Author: Tshilidzi Marwala
Publisher: Jonathan Ball Publishers
ISBN: 1776260848
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 240
Book Description
'It became apparent to me that, due to the complexity of problems that face humanity today, those who do not know should not lead.' – Professor Tshilidzi Marwala In 2020 the world found itself in a state of flux. A global pandemic disrupted the world order while the digital transformation of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR), with its challenges and huge potential benefits, presented a fundamental paradigm shift. How are Africa's leaders to respond, today? In a crisis, decisive leadership is imperative for the public good, but as we move beyond the pandemic and confront the changes of the 4IR, we must determine how we will adapt. What is clear is that leadership will have to be grounded in scientific and mathematical thinking and in good governance. It follows, then, that for South Africa to succeed as a nation in the 21st century we must be able to provide our people with an all-embracing education, not just science and technology but human and social sciences as well. Leading in the 21st Century presents a comprehensive overview of how the world is changing and lessons we can draw from leaders, particularly in the African context. From Charlotte Maxeke and the Rain Queen Modjadji, to Mangaliso Robert Sobukwe, Eric Molobi and Richard Maponya, there is much to learn from great leaders. The challenges of the 21st century are immense, from climate change to social media and the digital divide that deepens our understanding of inequality, particularly in the 'new normal'. South Africa faces not only a shifting global context but a fraught local context of stagnant growth, rising unemployment and deep-seated inequality, worsened in 2020 by the national lockdown necessitated by the coronavirus pandemic. The 4IR offers solutions to many of our most pressing problems and we cannot afford to be left behind. The certainty is that the 4IR has arrived. The debates lie in how we respond to it. Tshilidzi Marwala deciphers it all, while providing a framework for navigating these shifts. A leading academic of international standing, and Deputy Chair of South Africa's Presidential 4IR Commission, Tshilidzi Marwala provides valuable insights into how leadership should be responding to the digital challenges of the 21st century.
Leading in the 21st Century
Author: Tshilidzi Marwala
Publisher: Jonathan Ball Publishers
ISBN: 1776260848
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 240
Book Description
'It became apparent to me that, due to the complexity of problems that face humanity today, those who do not know should not lead.' – Professor Tshilidzi Marwala In 2020 the world found itself in a state of flux. A global pandemic disrupted the world order while the digital transformation of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR), with its challenges and huge potential benefits, presented a fundamental paradigm shift. How are Africa's leaders to respond, today? In a crisis, decisive leadership is imperative for the public good, but as we move beyond the pandemic and confront the changes of the 4IR, we must determine how we will adapt. What is clear is that leadership will have to be grounded in scientific and mathematical thinking and in good governance. It follows, then, that for South Africa to succeed as a nation in the 21st century we must be able to provide our people with an all-embracing education, not just science and technology but human and social sciences as well. Leading in the 21st Century presents a comprehensive overview of how the world is changing and lessons we can draw from leaders, particularly in the African context. From Charlotte Maxeke and the Rain Queen Modjadji, to Mangaliso Robert Sobukwe, Eric Molobi and Richard Maponya, there is much to learn from great leaders. The challenges of the 21st century are immense, from climate change to social media and the digital divide that deepens our understanding of inequality, particularly in the 'new normal'. South Africa faces not only a shifting global context but a fraught local context of stagnant growth, rising unemployment and deep-seated inequality, worsened in 2020 by the national lockdown necessitated by the coronavirus pandemic. The 4IR offers solutions to many of our most pressing problems and we cannot afford to be left behind. The certainty is that the 4IR has arrived. The debates lie in how we respond to it. Tshilidzi Marwala deciphers it all, while providing a framework for navigating these shifts. A leading academic of international standing, and Deputy Chair of South Africa's Presidential 4IR Commission, Tshilidzi Marwala provides valuable insights into how leadership should be responding to the digital challenges of the 21st century.
Publisher: Jonathan Ball Publishers
ISBN: 1776260848
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 240
Book Description
'It became apparent to me that, due to the complexity of problems that face humanity today, those who do not know should not lead.' – Professor Tshilidzi Marwala In 2020 the world found itself in a state of flux. A global pandemic disrupted the world order while the digital transformation of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR), with its challenges and huge potential benefits, presented a fundamental paradigm shift. How are Africa's leaders to respond, today? In a crisis, decisive leadership is imperative for the public good, but as we move beyond the pandemic and confront the changes of the 4IR, we must determine how we will adapt. What is clear is that leadership will have to be grounded in scientific and mathematical thinking and in good governance. It follows, then, that for South Africa to succeed as a nation in the 21st century we must be able to provide our people with an all-embracing education, not just science and technology but human and social sciences as well. Leading in the 21st Century presents a comprehensive overview of how the world is changing and lessons we can draw from leaders, particularly in the African context. From Charlotte Maxeke and the Rain Queen Modjadji, to Mangaliso Robert Sobukwe, Eric Molobi and Richard Maponya, there is much to learn from great leaders. The challenges of the 21st century are immense, from climate change to social media and the digital divide that deepens our understanding of inequality, particularly in the 'new normal'. South Africa faces not only a shifting global context but a fraught local context of stagnant growth, rising unemployment and deep-seated inequality, worsened in 2020 by the national lockdown necessitated by the coronavirus pandemic. The 4IR offers solutions to many of our most pressing problems and we cannot afford to be left behind. The certainty is that the 4IR has arrived. The debates lie in how we respond to it. Tshilidzi Marwala deciphers it all, while providing a framework for navigating these shifts. A leading academic of international standing, and Deputy Chair of South Africa's Presidential 4IR Commission, Tshilidzi Marwala provides valuable insights into how leadership should be responding to the digital challenges of the 21st century.
Leading Diversity in the 21st Century
Author: Terri A. Scandura
Publisher: IAP
ISBN: 1681238780
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 374
Book Description
The Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) model of leadership has shown that effective leader-follower relationships predict employee well-being and performance. Less research, however, addressed how diversity variables may affect the development of leader-member exchange and outcomes. This book moves the field forward by addressing the 21st century challenges of how diversity may impact the development of effective working relationships. Key trends in the workforce suggest that the impact of diverse employees will challenge a leader’s ability to develop effective working relationships with all direct reports. New frameworks are needed to understand how various groups such as women, Hispanics, African Americans, Millennials, LGBTQ, and persons with Autism Spectrum Disorder develop effective working relationships with their supervisors This edited volume will bring together the top scholars in the field to address these segments of the workforce and offer practical advice for managers. This book will be used in college undergraduate and/or graduate level leadership classes. It might also be adopted for courses in managing diversity. Scholars will find the book a useful reference work. In addition, practicing managers will be interested in the implications of developing effective working relationships in diverse leader-member dyads.
Publisher: IAP
ISBN: 1681238780
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 374
Book Description
The Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) model of leadership has shown that effective leader-follower relationships predict employee well-being and performance. Less research, however, addressed how diversity variables may affect the development of leader-member exchange and outcomes. This book moves the field forward by addressing the 21st century challenges of how diversity may impact the development of effective working relationships. Key trends in the workforce suggest that the impact of diverse employees will challenge a leader’s ability to develop effective working relationships with all direct reports. New frameworks are needed to understand how various groups such as women, Hispanics, African Americans, Millennials, LGBTQ, and persons with Autism Spectrum Disorder develop effective working relationships with their supervisors This edited volume will bring together the top scholars in the field to address these segments of the workforce and offer practical advice for managers. This book will be used in college undergraduate and/or graduate level leadership classes. It might also be adopted for courses in managing diversity. Scholars will find the book a useful reference work. In addition, practicing managers will be interested in the implications of developing effective working relationships in diverse leader-member dyads.
Leading 21st Century Schools
Author: Lynne Schrum
Publisher: Corwin Press
ISBN: 1506301886
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 273
Book Description
Master The Latest Educational Technology To Teach 21st Century Skills. The pace of technological change picks up speed with each passing day. Educators must place the proper emphasis on technology leadership—using proven methods—if they are to prepare students to thrive in the classroom and beyond. When first published in 2009, this book empowered administrators and teachers to plan and execute effective strategies for enhancing student engagement and achievement through technology. This second edition features 80% brand-new material addressing the latest technological developments, combined with the authors’ tested methods for applying them in schools. Features include: Aligning technology to the ISLLC Standards, ISTE Standards, and Common Core State Standards Comprehensive guides to the newest technologies and trends that school leaders need to know A companion website featuring a massive volume of resources for additional progress With this book close at hand, school leaders will confidently guide students into the exciting digital future. "The world of technology changes by the second and educators are left in the dust to navigate a tsunami of tools. Levin and Schrum provide a detailed roadmap of technology tools available today and how they can be harnessed by educators to improve student engagement." -Eric Sheninger, Educational Consultant and Author of Digital Leadership "School leaders need less philosophy and more of a focus on the practical steps needed to move forward. Levin and Schrum update their best-selling First Edition by adding in the newest innovations in technology, while at the same time offering suggestions on how to get started." -Peter DeWitt, Corwin author/Consultant Finding Common Ground Blog/ Education Week
Publisher: Corwin Press
ISBN: 1506301886
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 273
Book Description
Master The Latest Educational Technology To Teach 21st Century Skills. The pace of technological change picks up speed with each passing day. Educators must place the proper emphasis on technology leadership—using proven methods—if they are to prepare students to thrive in the classroom and beyond. When first published in 2009, this book empowered administrators and teachers to plan and execute effective strategies for enhancing student engagement and achievement through technology. This second edition features 80% brand-new material addressing the latest technological developments, combined with the authors’ tested methods for applying them in schools. Features include: Aligning technology to the ISLLC Standards, ISTE Standards, and Common Core State Standards Comprehensive guides to the newest technologies and trends that school leaders need to know A companion website featuring a massive volume of resources for additional progress With this book close at hand, school leaders will confidently guide students into the exciting digital future. "The world of technology changes by the second and educators are left in the dust to navigate a tsunami of tools. Levin and Schrum provide a detailed roadmap of technology tools available today and how they can be harnessed by educators to improve student engagement." -Eric Sheninger, Educational Consultant and Author of Digital Leadership "School leaders need less philosophy and more of a focus on the practical steps needed to move forward. Levin and Schrum update their best-selling First Edition by adding in the newest innovations in technology, while at the same time offering suggestions on how to get started." -Peter DeWitt, Corwin author/Consultant Finding Common Ground Blog/ Education Week
Global Leaders for the Twenty-First Century
Author: Michael J. Marquardt
Publisher: State University of New York Press
ISBN: 0791492176
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 227
Book Description
New times demand new kinds of leaders. In a technological workplace which may be more virtual than physical, where bytes of information and cyberspace need to be managed more than people, leaders will have to thrive amidst high chaos and continuous change. Global Leaders for the Twenty-First Century profiles twelve such leaders from business and government and discusses eight key attributes necessary for successful leadership in the future. Based upon extensive research and experiences with top leaders from around the world, the authors have identified the eight critical competencies needed by twenty-first century leaders: (1) a global mindset, (2) learning and teaching skills, (3) a servant-steward relationship to one's organization, (4) systems thinking, (5) spirituality and a concern for ethics, (6) a willingness to embrace new technologies, (7) innovation and risk-taking, and (8) vision-building. Twelve of the top up-and-coming leaders from around the world who possess these attributes are profiled. They include the Fortune magazine's first two Asian leaders of the year (CEOs Nobuyuki Idei of Sony and Cheong Choong Kong of Singapore Airlines), two highly acclaimed political leaders (President Mary McAleese of Ireland and United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan), the leading lights in the technology field (CEOs Jorma Ollila of Nokia in Finland and John Chambers of Cisco Systems in the United States), pioneer leaders for women (Carol Bartz, CEO of AutoDesk) and minorities (Ken Chenault, CEO-designate of American Express), the world's most innovative leader (Ricardo Semler, owner of Semco in Brazil), a leader in recognizing the importance of community service and employee partnership (Henry Carris, Carris Community of Companies), the director of one of the top executive development programs in the world (Felipe Alfonso, Asian Institute of Management), and a radical new thinker in the energy field (John Browne, CEO of BP Amoco).
Publisher: State University of New York Press
ISBN: 0791492176
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 227
Book Description
New times demand new kinds of leaders. In a technological workplace which may be more virtual than physical, where bytes of information and cyberspace need to be managed more than people, leaders will have to thrive amidst high chaos and continuous change. Global Leaders for the Twenty-First Century profiles twelve such leaders from business and government and discusses eight key attributes necessary for successful leadership in the future. Based upon extensive research and experiences with top leaders from around the world, the authors have identified the eight critical competencies needed by twenty-first century leaders: (1) a global mindset, (2) learning and teaching skills, (3) a servant-steward relationship to one's organization, (4) systems thinking, (5) spirituality and a concern for ethics, (6) a willingness to embrace new technologies, (7) innovation and risk-taking, and (8) vision-building. Twelve of the top up-and-coming leaders from around the world who possess these attributes are profiled. They include the Fortune magazine's first two Asian leaders of the year (CEOs Nobuyuki Idei of Sony and Cheong Choong Kong of Singapore Airlines), two highly acclaimed political leaders (President Mary McAleese of Ireland and United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan), the leading lights in the technology field (CEOs Jorma Ollila of Nokia in Finland and John Chambers of Cisco Systems in the United States), pioneer leaders for women (Carol Bartz, CEO of AutoDesk) and minorities (Ken Chenault, CEO-designate of American Express), the world's most innovative leader (Ricardo Semler, owner of Semco in Brazil), a leader in recognizing the importance of community service and employee partnership (Henry Carris, Carris Community of Companies), the director of one of the top executive development programs in the world (Felipe Alfonso, Asian Institute of Management), and a radical new thinker in the energy field (John Browne, CEO of BP Amoco).
21st Century School Leader
Author: Denver Fowler
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780991862665
Category : Educational leadership
Languages : en
Pages : 330
Book Description
This ground-breaking book titled The 21st Century School Leader: Leading Schools in Today's World focuses on effectively leading schools in the digital age (21st Century and beyond) where a majority of all stakeholders including students, staff, parents, community members, and business owners are digital natives. Written by an award-winning practitioner and international scholar, the author infuses this approach as it applies to all aspects of school leadership. Chapters include Leading Schools in Today's World, Social Media for School Leaders 101, The Importance of Being a Life-Long Learner, Closing the Achievement Gap, Ethics and Leadership, Professional Standards for Educational Leaders, School Climate and School Culture, Work-Life Balance, Professional Learning Network, Leading for Inclusiveness, Educational Policy, School Law, School Finance and Human Resources, and Tips for School Leaders.
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780991862665
Category : Educational leadership
Languages : en
Pages : 330
Book Description
This ground-breaking book titled The 21st Century School Leader: Leading Schools in Today's World focuses on effectively leading schools in the digital age (21st Century and beyond) where a majority of all stakeholders including students, staff, parents, community members, and business owners are digital natives. Written by an award-winning practitioner and international scholar, the author infuses this approach as it applies to all aspects of school leadership. Chapters include Leading Schools in Today's World, Social Media for School Leaders 101, The Importance of Being a Life-Long Learner, Closing the Achievement Gap, Ethics and Leadership, Professional Standards for Educational Leaders, School Climate and School Culture, Work-Life Balance, Professional Learning Network, Leading for Inclusiveness, Educational Policy, School Law, School Finance and Human Resources, and Tips for School Leaders.
Leadership Lessons from Books I Have Read
Author: Tshilidzi Marwala
Publisher: Jonathan Ball Publishers
ISBN: 1776260937
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 291
Book Description
'Professor Marwala has sought to understand what good leadership should mean by drawing on the collective experience of authors who have written on many topics.' – Former President of South Africa, THABO MBEKI We cannot underestimate how critical strong leadership is in all aspects of our lives. It enables us to run our lives, homes, communities, workplaces and nations. Given its importance, it is pertinent to ask: What is the source of good leadership? Albert Einstein once said, 'The only source of knowledge is experience.' Many philosophers have observed this and, if we accept experience as the only source of knowledge, can we extend this conclusion to leadership? Or is the basis of good leadership intuition or instinct? Or is it perhaps a combination of these? In Leadership Lessons From Books I Have Read, Tshilidzi Marwala adopts the thesis that the source of good leadership is knowledge, and the source of knowledge is experience, which can take many forms: reading widely, listening, and engaging in discussion and debate with other knowledge seekers. If leadership is derived from knowledge and knowledge is derived from experience, the 'experience' in this book is from 50 books that Tshilidzi has read, and so the source of knowledge informing leadership is the collective experience of the more than 50 accomplished authors who wrote those books including, among others, Chinua Achebe, Thomas Sankara, NoViolet Bulawayo, Nelson Mandela, Mandla Mathebula, Eugène Marais, Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Daniel Kahneman, Karl Marx, Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o, Nassim Taleb and Aristotle. Divided into four sections, Tshilidzi shares his leadership lessons in the areas of Africa and the diaspora, the search for the ideal polity, science, technology and society, and the leadership of nations. 'Those who do not read, should not lead.' – THILIDZI MARWALA
Publisher: Jonathan Ball Publishers
ISBN: 1776260937
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 291
Book Description
'Professor Marwala has sought to understand what good leadership should mean by drawing on the collective experience of authors who have written on many topics.' – Former President of South Africa, THABO MBEKI We cannot underestimate how critical strong leadership is in all aspects of our lives. It enables us to run our lives, homes, communities, workplaces and nations. Given its importance, it is pertinent to ask: What is the source of good leadership? Albert Einstein once said, 'The only source of knowledge is experience.' Many philosophers have observed this and, if we accept experience as the only source of knowledge, can we extend this conclusion to leadership? Or is the basis of good leadership intuition or instinct? Or is it perhaps a combination of these? In Leadership Lessons From Books I Have Read, Tshilidzi Marwala adopts the thesis that the source of good leadership is knowledge, and the source of knowledge is experience, which can take many forms: reading widely, listening, and engaging in discussion and debate with other knowledge seekers. If leadership is derived from knowledge and knowledge is derived from experience, the 'experience' in this book is from 50 books that Tshilidzi has read, and so the source of knowledge informing leadership is the collective experience of the more than 50 accomplished authors who wrote those books including, among others, Chinua Achebe, Thomas Sankara, NoViolet Bulawayo, Nelson Mandela, Mandla Mathebula, Eugène Marais, Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Daniel Kahneman, Karl Marx, Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o, Nassim Taleb and Aristotle. Divided into four sections, Tshilidzi shares his leadership lessons in the areas of Africa and the diaspora, the search for the ideal polity, science, technology and society, and the leadership of nations. 'Those who do not read, should not lead.' – THILIDZI MARWALA
Leadership Explained
Author: Nicholas Harkiolakis
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1317106989
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 391
Book Description
Unfortunately, leadership does not have a one-size-fits-all definition. We all have our own ideas as to what makes a good leader and the types of challenges that will be faced. The author bridges a gap by presenting how modern leadership happens while simultaneously combining a description of leadership and its practical application in today’s environments. In this book, Nicholas Harkiolakis integrates the various theoretical perspectives into a unified model that can be understood by both the academic and the practitioner (existing and future leaders). This understanding is necessary to effectively treat and apply leadership to the challenging settings of today’s operational environments: virtual, distributed, multicultural and so on. Some of the key topics covered are: leadership through the ages characteristics of leadership modern perspectives an integrated leadership framework the application of leadership the twenty-first-century leadership practices.
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1317106989
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 391
Book Description
Unfortunately, leadership does not have a one-size-fits-all definition. We all have our own ideas as to what makes a good leader and the types of challenges that will be faced. The author bridges a gap by presenting how modern leadership happens while simultaneously combining a description of leadership and its practical application in today’s environments. In this book, Nicholas Harkiolakis integrates the various theoretical perspectives into a unified model that can be understood by both the academic and the practitioner (existing and future leaders). This understanding is necessary to effectively treat and apply leadership to the challenging settings of today’s operational environments: virtual, distributed, multicultural and so on. Some of the key topics covered are: leadership through the ages characteristics of leadership modern perspectives an integrated leadership framework the application of leadership the twenty-first-century leadership practices.
21st Century Leadership
Author: Lynne Joy McFarland
Publisher: Executive Excellence Publishing
ISBN: 9780963601810
Category : Empowerment
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
eceived rave reviews among executives and entrepreneurs alike. In this important roadmap for the future, America's best leaders redefine management and share their secrets for true success and high-performance. Rich with knowledge, inspiration, and innovative ideas on how to achieve personal and professional excellence.
Publisher: Executive Excellence Publishing
ISBN: 9780963601810
Category : Empowerment
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
eceived rave reviews among executives and entrepreneurs alike. In this important roadmap for the future, America's best leaders redefine management and share their secrets for true success and high-performance. Rich with knowledge, inspiration, and innovative ideas on how to achieve personal and professional excellence.
The Infinite Game
Author: Simon Sinek
Publisher: Penguin
ISBN: 0735213526
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 272
Book Description
From the New York Times bestselling author of Start With Why and Leaders Eat Last, a bold framework for leadership in today’s ever-changing world. How do we win a game that has no end? Finite games, like football or chess, have known players, fixed rules and a clear endpoint. The winners and losers are easily identified. Infinite games, games with no finish line, like business or politics, or life itself, have players who come and go. The rules of an infinite game are changeable while infinite games have no defined endpoint. There are no winners or losers—only ahead and behind. The question is, how do we play to succeed in the game we’re in? In this revelatory new book, Simon Sinek offers a framework for leading with an infinite mindset. On one hand, none of us can resist the fleeting thrills of a promotion earned or a tournament won, yet these rewards fade quickly. In pursuit of a Just Cause, we will commit to a vision of a future world so appealing that we will build it week after week, month after month, year after year. Although we do not know the exact form this world will take, working toward it gives our work and our life meaning. Leaders who embrace an infinite mindset build stronger, more innovative, more inspiring organizations. Ultimately, they are the ones who lead us into the future.
Publisher: Penguin
ISBN: 0735213526
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 272
Book Description
From the New York Times bestselling author of Start With Why and Leaders Eat Last, a bold framework for leadership in today’s ever-changing world. How do we win a game that has no end? Finite games, like football or chess, have known players, fixed rules and a clear endpoint. The winners and losers are easily identified. Infinite games, games with no finish line, like business or politics, or life itself, have players who come and go. The rules of an infinite game are changeable while infinite games have no defined endpoint. There are no winners or losers—only ahead and behind. The question is, how do we play to succeed in the game we’re in? In this revelatory new book, Simon Sinek offers a framework for leading with an infinite mindset. On one hand, none of us can resist the fleeting thrills of a promotion earned or a tournament won, yet these rewards fade quickly. In pursuit of a Just Cause, we will commit to a vision of a future world so appealing that we will build it week after week, month after month, year after year. Although we do not know the exact form this world will take, working toward it gives our work and our life meaning. Leaders who embrace an infinite mindset build stronger, more innovative, more inspiring organizations. Ultimately, they are the ones who lead us into the future.
Peace, Reconciliation and Social Justice Leadership in the 21st Century
Author: H. Eric Schockman
Publisher: Emerald Group Publishing
ISBN: 1838671951
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 298
Book Description
Bringing together leading scholars and practitioners from the worlds of leadership, followership, transitional justice, and international law, this research provides a blueprint of how people-led, bottom-up, grassroots efforts can foster reconciliation and a more peaceful world.
Publisher: Emerald Group Publishing
ISBN: 1838671951
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 298
Book Description
Bringing together leading scholars and practitioners from the worlds of leadership, followership, transitional justice, and international law, this research provides a blueprint of how people-led, bottom-up, grassroots efforts can foster reconciliation and a more peaceful world.