Investigation of Low-pressure Laser Induced Fluorescence for Measuring Temperature Profiles in a Rarefied Gas PDF Download
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Author: Thomas Orville Leimkuehler
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Rarefied gas dynamics
Languages : en
Pages : 264
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Book Description
In a rarefied gas, heat transfer in the transition regime (i.e., Knudsen number range of 0.1 to 10) is affected by molecular as well as gas-surface interactions. Theoretical results for the heat transfer can be obtained through computational solutions of the Boltzmann equation and appropriate intermolecular and gas-surface interaction models. As with all computational and phenomenological models, experimental verification is required. In this work, a low-pressure laser induced fluorescence (LIF) technique is investigated for measuring temperature profiles between parallel flat plates, and the results are compared to theoretical predictions. Iodine vapor is used as the gas medium due to its attractive spectral properties. Two surfaces of a closed, short cylindrical iodine cell are employed as a parallel flat plate geometry and are maintained at different temperatures. Cold and hot plate temperature combinations of (1) 20°C and 70°C, respectively, and (2) 20°C and 115°C, respectively, were used. Calibration measurements were performed at uniform temperatures of 45°C and 70°C, Solid iodine stem temperatures of 0°C and -20°C, corresponding to pressures of 30 mtorr and 3 mtorr, respectively, and Knudsen numbers of 0.05 and 0.5, respectively, were investigated. The data shows the expected trends, indicating observable temperature jumps at the surfaces and matching well with the theoretical predictions in the bulk gas. Deviations from the theory were largest near the surface, possibly a result of the limitations of the theoretical models for this particular experimental case. In addition, problems stemming from fluctuations of the chamber pressure as well as attenuation of the excitation laser beam affected collection of definitive temperature profile measurements. However, much progress with the low-pressure LIF technique has been made, and the technique continues to look promising for obtaining accurate and reliable temperature profile measurements in the transition regime.
Author: Thomas Orville Leimkuehler
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Rarefied gas dynamics
Languages : en
Pages : 264
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Book Description
In a rarefied gas, heat transfer in the transition regime (i.e., Knudsen number range of 0.1 to 10) is affected by molecular as well as gas-surface interactions. Theoretical results for the heat transfer can be obtained through computational solutions of the Boltzmann equation and appropriate intermolecular and gas-surface interaction models. As with all computational and phenomenological models, experimental verification is required. In this work, a low-pressure laser induced fluorescence (LIF) technique is investigated for measuring temperature profiles between parallel flat plates, and the results are compared to theoretical predictions. Iodine vapor is used as the gas medium due to its attractive spectral properties. Two surfaces of a closed, short cylindrical iodine cell are employed as a parallel flat plate geometry and are maintained at different temperatures. Cold and hot plate temperature combinations of (1) 20°C and 70°C, respectively, and (2) 20°C and 115°C, respectively, were used. Calibration measurements were performed at uniform temperatures of 45°C and 70°C, Solid iodine stem temperatures of 0°C and -20°C, corresponding to pressures of 30 mtorr and 3 mtorr, respectively, and Knudsen numbers of 0.05 and 0.5, respectively, were investigated. The data shows the expected trends, indicating observable temperature jumps at the surfaces and matching well with the theoretical predictions in the bulk gas. Deviations from the theory were largest near the surface, possibly a result of the limitations of the theoretical models for this particular experimental case. In addition, problems stemming from fluctuations of the chamber pressure as well as attenuation of the excitation laser beam affected collection of definitive temperature profile measurements. However, much progress with the low-pressure LIF technique has been made, and the technique continues to look promising for obtaining accurate and reliable temperature profile measurements in the transition regime.
Author: Ji Hyung Yoo
Publisher: Stanford University
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 151
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Book Description
This thesis was motivated by the need to better understand the temperature distribution in shock tube flows, especially in the near-wall flow regions. Two main ideas in planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) diagnostics are explored in this thesis. The first topic is the development of a single-shot PLIF diagnostic technique for quantitative temperature distribution measurement in shock tube flow fields. PLIF is a non-intrusive, laser-based diagnostic technique capable of instantaneously imaging key flow features, such as temperature, pressure, density, and species concentration, by measuring fluorescence signal intensity from laser-excited tracer species. This study performed a comprehensive comparison of florescence tracers and excitation wavelengths to determine the optimal combination for PLIF imaging in shock tube flow applications. Excitation of toluene at 248nm wavelength was determined to be the optimal strategy due to the resulting high temperature sensitivity and fluorescence signal level, compared to other ketone and aromatic tracers at other excitation wavelengths. Sub-atmospheric toluene fluorescence yield data was measured to augment the existing photophysical data necessary for this diagnostic technique. In addition, a new imaging test section was built to allow PLIF imaging in all regions of the shock tube test section, including immediately adjacent to the side and end walls. The signal-to-noise (SNR) and spatial resolution of the PLIF images were optimized using statistical analysis. Temperature field measurements were made with the PLIF diagnostic technique across normal incident and reflected shocks in the shock tube core flow. The resulting images show uniform spatial distribution, and good agreement with conditions calculated from the normal shock jump equations. Temperature measurement uncertainty is about 3.6% at 800K. The diagnostic was also applied to image flow over a wedge. The resulting images capture all the flow features predicted by numerical simulations. The second topic is the development of a quantitative near-wall diagnostic using tracer-based PLIF imaging. Side wall thermal boundary layers and end wall thermal layers are imaged to study the temperature distribution present under constant pressure conditions. The diagnostic technique validated in the shock tube core flow region was further optimized to improve near-wall image quality. The optimization process considered various wall materials, laser sheet orientations, camera collection angles, and optical components to find the configuration that provides the best images. The resulting images have increased resolution (15[Mu]m) and are able to resolve very thin non-uniform near-wall temperature layers (down to 60[Mu]m from the surface). The temperature field and thickness measurements of near-wall shock tube flows under various shock conditions and test gases showed good agreement with boundary layer theory. To conclude this thesis, new applications and future improvements to the developed PLIF diagnostic technique are discussed. These suggested refinements can provide an even more robust and versatile PLIF imaging technique capable of measuring a wider range of flow conditions near walls.
Author:
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Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Laser induced fluorescence (LIF) can be used to determine the pressure and temperature of an UF6 gas sample. An external pulsed laser is used to excite the gas and a multichannel fiber optics system simultaneously collects fluorescence signals emanating from a number of points in the gas. The signals are digitized and presented to a minicomputer for data reduction. Both fluorescence intensity and lifetime are used to deduce temperature and pressure. The LIF probe system is described. Analysis of the data is discussed, and representative results are presented.
Author: Ji Hyung Yoo
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
This thesis was motivated by the need to better understand the temperature distribution in shock tube flows, especially in the near-wall flow regions. Two main ideas in planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) diagnostics are explored in this thesis. The first topic is the development of a single-shot PLIF diagnostic technique for quantitative temperature distribution measurement in shock tube flow fields. PLIF is a non-intrusive, laser-based diagnostic technique capable of instantaneously imaging key flow features, such as temperature, pressure, density, and species concentration, by measuring fluorescence signal intensity from laser-excited tracer species. This study performed a comprehensive comparison of florescence tracers and excitation wavelengths to determine the optimal combination for PLIF imaging in shock tube flow applications. Excitation of toluene at 248nm wavelength was determined to be the optimal strategy due to the resulting high temperature sensitivity and fluorescence signal level, compared to other ketone and aromatic tracers at other excitation wavelengths. Sub-atmospheric toluene fluorescence yield data was measured to augment the existing photophysical data necessary for this diagnostic technique. In addition, a new imaging test section was built to allow PLIF imaging in all regions of the shock tube test section, including immediately adjacent to the side and end walls. The signal-to-noise (SNR) and spatial resolution of the PLIF images were optimized using statistical analysis. Temperature field measurements were made with the PLIF diagnostic technique across normal incident and reflected shocks in the shock tube core flow. The resulting images show uniform spatial distribution, and good agreement with conditions calculated from the normal shock jump equations. Temperature measurement uncertainty is about 3.6% at 800K. The diagnostic was also applied to image flow over a wedge. The resulting images capture all the flow features predicted by numerical simulations. The second topic is the development of a quantitative near-wall diagnostic using tracer-based PLIF imaging. Side wall thermal boundary layers and end wall thermal layers are imaged to study the temperature distribution present under constant pressure conditions. The diagnostic technique validated in the shock tube core flow region was further optimized to improve near-wall image quality. The optimization process considered various wall materials, laser sheet orientations, camera collection angles, and optical components to find the configuration that provides the best images. The resulting images have increased resolution (15[Mu]m) and are able to resolve very thin non-uniform near-wall temperature layers (down to 60[Mu]m from the surface). The temperature field and thickness measurements of near-wall shock tube flows under various shock conditions and test gases showed good agreement with boundary layer theory. To conclude this thesis, new applications and future improvements to the developed PLIF diagnostic technique are discussed. These suggested refinements can provide an even more robust and versatile PLIF imaging technique capable of measuring a wider range of flow conditions near walls.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 14
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Author: Timothy R. Weinstock
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Fluid dynamics (Space environment)
Languages : en
Pages : 130
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Book Description
The purpose of this proposal is to carry out precise density and temperature measurements for a rarefied gas enclosed between two parallel plates, which are at different temperatures. The experiment will be performed by using a laser-induced fluorescence measurement technique and will be conducted for system Knudsen numbers ranging from 0.1 to 10.0. To accomodate this range, the chamber pressure will be controlled from 10−2 to 10−4 torr and the plate spacing will be 5 cm. A Coherent model 899-29 ring dye laser system will excite two transitions occuring at different wavelengths for pure iodine gas present in the vacuum chamber. The subsequent fluorescent intensities of the gas excited by the laser will be detected by an Oriel photomultiplier tube based light measurement system. The fluorescence line shapes will be anallyzed by the laser system's AUTO SCAN software. We will obtain experimental data on the temperature and density distriubtions from the intensities and lineshapes obtained at a series of points located along a line normal to the plate surfaces. The experimental data will then be compared to the existing theories which describe these distributions for the Knudsen number range being analyzed.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Dissertations, Academic
Languages : en
Pages : 818
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Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 8
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Author:
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ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 20
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Author: Brian Ho-yin Cheung
Publisher: Stanford University
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 197
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Two advances to tracer-based planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) diagnostics are presented in this work. The first improvement is the development of a 3-pentanone fluorescence quantum yield (FQY) database and model for a wide range of conditions in support of quantitative PLIF diagnostics. In addition, this work presents a sensitive, time-resolved tracer-based PLIF diagnostic, accomplished by using a continuous-wave (CW) laser with the high-FQY tracer toluene. Because of its ease of use and desirable photophysical properties, PLIF diagnostics using 3-pentanone as a tracer are common, particularly for internal combustion engine (ICE) diagnostics. Thus, there is a need for 3-pentanone FQY measurements and modeling over a wide range of temperatures, pressures, and excitation wavelengths. For insight into the collisionless process in the FQY model, measurements were made in 3-pentanone vapor at low-pressures across a range of temperatures using a flowing cell. Laser excitation with 248, 266, 277, 308 nm wavelengths were utilized, and Rayleigh scattering of the laser beam was used to calibrate the optical efficiency of the collection optics and detector. This low-pressure data allows calculation of the 3-pentanone fluorescence rate and non-radiative de-excitation rate in the fluorescence model. The vibrational relaxation cascade parameter for 3-pentanone collisions was also determined. Measurements of 3-pentanone FQY were also made over a range of temperatures and pressures relevant to diagnostic applications, and, in particular, combined high-temperature and high-pressure conditions applicable to internal combustion engines (ICE). These data were collected in a custom-built optical cell capable of simultaneous high-pressure and high-temperature conditions. The behavior of the FQY in nitrogen for temperatures up to 745 K and in air up to 570 K was examined for pressures from 1 to 25 bar. These data were used to further optimize the parameters in the FQY model representing collisional processes. The large quantity of data with 308 nm excitation allowed optimization of the nitrogen quenching rate, and data in air were used to optimize the oxygen quenching rate. These data were also used to optimize the vibrational relaxation parameters for nitrogen and oxygen. The model with the updated parameters is consistent with the data collected in the current work, as well as with fluorescence measurements made in optical ICEs up to 1100 K and 28 bar. Another area of tracer-based PLIF diagnostics development is time-resolved imaging. Because PLIF diagnostics are often performed using pulsed lasers, the time resolution of measurements is limited to the pulse rate of laser. Use of a high-powered visible laser with an off-the-shelf cavity frequency doubler is shown to produce a moderate-power CW beam in the ultraviolet wavelength regime. Application of this CW source to excite toluene, a high-FQY tracer, yields a sensitive, time-resolved tracer-based PLIF diagnostic. Fluctuation detection limits for tracer mole fraction were investigated by applying the diagnostic to an atmospheric temperature and pressure nitrogen jet seeded with 4% toluene, and detection limits of better than 1% of the maximum toluene mole fraction were achieved for detection of fluorescence signal at a point, along a line, and over a plane. The diagnostic was also demonstrated on a turbulent jet for line and planar detection and demonstrated the potential for toluene time-resolved PLIF diagnostics with CW lasers.
