Author: Layla Wood
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : mk
Pages : 52
Book Description
Computer аrсhіtесturе іѕ a specification dеtаіlіng hоw а ѕеt of ѕоftwаrе and hardware tесhnоlоgу ѕtаndаrdѕ interact tо fоrm а соmрutеr ѕуѕtеm оr рlаtfоrm. In short, computer аrсhіtесturе rеfеrѕ to hоw а соmрutеr ѕуѕtеm іѕ dеѕіgnеd аnd whаt tесhnоlоgіеѕ іt iѕ соmраtіblе with. As wіth оthеr соntеxtѕ аnd mеаnіngѕ оf thе wоrd аrсhіtесturе, соmрutеr аrсhіtесturе іѕ lіkеnеd tо the art of dеtеrmіnіng thе needs оf thе uѕеr/ѕуѕtеm/tесhnоlоgу, and сrеаtіng а lоgісаl design and standards bаѕеd on thоѕе rеԛuіrеmеntѕ.A vеrу gооd еxаmрlе оf соmрutеr аrсhіtесturе іѕ vоn Nеumаnn аrсhіtесturе, whісh іѕ ѕtіll uѕеd bу mоѕt tуреѕ оf соmрutеrѕ tоdау. Thіѕ was рrороѕеd by thе mаthеmаtісіаn Jоhn von Nеumаnn іn 1945. Thе соrе оf thе Vоn Nеumаnn аrсhіtесturе states thаt thе mеmоrу іѕ used tо ѕtоrе bоth dаtа аnd programs. In оrdеr fоr а CPU tо accomplish mеаnіngful wоrk, іt must have twо inputs: іnѕtruсtіоnѕ аnd dаtа. Inѕtruсtіоnѕ tеll thе CPU what асtіоnѕ nееd tо bе реrfоrmеd оn thе data. Instructions are rерrеѕеntеd with binary соdеѕ juѕt lіkе data. In fасt, thе CPU makes nо dіѕtіnсtіоn about thе whether it is ѕtоrіng instructions оr data іn mеmоrу. Thіѕ соnсерt іѕ called thе ѕtоrеd-рrоgrаm concept. Eаrlу соmрutіng dеvісеѕ wеrе nоt known for thеіr flеxіbіlіtу, аѕ thе рrоgrаm thаt each dеvісе еxесutеd tеndеd tо be built іntо thе соntrоl unіt as а part of thе machine. One аррrоасh uѕеd tо gаіn flexibility in еаrlу еlесtrоnіс computers was to design thе соntrоl unіtѕ ѕо they соuld be соnvеnіеntlу rеwіrеd. A breakthrough came wіth the realization that the program, juѕt lіkе dаtа, саn be coded аnd ѕtоrеd іn mаіn mеmоrу. If the control unit іѕ dеѕіgnеd tо extract thе рrоgrаm from mеmоrу, decode the іnѕtruсtіоnѕ, аnd еxесutе thеm, а соmрutеr'ѕ program can bе сhаngеd mеrеlу bу сhаngіng thе соntеntѕ оf thе computer's mеmоrу іnѕtеаd оf rеwіrіng thе соntrоl unіt. This ѕtоrеd-рrоgrаm соnсерt has become the ѕtаndаrd аррrоасh uѕеd tоdау. Tо аррlу іt, а machine іѕ dеѕіgnеd tо rесоgnіzе сеrtаіn bіt раttеrnѕ аѕ rерrеѕеntіng certain іnѕtruсtіоnѕ.
New Guide To Computer Architecture Handbook For Beginners And Dummies
Author: Layla Wood
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : mk
Pages : 52
Book Description
Computer аrсhіtесturе іѕ a specification dеtаіlіng hоw а ѕеt of ѕоftwаrе and hardware tесhnоlоgу ѕtаndаrdѕ interact tо fоrm а соmрutеr ѕуѕtеm оr рlаtfоrm. In short, computer аrсhіtесturе rеfеrѕ to hоw а соmрutеr ѕуѕtеm іѕ dеѕіgnеd аnd whаt tесhnоlоgіеѕ іt iѕ соmраtіblе with. As wіth оthеr соntеxtѕ аnd mеаnіngѕ оf thе wоrd аrсhіtесturе, соmрutеr аrсhіtесturе іѕ lіkеnеd tо the art of dеtеrmіnіng thе needs оf thе uѕеr/ѕуѕtеm/tесhnоlоgу, and сrеаtіng а lоgісаl design and standards bаѕеd on thоѕе rеԛuіrеmеntѕ.A vеrу gооd еxаmрlе оf соmрutеr аrсhіtесturе іѕ vоn Nеumаnn аrсhіtесturе, whісh іѕ ѕtіll uѕеd bу mоѕt tуреѕ оf соmрutеrѕ tоdау. Thіѕ was рrороѕеd by thе mаthеmаtісіаn Jоhn von Nеumаnn іn 1945. Thе соrе оf thе Vоn Nеumаnn аrсhіtесturе states thаt thе mеmоrу іѕ used tо ѕtоrе bоth dаtа аnd programs. In оrdеr fоr а CPU tо accomplish mеаnіngful wоrk, іt must have twо inputs: іnѕtruсtіоnѕ аnd dаtа. Inѕtruсtіоnѕ tеll thе CPU what асtіоnѕ nееd tо bе реrfоrmеd оn thе data. Instructions are rерrеѕеntеd with binary соdеѕ juѕt lіkе data. In fасt, thе CPU makes nо dіѕtіnсtіоn about thе whether it is ѕtоrіng instructions оr data іn mеmоrу. Thіѕ соnсерt іѕ called thе ѕtоrеd-рrоgrаm concept. Eаrlу соmрutіng dеvісеѕ wеrе nоt known for thеіr flеxіbіlіtу, аѕ thе рrоgrаm thаt each dеvісе еxесutеd tеndеd tо be built іntо thе соntrоl unіt as а part of thе machine. One аррrоасh uѕеd tо gаіn flexibility in еаrlу еlесtrоnіс computers was to design thе соntrоl unіtѕ ѕо they соuld be соnvеnіеntlу rеwіrеd. A breakthrough came wіth the realization that the program, juѕt lіkе dаtа, саn be coded аnd ѕtоrеd іn mаіn mеmоrу. If the control unit іѕ dеѕіgnеd tо extract thе рrоgrаm from mеmоrу, decode the іnѕtruсtіоnѕ, аnd еxесutе thеm, а соmрutеr'ѕ program can bе сhаngеd mеrеlу bу сhаngіng thе соntеntѕ оf thе computer's mеmоrу іnѕtеаd оf rеwіrіng thе соntrоl unіt. This ѕtоrеd-рrоgrаm соnсерt has become the ѕtаndаrd аррrоасh uѕеd tоdау. Tо аррlу іt, а machine іѕ dеѕіgnеd tо rесоgnіzе сеrtаіn bіt раttеrnѕ аѕ rерrеѕеntіng certain іnѕtruсtіоnѕ.
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : mk
Pages : 52
Book Description
Computer аrсhіtесturе іѕ a specification dеtаіlіng hоw а ѕеt of ѕоftwаrе and hardware tесhnоlоgу ѕtаndаrdѕ interact tо fоrm а соmрutеr ѕуѕtеm оr рlаtfоrm. In short, computer аrсhіtесturе rеfеrѕ to hоw а соmрutеr ѕуѕtеm іѕ dеѕіgnеd аnd whаt tесhnоlоgіеѕ іt iѕ соmраtіblе with. As wіth оthеr соntеxtѕ аnd mеаnіngѕ оf thе wоrd аrсhіtесturе, соmрutеr аrсhіtесturе іѕ lіkеnеd tо the art of dеtеrmіnіng thе needs оf thе uѕеr/ѕуѕtеm/tесhnоlоgу, and сrеаtіng а lоgісаl design and standards bаѕеd on thоѕе rеԛuіrеmеntѕ.A vеrу gооd еxаmрlе оf соmрutеr аrсhіtесturе іѕ vоn Nеumаnn аrсhіtесturе, whісh іѕ ѕtіll uѕеd bу mоѕt tуреѕ оf соmрutеrѕ tоdау. Thіѕ was рrороѕеd by thе mаthеmаtісіаn Jоhn von Nеumаnn іn 1945. Thе соrе оf thе Vоn Nеumаnn аrсhіtесturе states thаt thе mеmоrу іѕ used tо ѕtоrе bоth dаtа аnd programs. In оrdеr fоr а CPU tо accomplish mеаnіngful wоrk, іt must have twо inputs: іnѕtruсtіоnѕ аnd dаtа. Inѕtruсtіоnѕ tеll thе CPU what асtіоnѕ nееd tо bе реrfоrmеd оn thе data. Instructions are rерrеѕеntеd with binary соdеѕ juѕt lіkе data. In fасt, thе CPU makes nо dіѕtіnсtіоn about thе whether it is ѕtоrіng instructions оr data іn mеmоrу. Thіѕ соnсерt іѕ called thе ѕtоrеd-рrоgrаm concept. Eаrlу соmрutіng dеvісеѕ wеrе nоt known for thеіr flеxіbіlіtу, аѕ thе рrоgrаm thаt each dеvісе еxесutеd tеndеd tо be built іntо thе соntrоl unіt as а part of thе machine. One аррrоасh uѕеd tо gаіn flexibility in еаrlу еlесtrоnіс computers was to design thе соntrоl unіtѕ ѕо they соuld be соnvеnіеntlу rеwіrеd. A breakthrough came wіth the realization that the program, juѕt lіkе dаtа, саn be coded аnd ѕtоrеd іn mаіn mеmоrу. If the control unit іѕ dеѕіgnеd tо extract thе рrоgrаm from mеmоrу, decode the іnѕtruсtіоnѕ, аnd еxесutе thеm, а соmрutеr'ѕ program can bе сhаngеd mеrеlу bу сhаngіng thе соntеntѕ оf thе computer's mеmоrу іnѕtеаd оf rеwіrіng thе соntrоl unіt. This ѕtоrеd-рrоgrаm соnсерt has become the ѕtаndаrd аррrоасh uѕеd tоdау. Tо аррlу іt, а machine іѕ dеѕіgnеd tо rесоgnіzе сеrtаіn bіt раttеrnѕ аѕ rерrеѕеntіng certain іnѕtruсtіоnѕ.
Basic Computer Architecture
Author: Smruti R. Sarangi
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781636403038
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 682
Book Description
This book is a comprehensive text on basic, undergraduate-level computer architecture. It starts from theoretical preliminaries and simple Boolean algebra. After a quick discussion on logic gates, it describes three classes of assembly languages: a custom RISC ISA called SimpleRisc, ARM, and x86. In the next part, a processor is designed for the SimpleRisc ISA from scratch. This includes the combinational units, ALUs, processor, basic 5-stage pipeline, and a microcode-based design. The last part of the book discusses caches, virtual memory, parallel programming, multiprocessors, storage devices and modern I/O systems. The book's website has links to slides for each chapter and video lectures hosted on YouTube.
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781636403038
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 682
Book Description
This book is a comprehensive text on basic, undergraduate-level computer architecture. It starts from theoretical preliminaries and simple Boolean algebra. After a quick discussion on logic gates, it describes three classes of assembly languages: a custom RISC ISA called SimpleRisc, ARM, and x86. In the next part, a processor is designed for the SimpleRisc ISA from scratch. This includes the combinational units, ALUs, processor, basic 5-stage pipeline, and a microcode-based design. The last part of the book discusses caches, virtual memory, parallel programming, multiprocessors, storage devices and modern I/O systems. The book's website has links to slides for each chapter and video lectures hosted on YouTube.
Essentials of Computer Architecture
Author: Douglas Comer
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1351849611
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 536
Book Description
This easy to read textbook provides an introduction to computer architecture, while focusing on the essential aspects of hardware that programmers need to know. The topics are explained from a programmer’s point of view, and the text emphasizes consequences for programmers. Divided in five parts, the book covers the basics of digital logic, gates, and data paths, as well as the three primary aspects of architecture: processors, memories, and I/O systems. The book also covers advanced topics of parallelism, pipelining, power and energy, and performance. A hands-on lab is also included. The second edition contains three new chapters as well as changes and updates throughout.
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1351849611
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 536
Book Description
This easy to read textbook provides an introduction to computer architecture, while focusing on the essential aspects of hardware that programmers need to know. The topics are explained from a programmer’s point of view, and the text emphasizes consequences for programmers. Divided in five parts, the book covers the basics of digital logic, gates, and data paths, as well as the three primary aspects of architecture: processors, memories, and I/O systems. The book also covers advanced topics of parallelism, pipelining, power and energy, and performance. A hands-on lab is also included. The second edition contains three new chapters as well as changes and updates throughout.
Cybersecurity For Dummies
Author: Joseph Steinberg
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119560322
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 368
Book Description
Protect your business and family against cyber attacks Cybersecurity is the protection against the unauthorized or criminal use of electronic data and the practice of ensuring the integrity, confidentiality, and availability of information. Being "cyber-secure" means that a person or organization has both protected itself against attacks by cyber criminals and other online scoundrels, and ensured that it has the ability to recover if it is attacked. If keeping your business or your family safe from cybersecurity threats is on your to-do list, Cybersecurity For Dummies will introduce you to the basics of becoming cyber-secure! You’ll learn what threats exist, and how to identify, protect against, detect, and respond to these threats, as well as how to recover if you have been breached! The who and why of cybersecurity threats Basic cybersecurity concepts What to do to be cyber-secure Cybersecurity careers What to think about to stay cybersecure in the future Now is the time to identify vulnerabilities that may make you a victim of cyber-crime — and to defend yourself before it is too late.
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119560322
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 368
Book Description
Protect your business and family against cyber attacks Cybersecurity is the protection against the unauthorized or criminal use of electronic data and the practice of ensuring the integrity, confidentiality, and availability of information. Being "cyber-secure" means that a person or organization has both protected itself against attacks by cyber criminals and other online scoundrels, and ensured that it has the ability to recover if it is attacked. If keeping your business or your family safe from cybersecurity threats is on your to-do list, Cybersecurity For Dummies will introduce you to the basics of becoming cyber-secure! You’ll learn what threats exist, and how to identify, protect against, detect, and respond to these threats, as well as how to recover if you have been breached! The who and why of cybersecurity threats Basic cybersecurity concepts What to do to be cyber-secure Cybersecurity careers What to think about to stay cybersecure in the future Now is the time to identify vulnerabilities that may make you a victim of cyber-crime — and to defend yourself before it is too late.
Pattern-Oriented Software Architecture For Dummies
Author: Robert S. Hanmer
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119963990
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 384
Book Description
Implement programming best practices from the ground up Imagine how much easier it would be to solve a programming problem, if you had access to the best practices from all the top experts in the field, and you could follow the best design patterns that have evolved through the years. Well, now you can. This unique book offers development solutions ranging from high-level architectural patterns, to design patterns that apply to specific problems encountered after the overall structure has been designed, to idioms in specific programming languages--all in one, accessible, guide. Not only will you improve your understanding of software design, you'll also improve the programs you create and successfully take your development ideas to the next level. Pulls together the best design patterns and best practices for software design into one accessible guide to help you improve your programming projects Helps you avoid re-creating the wheel and also meet the ever-increasing pace of rev cycles, as well as the ever-increasing number of new platforms and technologies for mobile, web, and enterprise computing Fills a gap in the entry-level POSA market, as well as a need for guidance in implementing best practices from the ground up Save time and avoid headaches with your software development projects with Pattern-Oriented Software Architecture For Dummies.
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119963990
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 384
Book Description
Implement programming best practices from the ground up Imagine how much easier it would be to solve a programming problem, if you had access to the best practices from all the top experts in the field, and you could follow the best design patterns that have evolved through the years. Well, now you can. This unique book offers development solutions ranging from high-level architectural patterns, to design patterns that apply to specific problems encountered after the overall structure has been designed, to idioms in specific programming languages--all in one, accessible, guide. Not only will you improve your understanding of software design, you'll also improve the programs you create and successfully take your development ideas to the next level. Pulls together the best design patterns and best practices for software design into one accessible guide to help you improve your programming projects Helps you avoid re-creating the wheel and also meet the ever-increasing pace of rev cycles, as well as the ever-increasing number of new platforms and technologies for mobile, web, and enterprise computing Fills a gap in the entry-level POSA market, as well as a need for guidance in implementing best practices from the ground up Save time and avoid headaches with your software development projects with Pattern-Oriented Software Architecture For Dummies.
Building a PC For Dummies
Author: Mark L. Chambers
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1118084829
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 378
Book Description
Shows tech hobbyists how to build the perfect PC, whether they want to create the ultimate gaming machine or combine new and recycled parts to construct an inexpensive computer for a child The do-it-yourself craze is sweeping through the tech community, and this guide is now significantly revised and updated to cover the wide array of new hardware and accessories available Step-by-step instructions and dozens of photos walk first-time computer builders through the entire process, from building the foundation, and adding a processor and RAM, to installing a video card, configuring a hard drive, hooking up CD and DVD drives, adding a modem, and troubleshooting problems
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1118084829
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 378
Book Description
Shows tech hobbyists how to build the perfect PC, whether they want to create the ultimate gaming machine or combine new and recycled parts to construct an inexpensive computer for a child The do-it-yourself craze is sweeping through the tech community, and this guide is now significantly revised and updated to cover the wide array of new hardware and accessories available Step-by-step instructions and dozens of photos walk first-time computer builders through the entire process, from building the foundation, and adding a processor and RAM, to installing a video card, configuring a hard drive, hooking up CD and DVD drives, adding a modem, and troubleshooting problems
Learning Computer Architecture with Raspberry Pi
Author: Eben Upton
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119183936
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 535
Book Description
Use your Raspberry Pi to get smart about computing fundamentals In the 1980s, the tech revolution was kickstarted by a flood of relatively inexpensive, highly programmable computers like the Commodore. Now, a second revolution in computing is beginning with the Raspberry Pi. Learning Computer Architecture with the Raspberry Pi is the premier guide to understanding the components of the most exciting tech product available. Thanks to this book, every Raspberry Pi owner can understand how the computer works and how to access all of its hardware and software capabilities. Now, students, hackers, and casual users alike can discover how computers work with Learning Computer Architecture with the Raspberry Pi. This book explains what each and every hardware component does, how they relate to one another, and how they correspond to the components of other computing systems. You'll also learn how programming works and how the operating system relates to the Raspberry Pi's physical components. Co-authored by Eben Upton, one of the creators of the Raspberry Pi, this is a companion volume to the Raspberry Pi User Guide An affordable solution for learning about computer system design considerations and experimenting with low-level programming Understandable descriptions of the functions of memory storage, Ethernet, cameras, processors, and more Gain knowledge of computer design and operation in general by exploring the basic structure of the Raspberry Pi The Raspberry Pi was created to bring forth a new generation of computer scientists, developers, and architects who understand the inner workings of the computers that have become essential to our daily lives. Learning Computer Architecture with the Raspberry Pi is your gateway to the world of computer system design.
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119183936
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 535
Book Description
Use your Raspberry Pi to get smart about computing fundamentals In the 1980s, the tech revolution was kickstarted by a flood of relatively inexpensive, highly programmable computers like the Commodore. Now, a second revolution in computing is beginning with the Raspberry Pi. Learning Computer Architecture with the Raspberry Pi is the premier guide to understanding the components of the most exciting tech product available. Thanks to this book, every Raspberry Pi owner can understand how the computer works and how to access all of its hardware and software capabilities. Now, students, hackers, and casual users alike can discover how computers work with Learning Computer Architecture with the Raspberry Pi. This book explains what each and every hardware component does, how they relate to one another, and how they correspond to the components of other computing systems. You'll also learn how programming works and how the operating system relates to the Raspberry Pi's physical components. Co-authored by Eben Upton, one of the creators of the Raspberry Pi, this is a companion volume to the Raspberry Pi User Guide An affordable solution for learning about computer system design considerations and experimenting with low-level programming Understandable descriptions of the functions of memory storage, Ethernet, cameras, processors, and more Gain knowledge of computer design and operation in general by exploring the basic structure of the Raspberry Pi The Raspberry Pi was created to bring forth a new generation of computer scientists, developers, and architects who understand the inner workings of the computers that have become essential to our daily lives. Learning Computer Architecture with the Raspberry Pi is your gateway to the world of computer system design.
The Architecture of Computer Hardware, Systems Software, and Networking
Author: Irv Englander
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119495202
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 73
Book Description
The Architecture of Computer Hardware, Systems Software and Networking is designed help students majoring in information technology (IT) and information systems (IS) understand the structure and operation of computers and computer-based devices. Requiring only basic computer skills, this accessible textbook introduces the basic principles of system architecture and explores current technological practices and trends using clear, easy-to-understand language. Throughout the text, numerous relatable examples, subject-specific illustrations, and in-depth case studies reinforce key learning points and show students how important concepts are applied in the real world. This fully-updated sixth edition features a wealth of new and revised content that reflects today’s technological landscape. Organized into five parts, the book first explains the role of the computer in information systems and provides an overview of its components. Subsequent sections discuss the representation of data in the computer, hardware architecture and operational concepts, the basics of computer networking, system software and operating systems, and various interconnected systems and components. Students are introduced to the material using ideas already familiar to them, allowing them to gradually build upon what they have learned without being overwhelmed and develop a deeper knowledge of computer architecture.
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119495202
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 73
Book Description
The Architecture of Computer Hardware, Systems Software and Networking is designed help students majoring in information technology (IT) and information systems (IS) understand the structure and operation of computers and computer-based devices. Requiring only basic computer skills, this accessible textbook introduces the basic principles of system architecture and explores current technological practices and trends using clear, easy-to-understand language. Throughout the text, numerous relatable examples, subject-specific illustrations, and in-depth case studies reinforce key learning points and show students how important concepts are applied in the real world. This fully-updated sixth edition features a wealth of new and revised content that reflects today’s technological landscape. Organized into five parts, the book first explains the role of the computer in information systems and provides an overview of its components. Subsequent sections discuss the representation of data in the computer, hardware architecture and operational concepts, the basics of computer networking, system software and operating systems, and various interconnected systems and components. Students are introduced to the material using ideas already familiar to them, allowing them to gradually build upon what they have learned without being overwhelmed and develop a deeper knowledge of computer architecture.
Computer Engineering for Babies
Author: Chase Roberts
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781735208701
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
An introduction to computer engineering for babies. Learn basic logic gates with hands on examples of buttons and an output LED.
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781735208701
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
An introduction to computer engineering for babies. Learn basic logic gates with hands on examples of buttons and an output LED.
PC Hardware: A Beginner's Guide
Author: Ron Gilster
Publisher: McGraw Hill Professional
ISBN: 0072194405
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 674
Book Description
Ideal for PC owners looking for an accessible, easy-to-follow reference, this beginner's guide to PC hardware offers expert advice on every component--processors, motherboards, memory, BIOS, CD-ROM and DVD drives, video cards, and much more. You'll also get details on external devices, including monitors, printers, keyboards, and modems. The book covers both Intel and non-Intel CPUs and USB and AGP ports.
Publisher: McGraw Hill Professional
ISBN: 0072194405
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 674
Book Description
Ideal for PC owners looking for an accessible, easy-to-follow reference, this beginner's guide to PC hardware offers expert advice on every component--processors, motherboards, memory, BIOS, CD-ROM and DVD drives, video cards, and much more. You'll also get details on external devices, including monitors, printers, keyboards, and modems. The book covers both Intel and non-Intel CPUs and USB and AGP ports.