Author: Stephen N. Joffe
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1461237289
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 382
Book Description
The Nd:YAG laser has finally become the multidisciplinary and muitispeciaity tool of the 1980s. Primarily developed for gastrointestinal applications for controlling bleeding, at present it is also used for endoscopic treatment of gastrointestinal tumors, endobronchial cancer, and bladder and gynecological lesions and finding applications in otorhinolaryngology and neurosurgery. De velopment of laser scalpels and focusing head-pieces has now allowed the Nd:YAG laser to be used for open surgical procedures in general and plastic surgery, head and neck surgery, urology, gynecology, dermatology, and neu rosurgery. The rapid development in ceramic technology has led to contact surgery allowing physicians a choice of excision, vaporization, coagulation, incision, or combinations thereof by easily changing probes rather than having to select new laser wavelengths. This technology is rapidly replacing the carbon dioxide laser which currently has no adequate flexible waveguide for fiberoptic en doscopy, cannot be used in a water medium (e.g., bladder), and has poor coagulation properties when compared to the Nd:YAG laser. Future developments may see the Nd:YAG laser even replacing electro cautery in the operating room due to its greater safety and efficacy. Local hyperthermia (laserthermia) with computer control, photodynamic therapy, and ophthalmic applications make the Nd:YAG laser the most exciting tech nological advancement in medicine and surgery for the 1980s.
Advances in Nd:YAG Laser Surgery
Author: Stephen N. Joffe
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1461237289
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 382
Book Description
The Nd:YAG laser has finally become the multidisciplinary and muitispeciaity tool of the 1980s. Primarily developed for gastrointestinal applications for controlling bleeding, at present it is also used for endoscopic treatment of gastrointestinal tumors, endobronchial cancer, and bladder and gynecological lesions and finding applications in otorhinolaryngology and neurosurgery. De velopment of laser scalpels and focusing head-pieces has now allowed the Nd:YAG laser to be used for open surgical procedures in general and plastic surgery, head and neck surgery, urology, gynecology, dermatology, and neu rosurgery. The rapid development in ceramic technology has led to contact surgery allowing physicians a choice of excision, vaporization, coagulation, incision, or combinations thereof by easily changing probes rather than having to select new laser wavelengths. This technology is rapidly replacing the carbon dioxide laser which currently has no adequate flexible waveguide for fiberoptic en doscopy, cannot be used in a water medium (e.g., bladder), and has poor coagulation properties when compared to the Nd:YAG laser. Future developments may see the Nd:YAG laser even replacing electro cautery in the operating room due to its greater safety and efficacy. Local hyperthermia (laserthermia) with computer control, photodynamic therapy, and ophthalmic applications make the Nd:YAG laser the most exciting tech nological advancement in medicine and surgery for the 1980s.
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1461237289
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 382
Book Description
The Nd:YAG laser has finally become the multidisciplinary and muitispeciaity tool of the 1980s. Primarily developed for gastrointestinal applications for controlling bleeding, at present it is also used for endoscopic treatment of gastrointestinal tumors, endobronchial cancer, and bladder and gynecological lesions and finding applications in otorhinolaryngology and neurosurgery. De velopment of laser scalpels and focusing head-pieces has now allowed the Nd:YAG laser to be used for open surgical procedures in general and plastic surgery, head and neck surgery, urology, gynecology, dermatology, and neu rosurgery. The rapid development in ceramic technology has led to contact surgery allowing physicians a choice of excision, vaporization, coagulation, incision, or combinations thereof by easily changing probes rather than having to select new laser wavelengths. This technology is rapidly replacing the carbon dioxide laser which currently has no adequate flexible waveguide for fiberoptic en doscopy, cannot be used in a water medium (e.g., bladder), and has poor coagulation properties when compared to the Nd:YAG laser. Future developments may see the Nd:YAG laser even replacing electro cautery in the operating room due to its greater safety and efficacy. Local hyperthermia (laserthermia) with computer control, photodynamic therapy, and ophthalmic applications make the Nd:YAG laser the most exciting tech nological advancement in medicine and surgery for the 1980s.
Textbook on Scar Management
Author: Luc Téot
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3030447669
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 553
Book Description
This text book is open access under a CC BY 4.0 license. Written by a group of international experts in the field and the result of over ten years of collaboration, it allows students and readers to gain to gain a detailed understanding of scar and wound treatment – a topic still dispersed among various disciplines. The content is divided into three parts for easy reference. The first part focuses on the fundamentals of scar management, including assessment and evaluation procedures, classification, tools for accurate measurement of all scar-related elements (volume density, color, vascularization), descriptions of the different evaluation scales. It also features chapters on the best practices in electronic-file storage for clinical reevaluation and telemedicine procedures for safe remote evaluation. The second section offers a comprehensive review of treatment and evidence-based technologies, presenting a consensus of the various available guidelines (silicone, surgery, chemical injections, mechanical tools for scar stabilization, lasers). The third part evaluates the full range of emerging technologies offered to physicians as alternative or complementary solutions for wound healing (mechanical, chemical, anti-proliferation). Textbook on Scar Management will appeal to trainees, fellows, residents and physicians dealing with scar management in plastic surgery, dermatology, surgery and oncology, as well as to nurses and general practitioners
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3030447669
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 553
Book Description
This text book is open access under a CC BY 4.0 license. Written by a group of international experts in the field and the result of over ten years of collaboration, it allows students and readers to gain to gain a detailed understanding of scar and wound treatment – a topic still dispersed among various disciplines. The content is divided into three parts for easy reference. The first part focuses on the fundamentals of scar management, including assessment and evaluation procedures, classification, tools for accurate measurement of all scar-related elements (volume density, color, vascularization), descriptions of the different evaluation scales. It also features chapters on the best practices in electronic-file storage for clinical reevaluation and telemedicine procedures for safe remote evaluation. The second section offers a comprehensive review of treatment and evidence-based technologies, presenting a consensus of the various available guidelines (silicone, surgery, chemical injections, mechanical tools for scar stabilization, lasers). The third part evaluates the full range of emerging technologies offered to physicians as alternative or complementary solutions for wound healing (mechanical, chemical, anti-proliferation). Textbook on Scar Management will appeal to trainees, fellows, residents and physicians dealing with scar management in plastic surgery, dermatology, surgery and oncology, as well as to nurses and general practitioners
Laser Treatment of Vascular Lesions
Author: S. Bard
Publisher: Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers
ISBN: 3318023132
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 158
Book Description
Today, nearly 60 years after the invention of the first medical laser, multiple laser and light systems exist and are applied in various medical specialties such as dermatology, ophthalmology, and urology. This volume - the first in the series Aesthetic Dermatology - focuses on the laser treatment of cutaneous lesions with a vascular target. Each chapter describes a particular laser or light modality and its specific application to a variety of both vascular and nonvascular lesions. Renowned specialists in laser medicine have contributed their expertise, incorporating current evidence-based literature and their own personal treatment recommendations, as well as pearls and perils. The purpose of this book is to explore the options and parameters available to treat cutaneous lesions traditionally responsive to vascular laser therapy and to expand the application to further lesion treatments. Readers who wish to broaden their knowledge and further hone their skills in treating cutaneous vascular lesions with lasers will find this publication a valuable and comprehensive review.
Publisher: Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers
ISBN: 3318023132
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 158
Book Description
Today, nearly 60 years after the invention of the first medical laser, multiple laser and light systems exist and are applied in various medical specialties such as dermatology, ophthalmology, and urology. This volume - the first in the series Aesthetic Dermatology - focuses on the laser treatment of cutaneous lesions with a vascular target. Each chapter describes a particular laser or light modality and its specific application to a variety of both vascular and nonvascular lesions. Renowned specialists in laser medicine have contributed their expertise, incorporating current evidence-based literature and their own personal treatment recommendations, as well as pearls and perils. The purpose of this book is to explore the options and parameters available to treat cutaneous lesions traditionally responsive to vascular laser therapy and to expand the application to further lesion treatments. Readers who wish to broaden their knowledge and further hone their skills in treating cutaneous vascular lesions with lasers will find this publication a valuable and comprehensive review.
Lasers for Medical Applications
Author: Helena Jelínková
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0857097547
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 827
Book Description
Lasers have a wide and growing range of applications in medicine. Lasers for Medical Applications summarises the wealth of recent research on the principles, technologies and application of lasers in diagnostics, therapy and surgery.Part one gives an overview of the use of lasers in medicine, key principles of lasers and radiation interactions with tissue. To understand the wide diversity and therefore the large possible choice of these devices for a specific diagnosis or treatment, the respective types of the laser (solid state, gas, dye, and semiconductor) are reviewed in part two. Part three describes diagnostic laser methods, for example optical coherence tomography, spectroscopy, optical biopsy, and time-resolved fluorescence polarization spectroscopy. Those methods help doctors to refine the scope of involvement of the particular body part or, for example, to specify the extent of a tumor. Part four concentrates on the therapeutic applications of laser radiation in particular branches of medicine, including ophthalmology, dermatology, cardiology, urology, gynecology, otorhinolaryngology (ORL), neurology, dentistry, orthopaedic surgery and cancer therapy, as well as laser coatings of implants. The final chapter includes the safety precautions with which the staff working with laser instruments must be familiar.With its distinguished editor and international team of contributors, this important book summarizes international achievements in the field of laser applications in medicine in the past 50 years. It provides a valuable contribution to laser medicine by outstanding experts in medicine and engineering. - Describes the interaction of laser light with tissue - Reviews every type of laser used in medicine: solid state, gas, dye and semiconductor - Describes the use of lasers for diagnostics
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0857097547
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 827
Book Description
Lasers have a wide and growing range of applications in medicine. Lasers for Medical Applications summarises the wealth of recent research on the principles, technologies and application of lasers in diagnostics, therapy and surgery.Part one gives an overview of the use of lasers in medicine, key principles of lasers and radiation interactions with tissue. To understand the wide diversity and therefore the large possible choice of these devices for a specific diagnosis or treatment, the respective types of the laser (solid state, gas, dye, and semiconductor) are reviewed in part two. Part three describes diagnostic laser methods, for example optical coherence tomography, spectroscopy, optical biopsy, and time-resolved fluorescence polarization spectroscopy. Those methods help doctors to refine the scope of involvement of the particular body part or, for example, to specify the extent of a tumor. Part four concentrates on the therapeutic applications of laser radiation in particular branches of medicine, including ophthalmology, dermatology, cardiology, urology, gynecology, otorhinolaryngology (ORL), neurology, dentistry, orthopaedic surgery and cancer therapy, as well as laser coatings of implants. The final chapter includes the safety precautions with which the staff working with laser instruments must be familiar.With its distinguished editor and international team of contributors, this important book summarizes international achievements in the field of laser applications in medicine in the past 50 years. It provides a valuable contribution to laser medicine by outstanding experts in medicine and engineering. - Describes the interaction of laser light with tissue - Reviews every type of laser used in medicine: solid state, gas, dye and semiconductor - Describes the use of lasers for diagnostics
Principles and Practice of Laser Dentistry - E-Book
Author: Robert A. Convissar
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 032307989X
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 351
Book Description
Expand your skills in the rapidly growing field of laser dentistry! Principles and Practice of Laser Dentistry uses a concise, evidence-based approach in describing protocols and procedures. Dr. Robert A. Convissar, a renowned lecturer on this subject, has assembled a diverse panel of international contributors; he’s also one of the first general dentists to use lasers in his practice. The book covers the history of lasers in dentistry and laser research, plus the use of lasers in periodontics, periodontal surgery, oral pathology, implantology, fixed and removable prosthetics, cosmetic procedures, endodontics, operative dentistry, pediatrics, orthodontics, and oral and maxillofacial surgery. Full-color images show the latest laser technology, surgical techniques, and key steps in patient treatment. Full-color photos and illustrations demonstrate surgical techniques and key teaching points. A Laser Fundamentals chapter describes the physics of lasers and the wavelengths that can produce better outcomes. Introducing Lasers into the Dental Practice chapter provides guidelines on investing in laser technology and in marketing this new procedure. Clinical Tip and Caution boxes include advice and alerts that can only be offered by a seasoned practitioner of 27 years.
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 032307989X
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 351
Book Description
Expand your skills in the rapidly growing field of laser dentistry! Principles and Practice of Laser Dentistry uses a concise, evidence-based approach in describing protocols and procedures. Dr. Robert A. Convissar, a renowned lecturer on this subject, has assembled a diverse panel of international contributors; he’s also one of the first general dentists to use lasers in his practice. The book covers the history of lasers in dentistry and laser research, plus the use of lasers in periodontics, periodontal surgery, oral pathology, implantology, fixed and removable prosthetics, cosmetic procedures, endodontics, operative dentistry, pediatrics, orthodontics, and oral and maxillofacial surgery. Full-color images show the latest laser technology, surgical techniques, and key steps in patient treatment. Full-color photos and illustrations demonstrate surgical techniques and key teaching points. A Laser Fundamentals chapter describes the physics of lasers and the wavelengths that can produce better outcomes. Introducing Lasers into the Dental Practice chapter provides guidelines on investing in laser technology and in marketing this new procedure. Clinical Tip and Caution boxes include advice and alerts that can only be offered by a seasoned practitioner of 27 years.
Advanced Laser Surgery in Dentistry
Author: Georgios E. Romanos
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119583349
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 256
Book Description
Advanced Laser Surgery in Dentistry delivers a state-of-the-art reference for laser technology in the context of a dental practice. The book encompasses oral surgery, periodontology, and implant dentistry, covering the latest research, knowledge, and clinical practices. The author demonstrates the clinical relevance by including many real-world clinical cases that illustrate the application of the discussed techniques. The book includes high-quality, color photographs throughout to support the text and add visual information to the covered topics, which include wound healing, oral surgery, periodontology, implant dentistry, and laser fundamentals and safety considerations. Advanced Laser Surgery in Dentistry provides readers with a step-by-step guide for using lasers in dental practice and discusses likely new directions and possible future treatments in the rapidly advancing field of laser dentistry. Readers will also benefit from a wide variety of subjects, including: A thorough introduction to the fundamentals of lasers, including the beam, the laser cavity, active mediums, lenses, resonators, and delivery systems An exploration of lasers and wound healing, including soft tissue and bone healing, as well as laser-assisted excisions and osteotomies An analysis of lasers in periodontology, including laser-assisted bacteria reduction in the periodontal tissues and the removal of subgingival dental calculus A discussion of lasers in implant dentistry and treatment for peri-implantitis Perfect for oral and maxillofacial surgeons, periodontists, and implant dentists, as well as general dentists, Advanced Laser Surgery in Dentistry will also earn a place in the libraries of dental students and residents seeking to improve their understanding of laser-based oral and dental procedures with a carefully organized reference guide.
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119583349
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 256
Book Description
Advanced Laser Surgery in Dentistry delivers a state-of-the-art reference for laser technology in the context of a dental practice. The book encompasses oral surgery, periodontology, and implant dentistry, covering the latest research, knowledge, and clinical practices. The author demonstrates the clinical relevance by including many real-world clinical cases that illustrate the application of the discussed techniques. The book includes high-quality, color photographs throughout to support the text and add visual information to the covered topics, which include wound healing, oral surgery, periodontology, implant dentistry, and laser fundamentals and safety considerations. Advanced Laser Surgery in Dentistry provides readers with a step-by-step guide for using lasers in dental practice and discusses likely new directions and possible future treatments in the rapidly advancing field of laser dentistry. Readers will also benefit from a wide variety of subjects, including: A thorough introduction to the fundamentals of lasers, including the beam, the laser cavity, active mediums, lenses, resonators, and delivery systems An exploration of lasers and wound healing, including soft tissue and bone healing, as well as laser-assisted excisions and osteotomies An analysis of lasers in periodontology, including laser-assisted bacteria reduction in the periodontal tissues and the removal of subgingival dental calculus A discussion of lasers in implant dentistry and treatment for peri-implantitis Perfect for oral and maxillofacial surgeons, periodontists, and implant dentists, as well as general dentists, Advanced Laser Surgery in Dentistry will also earn a place in the libraries of dental students and residents seeking to improve their understanding of laser-based oral and dental procedures with a carefully organized reference guide.
Applied Laser Medicine
Author: H. Breuer
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3642189792
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 762
Book Description
This handbook is intended for the advanced specialist and for the practitioner interested in the application of lasers in medicine. It provides summaries of all available medical laser systems and their clinical use. The first part introduces basic laser physics, including laser-tissue interactions as well as technical equipment and particular techniques developed for medical use in connection with laser. The second part of the text covers all areas of laser application in medicine and has been written by senior specialists from different countries. The book includes about 300 line drawings, more than 100 high quality photographs, an extensive subject and author register, and an exhaustive list of references.
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3642189792
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 762
Book Description
This handbook is intended for the advanced specialist and for the practitioner interested in the application of lasers in medicine. It provides summaries of all available medical laser systems and their clinical use. The first part introduces basic laser physics, including laser-tissue interactions as well as technical equipment and particular techniques developed for medical use in connection with laser. The second part of the text covers all areas of laser application in medicine and has been written by senior specialists from different countries. The book includes about 300 line drawings, more than 100 high quality photographs, an extensive subject and author register, and an exhaustive list of references.
Endoscopic Diagnosis and Treatment in Urinary Bladder Pathology
Author: Petrisor Aurelian Geavlete
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0128038624
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 400
Book Description
Endoscopic Diagnosis and Treatment in Urinary Bladder Pathology: Handbook of Endourology contains five focused, review-oriented volumes that are ideal for students and clinicians looking for a comprehensive review rather than a whole course. Topics covered review both the endourological diagnosis and treatment of prostate, urethral, urinary bladder, upper urinary tract, and renal pathology. All chapters describe the most recent techniques, review the latest results, and analyze the most modern technologies. In the past ten years, the field of endourology has expanded beyond the urinary tract to include all urologic minimally invasive surgical procedures. Recent advancements in robotic and laparoscopic bladder surgery make this one of the fastest moving fields in medicine. As current textbooks are too time-consuming for busy urologists or trainees who also need to learn other areas of urology, this collection provides quick references and over 4000 images that are appropriate for fellows and those teaching in the field. - Offers review content for urologists in training and "refresher content for experts in endourology - Explores new surgical techniques and technology through review-level content and extensive images of pathologies - Includes over 500 images per volume; images taken from more than 4000 endourologic procedures performed annually at the editor's hospital - Contains easily accessed volumes that can be accessed through eBook format
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0128038624
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 400
Book Description
Endoscopic Diagnosis and Treatment in Urinary Bladder Pathology: Handbook of Endourology contains five focused, review-oriented volumes that are ideal for students and clinicians looking for a comprehensive review rather than a whole course. Topics covered review both the endourological diagnosis and treatment of prostate, urethral, urinary bladder, upper urinary tract, and renal pathology. All chapters describe the most recent techniques, review the latest results, and analyze the most modern technologies. In the past ten years, the field of endourology has expanded beyond the urinary tract to include all urologic minimally invasive surgical procedures. Recent advancements in robotic and laparoscopic bladder surgery make this one of the fastest moving fields in medicine. As current textbooks are too time-consuming for busy urologists or trainees who also need to learn other areas of urology, this collection provides quick references and over 4000 images that are appropriate for fellows and those teaching in the field. - Offers review content for urologists in training and "refresher content for experts in endourology - Explores new surgical techniques and technology through review-level content and extensive images of pathologies - Includes over 500 images per volume; images taken from more than 4000 endourologic procedures performed annually at the editor's hospital - Contains easily accessed volumes that can be accessed through eBook format
Understanding Cosmetic Laser Surgery
Author: Robert Langdon
Publisher: Univ. Press of Mississippi
ISBN: 1604730471
Category : Health & Fitness
Languages : en
Pages : 109
Book Description
CONSUMER HEALTH . Sunlight and gravity cause facial aging. Lasers enable safe and predictable resurfacing to smooth facial wrinkles as well as surgery to remove aging tissue from eyelids while minimizing bruising. Lasers can also eliminate excess blood vessels and unwanted hair, and erase tattoos without scarring. Laser surgery must be performed with great precision and care. Ideally, it should provide satisfactory improvement of one's appearance and do so with no adverse side effects. It is a complement to such non-laser surgeries as face-lift. Understanding Cosmetic Laser Surgery spells out the technology of the laser and its suitability for many cosmetic surgeries. Included in the discussions are the physiology of the skin, the basics of the surgical procedure, the preparation for surgery, a pointing out of risks, and an advisory on the postoperative recovery. This information is presented in clear, jargon-free language that explains how a laser procedure is accomplished without affecting the surrounding skin. A comprehensive overview that keeps the patient's perspective in mind, Understanding Cosmetic Laser Surgery is for the general reader and for those considering this elective surgical procedure. This useful, enlightening book written by a practicing professional answers questions patients ask and lets them know what to expect from surgery. Robert Langdon, a private-practice dermatologist and cosmetic surgeon in Guilford, Connecticut, is a clinical assistant professor of dermatology at the Yale University School of Medicine.
Publisher: Univ. Press of Mississippi
ISBN: 1604730471
Category : Health & Fitness
Languages : en
Pages : 109
Book Description
CONSUMER HEALTH . Sunlight and gravity cause facial aging. Lasers enable safe and predictable resurfacing to smooth facial wrinkles as well as surgery to remove aging tissue from eyelids while minimizing bruising. Lasers can also eliminate excess blood vessels and unwanted hair, and erase tattoos without scarring. Laser surgery must be performed with great precision and care. Ideally, it should provide satisfactory improvement of one's appearance and do so with no adverse side effects. It is a complement to such non-laser surgeries as face-lift. Understanding Cosmetic Laser Surgery spells out the technology of the laser and its suitability for many cosmetic surgeries. Included in the discussions are the physiology of the skin, the basics of the surgical procedure, the preparation for surgery, a pointing out of risks, and an advisory on the postoperative recovery. This information is presented in clear, jargon-free language that explains how a laser procedure is accomplished without affecting the surrounding skin. A comprehensive overview that keeps the patient's perspective in mind, Understanding Cosmetic Laser Surgery is for the general reader and for those considering this elective surgical procedure. This useful, enlightening book written by a practicing professional answers questions patients ask and lets them know what to expect from surgery. Robert Langdon, a private-practice dermatologist and cosmetic surgeon in Guilford, Connecticut, is a clinical assistant professor of dermatology at the Yale University School of Medicine.
Laser-Tissue Interactions
Author: Markolf H. Niemz
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3662047179
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 310
Book Description
Basic concepts such as the optical and thermal properties of tissue, the various types of tissue ablation, and optical breakdown and its related effects are treated in detail. Special attention is given to mathematical tools (Monte Carlo simulations, the Kubelka—Munk theory etc.) and approved techniques (photodynamic therapy, laser-induced interstitial thermotherapy etc.). The part on applications reviews clinically relevant methods in modern medicine using the latest references. The last chapter covers today’s standards of laser safety, with a careful selection of essential guidelines published by the Laser Institute of America. With numerous research photographs, illustrations, tables and comprehensive summaries.
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3662047179
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 310
Book Description
Basic concepts such as the optical and thermal properties of tissue, the various types of tissue ablation, and optical breakdown and its related effects are treated in detail. Special attention is given to mathematical tools (Monte Carlo simulations, the Kubelka—Munk theory etc.) and approved techniques (photodynamic therapy, laser-induced interstitial thermotherapy etc.). The part on applications reviews clinically relevant methods in modern medicine using the latest references. The last chapter covers today’s standards of laser safety, with a careful selection of essential guidelines published by the Laser Institute of America. With numerous research photographs, illustrations, tables and comprehensive summaries.