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Author: Paul Craddock
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781909492516
Category : Metallurgy
Languages : en
Pages : 270
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Book Description
Most studies of ancient technology have hitherto been based on the civilisations of the Mediterranean and Middle East, especially those of Egypt, Greece and Rome. In this volume the extraordinarily well preserved remains at three major mining and metal production sites in the Aravalli Hills of Rajasthan (Agucha, Dariba and Zawar) were revealed. At these sites, by survey and archaeological excavation, the authors, studied the long-term development of mining and smelting activity over 3000 years. At Dariba and Agucha silver was mined by the Mauryan Empire on a colossal scale over 2,000 years ago. At Zawar the Mauryan mines seem to have produced mainly zinc oxide, but in the Medieval period zinc metal was produced by advanced processes of high temperature distillation, almost certainly the earliest commercial zinc production in the world. Here the laboratory processes described in the early Indian scientific works were developed into major industrial processes, the birth of chemical industry at least 500 years before similar developments began in Europe. The authors also analyse the decline and rebirth of extractive metallurgy in India.
Author: Gurprit Singh
Publisher: Independently Published
ISBN: 9781976942686
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 431
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Book Description
Metals and their knowledge have have been important in historic as well as pre-historic ages. Many of the pre-historic artefacts are still a wonder to the modern man. When we visit places like Ajanta, Ellora caves, Konark Temple at Bhubaneshwar, Taj Mahal at Agra, Qutb Minar and Ashoka Pillar at Delhi, we look with awe the craftsmanship of the sculptors and metal workers. A strong culture of technology is necessary for creation of such masterpieces.The monuments made of stones needed a few basic metal implements: chisels and hammers. How did these originate? Before the making of basic metal tools, stone based tools were only available which were heavy and got blunted easily and could not be used for agriculture. Metal tools are harder, last longer and are re-workable. Thus it is said that with the proliferation of metal usage, agriculture and stock-raising expanded many times. Also the villages prospered and towns came into being.Copper was the first metal man had contact with. The first copper used was native copper. Copper metallurgy in India dates back to the start of the Chalcolithic culture in the sub-continent. The Harappans extensively used Copper and Bronze to make knives, daggers, arrowheads, axes, chisel, bangles, bracelets and beads.The source of metal is the next point to think of. Was the metal obtained in a native state or extracted from ore? Also the usage of flux then to remove gangue as slag needs pondering. The shape and capacity of the furnace used is also important. Whether the metal was used as it is or alloyed with some other metal, is another query? The process of solidification by casting or the object formation by forge-welding/forging is another question. Such questions need to be answered to know about the scientific basis and technical skills of the Copper smelters and smiths in ancient times.But there are no direct answers. Answers are hidden under artefacts, furnaces, slags and other archaeological evidences. World over we find a well-marked sequence of usage of metals: copper-arsenical, copper-tin, bronze, iron, occurs which may suggest a diffusion process. However, we do not get the full sequence and in some parts we go from Neolithic technology to an Early Iron Age civilization. For a long time, the theory of the diffusion of ideas and techniques has been generally. But now, the long held general diffusional thesis for spread of metallurgy has come under cloud. The second metal iron was used in India after Copper and Bronze, as in other parts of the world and in India it was made indigenously. One may recall mastery in metal casting from the Indus times with the shining example of the dancing girl, cast in Bronze by cire purdue process. Subsequently, heavy tools and implements have been found in the copper hoards in the gangetic plains during 2000-1500 BCE. The modern day Zinc was already being produced in India in 12th to 13th centuries in the Zawar region of Rajasthan. The Ashoka Pillar at Mehraulli created in the 4th-5th century CE is a wonder having withstood 1600 monsoons which testifies its extraordinary qualitative feature. Wootz known worldwide as the famous Damascus steel was another product from master craftsmen of India many centuries years ago. The medieval period saw the emphasis on producing war implements and the Shahi Karkhanas came up and master craftsmen from West Asia came to make large iron cannons which started replacing bronze cannons.The remarkable skills of the Indian Metallurgists did get lost to the world during British rule possibly due to the 1857 mutiny after which making of firearms including the famous swords was halted. Mines were closed and even the miners were extinct. The arrival of the British saw the synergy of indigenous Indian metallurgy and western technology. Later came up the Indian Iron and Steel company and Tata Iron and Steel companies.This book is an introduction to the history of metallurgy in India since Ancient times.
Author: Erhard Klar
Publisher: ASM International
ISBN: 1615030522
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 247
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Book Description
Author: MAHADEVAN, B.
Publisher: PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.
ISBN: 9391818218
Category : Philosophy
Languages : en
Pages : 448
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Book Description
This textbook is a culmination of multiple efforts of the authors to fill in the gap for offering a required course on Indian Knowledge System (IKS), recently mandated by AICTE. Moreover, the New Education Policy (NEP) has also provided a clear trajectory for imparting IKS in the higher education curriculum, necessitating a book of this kind in several higher education institutions in the country in the days to come. The book seeks to introduce the epistemology and ontology of IKS to the Engineering and Science students in a way they can relate, appreciate and explore further should there be a keen interest in the matter. After a brief section on the key concepts of IKS, the remaining part of the book traces IKS and brings out the applications. After a formal and concise introduction to IKS, the book provides certain foundational concepts applicable across all domains of Science and Engineering. These form the second part. The Science applications are laid out in Part 3, Engineering applications in Part 4 and other important topics in the final part of the book. The authors have rich expertise and background in both 'mainstream issues' and 'traditional knowledge' to present IKS in a contextually relevant fashion. They have delicately balanced the 'why' or 'how' of IKS and the 'what' of IKS. Although the book has been primarily developed for use by the Engineering institutions, the structure and the contents also address the requirement in other University systems (Liberal Arts, Medicine, Science and Management). This textbook incorporates several pedagogical features including a companion website https://www.phindia.com/ introduction_to_indian_knowledge_system that will make learning effective and enjoyable for the students. TARGET AUDIENCE Students at: • Engineering Institutes • Higher Education Institutes
Author: Amiya Kumar Lahiri
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 9811046840
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 558
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Book Description
This book serves as a comprehensive resource on metals and materials selection for the petrochemical industrial sector. The petrochemical industry involves large scale investments, and to maintain profitability the plants are to be operated with minimum downtime and failure of equipment, which can also cause safety hazards. To achieve this objective proper selection of materials, corrosion control, and good engineering practices must be followed in both the design and the operation of plants. Engineers and professional of different disciplines involved in these activities are required to have some basic understanding of metallurgy and corrosion. This book is written with the objective of servings as a one-stop shop for these engineering professionals. The book first covers different metallic materials and their properties, metal forming processes, welding, and corrosion and corrosion control measures. This is followed by considerations in material selection and corrosion control in three major industrial sectors, oil & gas production, oil refinery, and fertilizers. The importance of pressure vessel codes as well as inspection and maintenance repair practices have also been highlighted. The book will be useful for technicians and entry level engineers in these industrial sectors. Additionally, the book may also be used as primary or secondary reading for graduate and professional coursework.
Author: Andreas Hauptmann
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3030503674
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 605
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Book Description
This book successfully connects archaeology and archaeometallurgy with geoscience and metallurgy. It addresses topics concerning ore deposits, archaeological field evidence of early metal production, and basic chemical-physical principles, as well as experimental ethnographic works on a low handicraft base and artisanal metal production to help readers better understand what happened in antiquity. The book is chiefly intended for scholars and students engaged in interdisciplinary work.
Author: Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya
Publisher: Pearson Education India
ISBN: 9788131719589
Category : India
Languages : en
Pages : 368
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Book Description
Contributed seminar papers.
Author: Patricia Silvana Carrizo
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3030728420
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 402
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Book Description
This book examines archaeometallurgy and the preservation of ancient materials for cultural heritage. Through understanding the internal structures of relevant ancient materials, their chemical composition, resistance, hardness, etc., their conservation can be more effectively addressed. Preserving cultural artifacts, such as those from border sites, funerary contexts (burials), railway lines, ceremonial sites and road infrastructure, is necessary to provide perspective to a culture’s trajectory. This book addresses how Reverse Engineering can disseminate knowledge of a culture’s heritage by offering technology that can help restore artifacts so they may be displayed and utilized as educational objects.
Author: A.K. Suri
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 135144896X
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 278
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Book Description
The growth and development witnessed today in modern science, engineering, and technology owes a heavy debt to the rare, refractory, and reactive metals group, of which niobium is a member. Extractive Metallurgy of Niobium presents a vivid account of the metal through its comprehensive discussions of properties and applications, resources and resource processing, chemical processing and compound preparation, metal extraction, and refining and consolidation. Typical flow sheets adopted in some leading niobium-producing countries for the beneficiation of various niobium sources are presented, and various chemical processes for producing pure forms of niobium intermediates such as chloride, fluoride, and oxide are discussed. The book also explains how to liberate the metal from its intermediates and describes the physico-chemical principles involved. It is an excellent reference for chemical metallurgists, hydrometallurgists, extraction and process metallurgists, and minerals processors. It is also valuable to a wide variety of scientists, engineers, technologists, and students interested in the topic.
Author: C. K. Gupta
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1351449001
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 417
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Book Description
Extractive Metallurgy of Molybdenum provides an up-to-date, comprehensive account of the extraction and process metallurgy fields of molybdenum. The book covers the history of metallurgy of molybdenum from its beginnings to the present day. Topics discussed include molybdenum properties and applications, pyrometallurgy of molybdenum, hydrometallurgy of molybdenum, electrometallurgy of molybdenum, and a survey of molybdenum resources and processing. The book will be a useful reference for metallurgists, materials scientists, researchers, and students. It will also be an indispensable guide for world producers, processors, and traders of molybdenum.
Author: Paul Craddock
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781909492516
Category : Metallurgy
Languages : en
Pages : 270
Get Book Here
Book Description
Most studies of ancient technology have hitherto been based on the civilisations of the Mediterranean and Middle East, especially those of Egypt, Greece and Rome. In this volume the extraordinarily well preserved remains at three major mining and metal production sites in the Aravalli Hills of Rajasthan (Agucha, Dariba and Zawar) were revealed. At these sites, by survey and archaeological excavation, the authors, studied the long-term development of mining and smelting activity over 3000 years. At Dariba and Agucha silver was mined by the Mauryan Empire on a colossal scale over 2,000 years ago. At Zawar the Mauryan mines seem to have produced mainly zinc oxide, but in the Medieval period zinc metal was produced by advanced processes of high temperature distillation, almost certainly the earliest commercial zinc production in the world. Here the laboratory processes described in the early Indian scientific works were developed into major industrial processes, the birth of chemical industry at least 500 years before similar developments began in Europe. The authors also analyse the decline and rebirth of extractive metallurgy in India.
