Andrew Carnegie Speaks to the 1%
Author: Andrew Carnegie
Publisher: Gray Rabbit Publishing
ISBN: 9781515400387
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 34
Book Description
Before the 99% occupied Wall Street... Before the concept of social justice had impinged on the social conscience... Before the social safety net had even been conceived... By the turn of the 20th Century, the era of the robber barons, Andrew Carnegie (1835-1919) had already accumulated a staggeringly large fortune; he was one of the wealthiest people on the globe. He guaranteed his position as one of the wealthiest men ever when he sold his steel business to create the United States Steel Corporation. Following that sale, he spent his last 18 years, he gave away nearly 90% of his fortune to charities, foundations, and universities. His charitable efforts actually started far earlier. At the age of 33, he wrote a memo to himself, noting ..".The amassing of wealth is one of the worse species of idolatry. No idol more debasing than the worship of money." In 1881, he gave a library to his hometown of Dunfermline, Scotland. In 1889, he spelled out his belief that the rich should use their wealth to help enrich society, in an article called "The Gospel of Wealth" this book. Carnegie writes that the best way of dealing with wealth inequality is for the wealthy to redistribute their surplus means in a responsible and thoughtful manner, arguing that surplus wealth produces the greatest net benefit to society when it is administered carefully by the wealthy. He also argues against extravagance, irresponsible spending, or self-indulgence, instead promoting the administration of capital during one's lifetime toward the cause of reducing the stratification between the rich and poor. Though written more than a century ago, Carnegie's words still ring true today, urging a better, more equitable world through greater social consciousness.
Publisher: Gray Rabbit Publishing
ISBN: 9781515400387
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 34
Book Description
Before the 99% occupied Wall Street... Before the concept of social justice had impinged on the social conscience... Before the social safety net had even been conceived... By the turn of the 20th Century, the era of the robber barons, Andrew Carnegie (1835-1919) had already accumulated a staggeringly large fortune; he was one of the wealthiest people on the globe. He guaranteed his position as one of the wealthiest men ever when he sold his steel business to create the United States Steel Corporation. Following that sale, he spent his last 18 years, he gave away nearly 90% of his fortune to charities, foundations, and universities. His charitable efforts actually started far earlier. At the age of 33, he wrote a memo to himself, noting ..".The amassing of wealth is one of the worse species of idolatry. No idol more debasing than the worship of money." In 1881, he gave a library to his hometown of Dunfermline, Scotland. In 1889, he spelled out his belief that the rich should use their wealth to help enrich society, in an article called "The Gospel of Wealth" this book. Carnegie writes that the best way of dealing with wealth inequality is for the wealthy to redistribute their surplus means in a responsible and thoughtful manner, arguing that surplus wealth produces the greatest net benefit to society when it is administered carefully by the wealthy. He also argues against extravagance, irresponsible spending, or self-indulgence, instead promoting the administration of capital during one's lifetime toward the cause of reducing the stratification between the rich and poor. Though written more than a century ago, Carnegie's words still ring true today, urging a better, more equitable world through greater social consciousness.
How Rich Countries Got Rich ... and Why Poor Countries Stay Poor
Author: Erik S Reinert
Publisher: Hachette UK
ISBN: 1541762886
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 426
Book Description
A maverick economist explains how protectionism makes nations rich, free trade keeps them poor---and how rich countries make sure to keep it that way. Throughout history, some combination of government intervention, protectionism, and strategic investment has driven successful development everywhere from Renaissance Italy to the modern Far East. Yet despite the demonstrable success of this approach, development economists largely ignore it and insist instead on the importance of free trade. Somehow, the thing that made rich nations rich supposedly won't work on poor countries anymore. Leading heterodox economist Erik Reinert's invigorating history of economic development shows how Western economies were founded on protectionism and state activism and only later promoted free trade, when it worked to their advantage. In the tug-of-war between the gospel of government intervention and free-market purists, the issue is not that one is more correct, but that the winning nation tends to favor whatever benefits them most. As Western countries begin to sense that the rules of the game they set were rigged, Reinert's classic book gains new urgency. His unique and edifying approach to the history of economic development is critical reading for anyone who wants to understand how we got here and what to do next, especially now that we aren't so sure we'll be the winners anymore.
Publisher: Hachette UK
ISBN: 1541762886
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 426
Book Description
A maverick economist explains how protectionism makes nations rich, free trade keeps them poor---and how rich countries make sure to keep it that way. Throughout history, some combination of government intervention, protectionism, and strategic investment has driven successful development everywhere from Renaissance Italy to the modern Far East. Yet despite the demonstrable success of this approach, development economists largely ignore it and insist instead on the importance of free trade. Somehow, the thing that made rich nations rich supposedly won't work on poor countries anymore. Leading heterodox economist Erik Reinert's invigorating history of economic development shows how Western economies were founded on protectionism and state activism and only later promoted free trade, when it worked to their advantage. In the tug-of-war between the gospel of government intervention and free-market purists, the issue is not that one is more correct, but that the winning nation tends to favor whatever benefits them most. As Western countries begin to sense that the rules of the game they set were rigged, Reinert's classic book gains new urgency. His unique and edifying approach to the history of economic development is critical reading for anyone who wants to understand how we got here and what to do next, especially now that we aren't so sure we'll be the winners anymore.
Financially Free in 7 Days
Author: Samuel Leeds
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781794685437
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 100
Book Description
I left everything and became financially free all over again from scratch, just to prove a point. I achieved financial freedom in a week and in this short book I explain step by step exactly how I did it and HOW YOU CAN TOO! In this book you will have the exact scripts and 'magic words' to secure property deals and actually make money in the REAL WORLD starting from scratch. Strategies covered include:- Deal Packaging - Rent-to-Rent- Serviced Accommodation- Networking and Selling - Securing Deals Without a Penny! The first time I became financially free took me 4 years of hard work. The second time only 7 days. The difference was my knowledge. In this book I do not hold back with information, despite it being only 87 pages long. You do not need luck or money, you need knowledge and implementation. My Financial Freedom Challenge #FFChallenge was featured in many newspapers and the BBC Six O'Clock News. Here is how one journalist, Phil Shanahan, told the story: "Without a penny to invest, young multi-millionaire property investor Samuel Leeds set off on an extraordinary undercover mission to prove he could become financially free again from scratch. Samuel left home in an old banger and headed for a hotel which had been pre-booked for him in an unfamiliar city. He had to make money by the end of the week or face eviction.Wearing a black wig and fake glasses, Samuel took on the alias of Lucas Ruby. He was denied access to his funds and could only deal with strangers. It was no stroll in the park and he was thrown out of a networking event when his cover was blown. But within seven days of arriving in Sheffield the 27-year-old entrepreneur had made an incredible £8,000 from selling property deals. He immediately invested the money in two city centre apartments generating a monthly rental profit of up to £2,650. On his return to Staffordshire, he stopped off at a homeless charity in Manchester to donate a £2,000 surplus from the challenge.By adopting the same strategies he preaches to thousands of students each year, the property tycoon proved beyond doubt that knowledge is key to becoming financially independent. A YouTube video on the Financial Freedom Challenge attracted half a million views in a fortnight.In this concise book Samuel Leeds explains in clear steps how he gained financial freedom in a week - and how you can too!"
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781794685437
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 100
Book Description
I left everything and became financially free all over again from scratch, just to prove a point. I achieved financial freedom in a week and in this short book I explain step by step exactly how I did it and HOW YOU CAN TOO! In this book you will have the exact scripts and 'magic words' to secure property deals and actually make money in the REAL WORLD starting from scratch. Strategies covered include:- Deal Packaging - Rent-to-Rent- Serviced Accommodation- Networking and Selling - Securing Deals Without a Penny! The first time I became financially free took me 4 years of hard work. The second time only 7 days. The difference was my knowledge. In this book I do not hold back with information, despite it being only 87 pages long. You do not need luck or money, you need knowledge and implementation. My Financial Freedom Challenge #FFChallenge was featured in many newspapers and the BBC Six O'Clock News. Here is how one journalist, Phil Shanahan, told the story: "Without a penny to invest, young multi-millionaire property investor Samuel Leeds set off on an extraordinary undercover mission to prove he could become financially free again from scratch. Samuel left home in an old banger and headed for a hotel which had been pre-booked for him in an unfamiliar city. He had to make money by the end of the week or face eviction.Wearing a black wig and fake glasses, Samuel took on the alias of Lucas Ruby. He was denied access to his funds and could only deal with strangers. It was no stroll in the park and he was thrown out of a networking event when his cover was blown. But within seven days of arriving in Sheffield the 27-year-old entrepreneur had made an incredible £8,000 from selling property deals. He immediately invested the money in two city centre apartments generating a monthly rental profit of up to £2,650. On his return to Staffordshire, he stopped off at a homeless charity in Manchester to donate a £2,000 surplus from the challenge.By adopting the same strategies he preaches to thousands of students each year, the property tycoon proved beyond doubt that knowledge is key to becoming financially independent. A YouTube video on the Financial Freedom Challenge attracted half a million views in a fortnight.In this concise book Samuel Leeds explains in clear steps how he gained financial freedom in a week - and how you can too!"
So Rich, So Poor
Author: Peter Edelman
Publisher: New Press, The
ISBN: 1595589570
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 160
Book Description
“A competent, thorough assessment from a veteran expert in the field.” —Kirkus Reviews Income disparities in our wealthy nation are wider than at any point since the Great Depression. The structure of today’s economy has stultified wage growth for half of America’s workers—with even worse results at the bottom and for people of color—while bestowing billions on the few at the very top. In this “accessible and inspiring analysis”, lifelong anti-poverty advocate Peter Edelman assesses how the United States can have such an outsized number of unemployed and working poor despite important policy gains. He delves into what is happening to the people behind the statistics and takes a particular look at young people of color, for whom the possibility of productive lives is too often lost on the way to adulthood (Angela Glover Blackwell). For anyone who wants to understand one of the critical issues of twenty-first century America, So Rich, So Poor is “engaging and informative” (William Julius Wilson) and “powerful and eloquent” (Wade Henderson).
Publisher: New Press, The
ISBN: 1595589570
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 160
Book Description
“A competent, thorough assessment from a veteran expert in the field.” —Kirkus Reviews Income disparities in our wealthy nation are wider than at any point since the Great Depression. The structure of today’s economy has stultified wage growth for half of America’s workers—with even worse results at the bottom and for people of color—while bestowing billions on the few at the very top. In this “accessible and inspiring analysis”, lifelong anti-poverty advocate Peter Edelman assesses how the United States can have such an outsized number of unemployed and working poor despite important policy gains. He delves into what is happening to the people behind the statistics and takes a particular look at young people of color, for whom the possibility of productive lives is too often lost on the way to adulthood (Angela Glover Blackwell). For anyone who wants to understand one of the critical issues of twenty-first century America, So Rich, So Poor is “engaging and informative” (William Julius Wilson) and “powerful and eloquent” (Wade Henderson).
The Gospel of Wealth Essays and Other Writings
Author: Andrew Carnegie
Publisher: National Geographic Books
ISBN: 014303989X
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
Words of wisdom from American philanthropist Andrew Carnegie Focusing on Carnegie's most famous essay, "The Gospel of Wealth," this book of his writings, published here together for the first time, demonstrates the late steel magnate's beliefs on wealth, poverty, the public good, and capitalism. Carnegie's commitment to ensuring and promoting the welfare of his fellow human beings through philanthropic deeds ranged from donations to universities and museums to establishing more than 2,500 public libraries in the English-speaking world, and he gave away more than $350 million toward those efforts during his lifetime. The Gospel of Wealth is an eloquent testament to the importance of charitable giving for the public good. For more than seventy years, Penguin has been the leading publisher of classic literature in the English-speaking world. With more than 1,700 titles, Penguin Classics represents a global bookshelf of the best works throughout history and across genres and disciplines. Readers trust the series to provide authoritative texts enhanced by introductions and notes by distinguished scholars and contemporary authors, as well as up-to-date translations by award-winning translators.
Publisher: National Geographic Books
ISBN: 014303989X
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
Words of wisdom from American philanthropist Andrew Carnegie Focusing on Carnegie's most famous essay, "The Gospel of Wealth," this book of his writings, published here together for the first time, demonstrates the late steel magnate's beliefs on wealth, poverty, the public good, and capitalism. Carnegie's commitment to ensuring and promoting the welfare of his fellow human beings through philanthropic deeds ranged from donations to universities and museums to establishing more than 2,500 public libraries in the English-speaking world, and he gave away more than $350 million toward those efforts during his lifetime. The Gospel of Wealth is an eloquent testament to the importance of charitable giving for the public good. For more than seventy years, Penguin has been the leading publisher of classic literature in the English-speaking world. With more than 1,700 titles, Penguin Classics represents a global bookshelf of the best works throughout history and across genres and disciplines. Readers trust the series to provide authoritative texts enhanced by introductions and notes by distinguished scholars and contemporary authors, as well as up-to-date translations by award-winning translators.
Spartan Up!
Author: Joe De Sena
Publisher: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
ISBN: 0544286170
Category : Health & Fitness
Languages : en
Pages : 223
Book Description
An introduction to Spartan Races (races meant to challenge, to push, to intimidate, to test) from one of the "founding few" and creators, Joe De Sena.
Publisher: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
ISBN: 0544286170
Category : Health & Fitness
Languages : en
Pages : 223
Book Description
An introduction to Spartan Races (races meant to challenge, to push, to intimidate, to test) from one of the "founding few" and creators, Joe De Sena.
Globalization and Poverty
Author: Ann Harrison
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
ISBN: 0226318001
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 674
Book Description
Over the past two decades, the percentage of the world’s population living on less than a dollar a day has been cut in half. How much of that improvement is because of—or in spite of—globalization? While anti-globalization activists mount loud critiques and the media report breathlessly on globalization’s perils and promises, economists have largely remained silent, in part because of an entrenched institutional divide between those who study poverty and those who study trade and finance. Globalization and Poverty bridges that gap, bringing together experts on both international trade and poverty to provide a detailed view of the effects of globalization on the poor in developing nations, answering such questions as: Do lower import tariffs improve the lives of the poor? Has increased financial integration led to more or less poverty? How have the poor fared during various currency crises? Does food aid hurt or help the poor? Poverty, the contributors show here, has been used as a popular and convenient catchphrase by parties on both sides of the globalization debate to further their respective arguments. Globalization and Poverty provides the more nuanced understanding necessary to move that debate beyond the slogans.
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
ISBN: 0226318001
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 674
Book Description
Over the past two decades, the percentage of the world’s population living on less than a dollar a day has been cut in half. How much of that improvement is because of—or in spite of—globalization? While anti-globalization activists mount loud critiques and the media report breathlessly on globalization’s perils and promises, economists have largely remained silent, in part because of an entrenched institutional divide between those who study poverty and those who study trade and finance. Globalization and Poverty bridges that gap, bringing together experts on both international trade and poverty to provide a detailed view of the effects of globalization on the poor in developing nations, answering such questions as: Do lower import tariffs improve the lives of the poor? Has increased financial integration led to more or less poverty? How have the poor fared during various currency crises? Does food aid hurt or help the poor? Poverty, the contributors show here, has been used as a popular and convenient catchphrase by parties on both sides of the globalization debate to further their respective arguments. Globalization and Poverty provides the more nuanced understanding necessary to move that debate beyond the slogans.
Dream Hoarders
Author: Richard V. Reeves
Publisher: Brookings Institution Press
ISBN: 0815735499
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 206
Book Description
Dream Hoarders sparked a national conversation on the dangerous separation between the upper middle class and everyone else. Now in paperback and newly updated for the age of Trump, Brookings Institution senior fellow Richard Reeves is continuing to challenge the class system in America. In America, everyone knows that the top 1 percent are the villains. The rest of us, the 99 percent—we are the good guys. Not so, argues Reeves. The real class divide is not between the upper class and the upper middle class: it is between the upper middle class and everyone else. The separation of the upper middle class from everyone else is both economic and social, and the practice of “opportunity hoarding”—gaining exclusive access to scarce resources—is especially prevalent among parents who want to perpetuate privilege to the benefit of their children. While many families believe this is just good parenting, it is actually hurting others by reducing their chances of securing these opportunities. There is a glass floor created for each affluent child helped by his or her wealthy, stable family. That glass floor is a glass ceiling for another child. Throughout Dream Hoarders, Reeves explores the creation and perpetuation of opportunity hoarding, and what should be done to stop it, including controversial solutions such as ending legacy admissions to school. He offers specific steps toward reducing inequality and asks the upper middle class to pay for it. Convinced of their merit, members of the upper middle class believes they are entitled to those tax breaks and hoarded opportunities. After all, they aren't the 1 percent. The national obsession with the super rich allows the upper middle class to convince themselves that they are just like the rest of America. In Dream Hoarders, Reeves argues that in many ways, they are worse, and that changes in policy and social conscience are the only way to fix the broken system.
Publisher: Brookings Institution Press
ISBN: 0815735499
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 206
Book Description
Dream Hoarders sparked a national conversation on the dangerous separation between the upper middle class and everyone else. Now in paperback and newly updated for the age of Trump, Brookings Institution senior fellow Richard Reeves is continuing to challenge the class system in America. In America, everyone knows that the top 1 percent are the villains. The rest of us, the 99 percent—we are the good guys. Not so, argues Reeves. The real class divide is not between the upper class and the upper middle class: it is between the upper middle class and everyone else. The separation of the upper middle class from everyone else is both economic and social, and the practice of “opportunity hoarding”—gaining exclusive access to scarce resources—is especially prevalent among parents who want to perpetuate privilege to the benefit of their children. While many families believe this is just good parenting, it is actually hurting others by reducing their chances of securing these opportunities. There is a glass floor created for each affluent child helped by his or her wealthy, stable family. That glass floor is a glass ceiling for another child. Throughout Dream Hoarders, Reeves explores the creation and perpetuation of opportunity hoarding, and what should be done to stop it, including controversial solutions such as ending legacy admissions to school. He offers specific steps toward reducing inequality and asks the upper middle class to pay for it. Convinced of their merit, members of the upper middle class believes they are entitled to those tax breaks and hoarded opportunities. After all, they aren't the 1 percent. The national obsession with the super rich allows the upper middle class to convince themselves that they are just like the rest of America. In Dream Hoarders, Reeves argues that in many ways, they are worse, and that changes in policy and social conscience are the only way to fix the broken system.