Author: Darlina Md. Naim
Publisher: Penerbit USM
ISBN:
Category : Nature
Languages : en
Pages : 56
Book Description
ENVIRONMENT Natural Resources and Aquatic Environment provides insight into existing knowledge of traditional knowledge and local wisdom with regard to natural resources and aquatic environment. This book presents the reader about the strong correlation between natural resources and science and its relationship with the local knowledge of local communities. Natural sources such as marine environment and its fauna are very important in human life. Therefore, people create various equipment and modern techniques to explore the marine resources for their survival. However, before the advent of modern equipments, the world community depends on local knowledge to survive. Various marine resources that are useful to human have been discussed in this book. The importance of science and technology in improving the functions of life are also discussed. Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia
Natural Resources And Aquatic Environment (Penerbit USM)
Author: Darlina Md. Naim
Publisher: Penerbit USM
ISBN:
Category : Nature
Languages : en
Pages : 56
Book Description
ENVIRONMENT Natural Resources and Aquatic Environment provides insight into existing knowledge of traditional knowledge and local wisdom with regard to natural resources and aquatic environment. This book presents the reader about the strong correlation between natural resources and science and its relationship with the local knowledge of local communities. Natural sources such as marine environment and its fauna are very important in human life. Therefore, people create various equipment and modern techniques to explore the marine resources for their survival. However, before the advent of modern equipments, the world community depends on local knowledge to survive. Various marine resources that are useful to human have been discussed in this book. The importance of science and technology in improving the functions of life are also discussed. Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia
Publisher: Penerbit USM
ISBN:
Category : Nature
Languages : en
Pages : 56
Book Description
ENVIRONMENT Natural Resources and Aquatic Environment provides insight into existing knowledge of traditional knowledge and local wisdom with regard to natural resources and aquatic environment. This book presents the reader about the strong correlation between natural resources and science and its relationship with the local knowledge of local communities. Natural sources such as marine environment and its fauna are very important in human life. Therefore, people create various equipment and modern techniques to explore the marine resources for their survival. However, before the advent of modern equipments, the world community depends on local knowledge to survive. Various marine resources that are useful to human have been discussed in this book. The importance of science and technology in improving the functions of life are also discussed. Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia
Natural Resources And Technoloy (Penerbit USM)
Author: Darlina Md. Naim
Publisher: Penerbit USM
ISBN: 983861937X
Category : Nature
Languages : en
Pages :
Book Description
The book is organized in seven chapters, covering subject areas of natural resources and technology. It presents the developments, new application, science and technology that are related to local knowledge of local societies, especially in Malaysia. This book mainly discusses the use of natural resources as a source of food and economy, and how the local communities use the resources for their survival. Another aspect presented in this book is the integration of technology and natural resources as well as its usefulness in facilitating human’s life. This book also highlights the implementation of an appropriate technology in providing a house that meets the socioeconomic, cultural, environmental needs as well as climatic conditions of Malaysia. Natural Resources and Technology is definitely a reference for students, researchers and academicians especially from the field of sciences, and those who are interested in knowing and learning about the local knowledge in natural sciences and technology with the focus in Malaysian context. Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia
Publisher: Penerbit USM
ISBN: 983861937X
Category : Nature
Languages : en
Pages :
Book Description
The book is organized in seven chapters, covering subject areas of natural resources and technology. It presents the developments, new application, science and technology that are related to local knowledge of local societies, especially in Malaysia. This book mainly discusses the use of natural resources as a source of food and economy, and how the local communities use the resources for their survival. Another aspect presented in this book is the integration of technology and natural resources as well as its usefulness in facilitating human’s life. This book also highlights the implementation of an appropriate technology in providing a house that meets the socioeconomic, cultural, environmental needs as well as climatic conditions of Malaysia. Natural Resources and Technology is definitely a reference for students, researchers and academicians especially from the field of sciences, and those who are interested in knowing and learning about the local knowledge in natural sciences and technology with the focus in Malaysian context. Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia
Ecological Modelling for Sustainable Development (Penerbit USM)
Author: Koh Hock Lye
Publisher: Penerbit USM
ISBN: 9838616583
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 908
Book Description
In view of the current global scenario, which highlighted the importance of sustainable development and sustaining natural resources, the theme selected for the 2nd Regional ECOMOD 2007 Conference was indeed appropriate. This conference has generated overwhelming interest and I am sure the participants have focussed diligently on the serious issues concerning important environmental issues and steps needed to be taken towards a sustainable development and management of our natural resources and environment. As governments in the Asian region introduce new initiatives and development policies to rejuvenate and protect their environment and natural resources, it is imperative that universities and research institutions play a fundamental role in ensuring that the objectives of these policies are realized. Such institutions can complement government proposals by embarking on research that is relevant and valuable to the needs of respective nations and pursuing extensive research so that the outcome and technology generated can be transferred effectively to the end users. This concerted effort by all the researchers from different fields to improve and manage our natural resources should be lauded. I strongly believe that this conference is an extraordinary testimony to our capacity building at regional and local levels. I believe USM has something interesting to share with all of you in this area. Finally, on behalf of the Organizing Committee, I hope readers will find this book of proceedings useful, informative and stimulating.
Publisher: Penerbit USM
ISBN: 9838616583
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 908
Book Description
In view of the current global scenario, which highlighted the importance of sustainable development and sustaining natural resources, the theme selected for the 2nd Regional ECOMOD 2007 Conference was indeed appropriate. This conference has generated overwhelming interest and I am sure the participants have focussed diligently on the serious issues concerning important environmental issues and steps needed to be taken towards a sustainable development and management of our natural resources and environment. As governments in the Asian region introduce new initiatives and development policies to rejuvenate and protect their environment and natural resources, it is imperative that universities and research institutions play a fundamental role in ensuring that the objectives of these policies are realized. Such institutions can complement government proposals by embarking on research that is relevant and valuable to the needs of respective nations and pursuing extensive research so that the outcome and technology generated can be transferred effectively to the end users. This concerted effort by all the researchers from different fields to improve and manage our natural resources should be lauded. I strongly believe that this conference is an extraordinary testimony to our capacity building at regional and local levels. I believe USM has something interesting to share with all of you in this area. Finally, on behalf of the Organizing Committee, I hope readers will find this book of proceedings useful, informative and stimulating.
Climate Conscious Low-Energy Tropical Built Environment (Penerbit USM)
Author: Abdul Malek Abdul Rahman
Publisher: Penerbit USM
ISBN: 9674613366
Category : Art
Languages : en
Pages : 277
Book Description
Climate Conscious Low-Energy Tropical Built Environment is a welcome addition to the knowledge on green and sustainable architecture. Both the authors shared their vast knowledge and experience on low-energy and passive solar design. The approach is on the technology adapted and applied to ‘welcoming the sun’ as well as to ‘rejecting the sun’, with the emphasis on the passive elements design. As the world now is facing the rapid increase of population, the architects need to consider the future path of the built environment. A good knowledge in low-energy built environment in order to sustain the well-being of the earth is essential, before considering on the aspects of mechanical components. This book is written in a clear and engaging style to suit all readers, the architecture and built environment students and professions as well as readers in general. As there are many books on this topic, but none emphasize the context of tropical climate. This is the first book on the low-energy built environment within the context of tropical climate. Abdul Malek Abdul Rahman was interested in indoor thermal comfort while researching his PhD topic on “Design for Natural Ventilation in Low-Cost Housing in Tropical Climate”. With a firm belief that to be thermally comfortable without mechanical aids in tropical climates, one should be under shade and receiving ample air movement concurrently, which is not naturally possible. Therefore, he sets out for further researches, literatures and acute observations on this issue. With university research funds, he investigated in hypothesis and experimented on low-cost cooling technologies, attended and read books and references on related topics. Equipped with reliable cameras, he captured ideas and happenings spontaneously to confirm his conviction. He believes that in order to re-examine the philosophy of energy efficient architectural design, one has to detach oneself from architecture and to understand other related disciplines (mechanical engineering, to be exact) in order to value add and upgrade the architecture towards sustainability. He finds the future is very challenging on this issue as population increase is real and that when left uncheck would affect the comfort of human psyche. Technology now is the solution and research must include latest technology available during the particular time of change. Karam Mustafa Al-Obaidi has interest in architectural design systems specifically in the tropics. He focuses on dynamic environment in relation with surroundings. His research is towards energy and how it influences the architectural form. With university research funds, he implemented experimental investigation to obtain reliable examination of the built environment. The future of architecture in terms of technology is challenging in this tropical region. He finds that understanding energy in both consumption and efficiency is limited due to the climatic constraints. Therefore, he believes that creating a platform to integrate related disciplines could provide solutions regarding the issue of energy efficiency. In his opinion, nature is the main source of inspiration, thus designing models that respond to tropical environment could provide comfort and durability for users and buildings.
Publisher: Penerbit USM
ISBN: 9674613366
Category : Art
Languages : en
Pages : 277
Book Description
Climate Conscious Low-Energy Tropical Built Environment is a welcome addition to the knowledge on green and sustainable architecture. Both the authors shared their vast knowledge and experience on low-energy and passive solar design. The approach is on the technology adapted and applied to ‘welcoming the sun’ as well as to ‘rejecting the sun’, with the emphasis on the passive elements design. As the world now is facing the rapid increase of population, the architects need to consider the future path of the built environment. A good knowledge in low-energy built environment in order to sustain the well-being of the earth is essential, before considering on the aspects of mechanical components. This book is written in a clear and engaging style to suit all readers, the architecture and built environment students and professions as well as readers in general. As there are many books on this topic, but none emphasize the context of tropical climate. This is the first book on the low-energy built environment within the context of tropical climate. Abdul Malek Abdul Rahman was interested in indoor thermal comfort while researching his PhD topic on “Design for Natural Ventilation in Low-Cost Housing in Tropical Climate”. With a firm belief that to be thermally comfortable without mechanical aids in tropical climates, one should be under shade and receiving ample air movement concurrently, which is not naturally possible. Therefore, he sets out for further researches, literatures and acute observations on this issue. With university research funds, he investigated in hypothesis and experimented on low-cost cooling technologies, attended and read books and references on related topics. Equipped with reliable cameras, he captured ideas and happenings spontaneously to confirm his conviction. He believes that in order to re-examine the philosophy of energy efficient architectural design, one has to detach oneself from architecture and to understand other related disciplines (mechanical engineering, to be exact) in order to value add and upgrade the architecture towards sustainability. He finds the future is very challenging on this issue as population increase is real and that when left uncheck would affect the comfort of human psyche. Technology now is the solution and research must include latest technology available during the particular time of change. Karam Mustafa Al-Obaidi has interest in architectural design systems specifically in the tropics. He focuses on dynamic environment in relation with surroundings. His research is towards energy and how it influences the architectural form. With university research funds, he implemented experimental investigation to obtain reliable examination of the built environment. The future of architecture in terms of technology is challenging in this tropical region. He finds that understanding energy in both consumption and efficiency is limited due to the climatic constraints. Therefore, he believes that creating a platform to integrate related disciplines could provide solutions regarding the issue of energy efficiency. In his opinion, nature is the main source of inspiration, thus designing models that respond to tropical environment could provide comfort and durability for users and buildings.
Ideal Green Homes: Understanding The Needs of Malaysian House Buyers (Penerbit USM)
Author: Mohd Wira Mohd Shafiei
Publisher: Penerbit USM
ISBN: 9674610758
Category : Architecture
Languages : en
Pages : 148
Book Description
Publisher: Penerbit USM
ISBN: 9674610758
Category : Architecture
Languages : en
Pages : 148
Book Description
New Management Approaches in Construction (Penerbit USM)
Author: Mastura Jaafar
Publisher: Penerbit USM
ISBN: 9838617121
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 248
Book Description
In this new era, changes and innovations that happen in the construction industry force the industry players to increasingly seek knowledge to enhance their firm and project competitiveness. Small as well as large industry players has no exceptions from identifying their strategy for business survival and success. To accommodate those needs, this book presents the new management approaches that could be learned and applied in managing firms and projects. The book goes on to explore the strategic management and project management approaches of business and project entities in construction. Knowledge and ideas discussed in this book were contributed by scholars who are closely involved with research in the industry. Having read their ideas, improving performance would be a significant contribution of this book to the existing and future industry players in construction. Being simultaneously dependent upon each other, this book sees the need to incorporate the various approaches in managing projects and businesses in the construction industry. There will be no doubt, by understanding and practising the approaches, the competitiveness of the industry will be improved.
Publisher: Penerbit USM
ISBN: 9838617121
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 248
Book Description
In this new era, changes and innovations that happen in the construction industry force the industry players to increasingly seek knowledge to enhance their firm and project competitiveness. Small as well as large industry players has no exceptions from identifying their strategy for business survival and success. To accommodate those needs, this book presents the new management approaches that could be learned and applied in managing firms and projects. The book goes on to explore the strategic management and project management approaches of business and project entities in construction. Knowledge and ideas discussed in this book were contributed by scholars who are closely involved with research in the industry. Having read their ideas, improving performance would be a significant contribution of this book to the existing and future industry players in construction. Being simultaneously dependent upon each other, this book sees the need to incorporate the various approaches in managing projects and businesses in the construction industry. There will be no doubt, by understanding and practising the approaches, the competitiveness of the industry will be improved.
Rural Tourism In Malaysia (Penerbit USM)
Author: Mastura Jaafar
Publisher: Penerbit USM
ISBN: 9674613846
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 240
Book Description
Rural tourism provides opportunities for travellers to experience rural attractions and getting familiar with the culture and heritage. It is known to stimulate rural economy through job creation, farm support, nature conservation, rural supplies and services, landscape and nature conservation, rural arts and crafts, and enrichment of local heritage. The development will profit the local community through tourism products ranging from ecotourism to cultural tourism. With rich and melting pot of multicultural and biodiversity, Malaysia has great potential in rural tourism. Both Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia have the best ecotourism destinations in the region. Malaysia is blessed to have the UNESCO branded rural destinations such as Kinabalu Park, Gunung Mulu National Park and Archaeological Heritage of the Lenggong Valley. The rural tourism concept in Malaysia has been integrated with other tourism concepts such as sustainable tourism, indigenous tourism, ethnic tourism, agrotourism, ecotourism, farm tourism, cultural tourism and heritage tourism. This integrated concept has been explored in a few case studies involving archaeological, ecotourism, mangrove and highland tourism of rural destinations. These rural destinations offer great potentials in providing the ‘truly Malaysia’ experiences; however, it is yet to be fully capitalized. Managing rural tourism development is very challenging due to its limited resources and infrastructure; thus identification on how the destination is presented, managed and promoted are the major focus of this book. Therefore, these interesting case studies are hoped to enlighten the development of the selected rural tourism destinations in Malaysia.
Publisher: Penerbit USM
ISBN: 9674613846
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 240
Book Description
Rural tourism provides opportunities for travellers to experience rural attractions and getting familiar with the culture and heritage. It is known to stimulate rural economy through job creation, farm support, nature conservation, rural supplies and services, landscape and nature conservation, rural arts and crafts, and enrichment of local heritage. The development will profit the local community through tourism products ranging from ecotourism to cultural tourism. With rich and melting pot of multicultural and biodiversity, Malaysia has great potential in rural tourism. Both Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia have the best ecotourism destinations in the region. Malaysia is blessed to have the UNESCO branded rural destinations such as Kinabalu Park, Gunung Mulu National Park and Archaeological Heritage of the Lenggong Valley. The rural tourism concept in Malaysia has been integrated with other tourism concepts such as sustainable tourism, indigenous tourism, ethnic tourism, agrotourism, ecotourism, farm tourism, cultural tourism and heritage tourism. This integrated concept has been explored in a few case studies involving archaeological, ecotourism, mangrove and highland tourism of rural destinations. These rural destinations offer great potentials in providing the ‘truly Malaysia’ experiences; however, it is yet to be fully capitalized. Managing rural tourism development is very challenging due to its limited resources and infrastructure; thus identification on how the destination is presented, managed and promoted are the major focus of this book. Therefore, these interesting case studies are hoped to enlighten the development of the selected rural tourism destinations in Malaysia.
Communication and Environment: Sustainability and Risks (Penerbit USM)
Author: Hamidah Abd. Hamid
Publisher: Penerbit USM
ISBN: 9838617466
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 347
Book Description
There is a dearth of literature on environmental communication within the non-western world. The few existing ones are scattered and not easily available.Thus, there is a dire need to document research and literature in the field. The opportunity arose at the 2009 International Conference on Communication and Environment held in Penang, Malaysia. The international conference with the theme “Transformation for a Sustainable Tomorrow”, organised by the School of Communication, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), attracted scholars, practitioners and activists from around the world to listen and deliberate on various aspects of communication and environment. The post-conference review resulted in the selection of 24 papers to be compiled into this edited volume. The escalating degradation of environment locally and globally was the main concern that prompted discussions on how sustainability can be advocated. The development process in many countries, economic activities and political decisions on issues such as deforestation for timber logging, rapid urbanisation, pertinently points out that environmental degradation and any communication on environmental change has to be grounded and located within the wider context of social, politics and economics of the society. Communication and environmental communication for that matter have also to be understood within these wider contexts. Many would agree that a constant and consistent flow of information communicated through different channels to different stakeholders at the right time and destinations can help raise awareness and consciousness of environmental problems, protection and preservation. This vital information can enable the public and stakeholders to make informed choices, and take actions whenever possible. A lack of communication and information will inordinately exacerbate the situation of environmental degradation. This book thus highlights how the environment is being treated in the media, communicated to the society and impacted nations. The chapters are grouped into the following sections: Theoretical and conceptual issues; Media content and the environment; Politics, communication and the environment; Corporate social and environmental responsibility; and Citizen participation, human rights and the environment. The editors acknowledge the excellent contributions of all the authors and are indebted to the members of the review panel, the external reviewer, USM Publications Committee and staff of Universiti Sains Malaysia Press for their help in ensuring the quality of this volume. Most importantly, we express our gratitude to USM for providing the financial support for the international conference and making it possible to publish this book. The Editors January 2012 Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia
Publisher: Penerbit USM
ISBN: 9838617466
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 347
Book Description
There is a dearth of literature on environmental communication within the non-western world. The few existing ones are scattered and not easily available.Thus, there is a dire need to document research and literature in the field. The opportunity arose at the 2009 International Conference on Communication and Environment held in Penang, Malaysia. The international conference with the theme “Transformation for a Sustainable Tomorrow”, organised by the School of Communication, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), attracted scholars, practitioners and activists from around the world to listen and deliberate on various aspects of communication and environment. The post-conference review resulted in the selection of 24 papers to be compiled into this edited volume. The escalating degradation of environment locally and globally was the main concern that prompted discussions on how sustainability can be advocated. The development process in many countries, economic activities and political decisions on issues such as deforestation for timber logging, rapid urbanisation, pertinently points out that environmental degradation and any communication on environmental change has to be grounded and located within the wider context of social, politics and economics of the society. Communication and environmental communication for that matter have also to be understood within these wider contexts. Many would agree that a constant and consistent flow of information communicated through different channels to different stakeholders at the right time and destinations can help raise awareness and consciousness of environmental problems, protection and preservation. This vital information can enable the public and stakeholders to make informed choices, and take actions whenever possible. A lack of communication and information will inordinately exacerbate the situation of environmental degradation. This book thus highlights how the environment is being treated in the media, communicated to the society and impacted nations. The chapters are grouped into the following sections: Theoretical and conceptual issues; Media content and the environment; Politics, communication and the environment; Corporate social and environmental responsibility; and Citizen participation, human rights and the environment. The editors acknowledge the excellent contributions of all the authors and are indebted to the members of the review panel, the external reviewer, USM Publications Committee and staff of Universiti Sains Malaysia Press for their help in ensuring the quality of this volume. Most importantly, we express our gratitude to USM for providing the financial support for the international conference and making it possible to publish this book. The Editors January 2012 Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia
Biodiversity: Reflections from a Malaysian Ecologist (Penerbit USM)
Author: Mashhor Mansor
Publisher: Penerbit USM
ISBN: 9838616508
Category : Biodiversity
Languages : en
Pages : 245
Book Description
This book offers the original and fascinating insights of an eminent Malaysian ecologist. In this profound contribution, the author enthusiastically narrates the many adventures and experiences encountered in teaching, conducting field researches and supervising PhD students. He passionately encourages Malaysian researchers to explore our rich biodiversity and find innovative ways to conserve and appreciate our priceless ecosystem. Students studying ecology will find innovative and exciting ideas regarding the subject of biodiversity in this book while local issues in ecology and biodiversity being discussed in this book will attract readers concerned with the current related issues in Malaysia. The author’s experiences in dealing with intensive researches in the Malaysian jungles, Mekong Delta and Antarctica are accompanied with inspiring stories of scientific discoveries. Being a passionate educator, he also willingly shares the tricks of the trade in conducting successful field research in the hope of encouraging Malaysian researchers to become top rated scientist in the world. Biodiversity: Reflections from a Malaysian Ecologist definitely opens up new perspectives in the field of ecology and biodiversity especially to the university students who may become great ecologists someday. As for the general public, reading this book is an enjoyable journey as the author unveils the secret of the nature and the untold stories behind the life of an ecologist bound to the fate of nature, day and night. Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia
Publisher: Penerbit USM
ISBN: 9838616508
Category : Biodiversity
Languages : en
Pages : 245
Book Description
This book offers the original and fascinating insights of an eminent Malaysian ecologist. In this profound contribution, the author enthusiastically narrates the many adventures and experiences encountered in teaching, conducting field researches and supervising PhD students. He passionately encourages Malaysian researchers to explore our rich biodiversity and find innovative ways to conserve and appreciate our priceless ecosystem. Students studying ecology will find innovative and exciting ideas regarding the subject of biodiversity in this book while local issues in ecology and biodiversity being discussed in this book will attract readers concerned with the current related issues in Malaysia. The author’s experiences in dealing with intensive researches in the Malaysian jungles, Mekong Delta and Antarctica are accompanied with inspiring stories of scientific discoveries. Being a passionate educator, he also willingly shares the tricks of the trade in conducting successful field research in the hope of encouraging Malaysian researchers to become top rated scientist in the world. Biodiversity: Reflections from a Malaysian Ecologist definitely opens up new perspectives in the field of ecology and biodiversity especially to the university students who may become great ecologists someday. As for the general public, reading this book is an enjoyable journey as the author unveils the secret of the nature and the untold stories behind the life of an ecologist bound to the fate of nature, day and night. Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia
Local Knowledge for a Globalized World (Penerbit USM)
Author: Norizan Esa
Publisher: Penerbit USM
ISBN: 9674612173
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 122
Book Description
Local knowledge refers to knowledge and expertise, which originate from local and indigenous cultures that have developed over time. Its practices have been absorbed naturally and effortlessly into the local communities. However, due to globalization and modernization, much of this knowledge has not been practiced and will be lost in time if efforts are not taken to preserve, conserve and transfer it to the community. Through the discussion of six articles written based on local and international research findings, this book brings together researchers committed to local knowledge in sharing the process of documentation on local knowledge transfer issues and challenges, and the methodology of knowledge transfer. Thus, new ideas are presented to promote the practice of preserving and conserving local knowledge to the practitioners, students and communities.
Publisher: Penerbit USM
ISBN: 9674612173
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 122
Book Description
Local knowledge refers to knowledge and expertise, which originate from local and indigenous cultures that have developed over time. Its practices have been absorbed naturally and effortlessly into the local communities. However, due to globalization and modernization, much of this knowledge has not been practiced and will be lost in time if efforts are not taken to preserve, conserve and transfer it to the community. Through the discussion of six articles written based on local and international research findings, this book brings together researchers committed to local knowledge in sharing the process of documentation on local knowledge transfer issues and challenges, and the methodology of knowledge transfer. Thus, new ideas are presented to promote the practice of preserving and conserving local knowledge to the practitioners, students and communities.