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Author: P. Ibern
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9788407001929
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 164
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Book Description
Author: P. Ibern
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9788407001929
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 164
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Book Description
![Health system innovations in Central America [electronic resource] PDF](https://books.google.com/books/content/images/frontcover/osz2lG8YCzMC?fife=w80-h100)
Author: Gerard Martin LaForgia
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN: 9780821362785
Category : Health care reform
Languages : en
Pages : 232
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Book Description
Author: Walter A. Garcia-Fontes
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 8493806218
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 105
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Book Description
Incentives for innovation are particularly relevant in the pharmaceutical industry where not all social needs provide equally profitable opportunities and where most OECD countries try to implement different measures that promote research in these less profitable areas. This book describes how incentives can be provided to deal with less profitable activities when no clear markets exist for the innovations. The book discusses alternative mechanisms to substitute for inexistent markets, situations where traditional instruments have proven totally insufficient, and the clear mismatch between the size of the markets being targeted and the incentives being provided. Patents become an ineffective way to incentivise R&D when the appropriability is low; this book provides alternative ideas such as allowing for a period of data exclusivity to firms that develop new drugs.
Author: Jaume Puig-Junoy
Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN:
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 280
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Book Description
This book provides a complete approach to the economics of financing medicines and policy implications for the efficiency and equity of health systems. In all health systems with majority public financing, pharmaceutical reimbursement is one of the key factors in policies of change and transformation of health services in order to face the future with guarantees of financial sustainability. The initial chapters seek to answer questions about the efficiency with which the public sector intervenes in the pharmaceutical industry: Is the present system of drug patents efficient and fair? What would be the best way to control drug prices? Is it possible to encourage competition in this market for the patient's benefit? The remainder of the book provides evidence on the impact of instruments and policies aimed at rationalising and controlling pharmaceutical expenditure: What can we expect from the application of reference pricing systems? When, how and where should the user be made to share the cost of medicines? What economic and non-economic incentives should be applied to drug prescription? Jaume Puig-Junoy has performed an invaluable task in creating a cohesive, and analytically rigorous book of specially commissioned chapters on this pertinent topic. The Public Financing of Pharmaceuticals will appeal to academics and researchers involved in public finance, health policy, health economics, industrial organisation and the pharmaceutical markets in Europe and in the US, where there is increasing public interest in drug coverage. The book is also intended for a wide variety of professionals in the health industries and policymakers.
Author: R. Wayne Mondy
Publisher: Pearson Educación
ISBN: 9789702606413
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 568
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Book Description
A balance of practical and applied material which also underpins the crucial theoretical concepts that are being applied in today's human resources. For undergraduate/graduate courses in Human Resource Management.
Author: Gerard M. La Forgia
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN:
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 236
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Book Description
Similar to developing countries elsewhere, during the 1990s, Central American countries faced pressures to improve the performance of their health systems. In most countries, there was a consensus that the systems were failing to live up to their potential. Rather than take on system-wide change, each country opted to step into reform through launching innovations to address specific problems or deficiencies in a particular program, function or intervention of the system. 'Health Systems Innovations in Central America' reports on how these experiences fared--a hospital in Panama, a nutrition program in Honduras, primary care extension in Guatemala, a subset of hospitals and primary care units in Costa Rica and a social security-managed health care program in Nicaragua. The studies report on the performance of the innovations, the policy environment in which they were developed as well as nuts-and-bolts features and processes incorporated into their design and implementation.
Author: Tania Dmytraczenko
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN: 1464811784
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 239
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Book Description
En las ultimas tres decadas, muchos pafses en America Latina y el Caribe han reconocido el tema de la salud como un derecho humano. Desde inicios de la decada del 2000, 46 millones de personas adicionales, de los pafses estudiados, gozan de la protecci6n de programas de salud con explfcitos derechos a recibir atenci6n. Las reformas han venido acompafiadas por un incremento en el gasto publico del sector salud, financiado en gran pa rte por los ingresos fiscales generales que priorizan o estan dirigidos explfcitamente hacia las poblaciones sin capacidad de pago. Los compromisos polfticos se han traducido en general en presupuestos mas elevados yen leyes aprobadas que circunscriben los fondos destinados al sector salud. En la mayorfa de los pafses se ha priorizado la atenci6n primaria en salud por su costo efectividad y han adoptado metodos de adquisici6n que incentivan la eficiencia y la transparencia en los resultados y que les dan a los administradores del sector salud un mayor apalancamiento para dirigir a los proveedores hacia la . consecuci6n de las prioridades de salud publica. Sin embargo, a pesar de los avances. aun subsisten las disparidades en el financiamiento y calidad de los servicios de los subsistemas de salud. Cumplir con el compromiso de la cobertura universal de salud exigira esfuerzos concertados para mejorar la generaci6n de los ingresos fiscales de manera sostenible y de elevar la productividad y efectividad del gasto. En el re po rte Hacia la cobertura universal en salud v la equidad en America Latina v el Caribe: Evidencia de poises seleccionados. los autores sefialan que la evidencia tomada de un analisis de 54 encuestas de hogares corrobora que las inversiones en la ampliaci6n de la cobertura estan generando resultados. A pesar que los pobres aun presentan los peores fndices de salud en comparaci6n con los ricos, las disparidades se han reducido en gran medida, especialmente durante las primeras etapas de vida. Los pafses han alcanzado elevados niveles de cobertura y equidad en la utilizaci6n de los servicios de salud maternoinfantil. El panorama se torna mas lleno de matices y no tan positivo cuando se trata de la salud en adultos y de la prevalencia de condiciones y enfermedades cr6nicas. La cobertura de las intervenciones de enfermedades no transmisibles no es muy alta y la utilizaci6n de los servicios se inclina hacia aquellos que gozan de una mejor posici6n. La prevalencia de las enfermedades no transmisibles no ha mostrado el comportamiento esperado en vista de la cafda en las tasas de mortalidad: un mayor acceso a los servicios de diagn6stico por pa rte de los segmentos mas ricos podrfa encubrir cambios en la prevalencia real. Los gastos de salud provocados por situaciones catastr6ficas han ido en descenso en la mayorfa de los pafses. El panorama en torno a la equidad, sin embargo es mixto, apuntando hacia limitaciones en la medida. Si bien la tasa de empobrecimiento a causa de gastos de salud es baja, con tendencia decreciente en terminos generales, entre dos y cuatro millones de personas en los pafses estudiados aun caen por debajo de la lfnea de la pobreza despues de haber incurrido en gastos de salud. Los esfuerzos para darle un seguimiento sistematico a la calidad de la atenci6n en la region, apenas dan sus primeros pasos. Sin embargo, un repaso a la literatura revela graves deficiencias en la calidad de la atenci6n de salud, asi como sustanciales diferencias entre los diversos subsistemas. Elevar la calidad de la atenci6n y asegurar la sostenibilidad de las inversiones en salud siguen siendo una agenda inconclusa.
Author:
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN: 9780821332245
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 256
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Book Description
Living Standards Measurement Study No. 113. This paper analyzes the extent to which workers in Bolivia face barriers to entry in the formal and informal sectors of the urban labor market. These barriers are most prevalent in the formal sector because of regulation. The higher wages found in the that sector are often regarded as evidence of labor market segmentation. However, wage differences between sectors may also result from compensating wage differentials, which follow from non-monetary returns to the job such as health insurance, utility associated with the workplace, and job security. The author proposes a model that allows testing for labor market segmentation between the two sectors on the basis of cross- sectional data. The methodology incorporates data on ways in which individuals search for new jobs and information about discouraged workers who have stopped searching for jobs. The proposed model accounts for all of the specific features of urban labor markets in developing countries, in particular the existence of a competitive informal sector.
Author: J. Michael McGuire
Publisher: IAP
ISBN: 1607528509
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 216
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Book Description
Approximately 25% of Latin Americans live on less than $2 a day, and Latin America is the most unequal region of the world. Poverty and inequality cause suffering and slow development. The solution must include generating an inclusive development process through satisfying the basic needs of the poor that enhance their productivity, that enable them to contribute to the development process, and that enables them to earn the income necessary to live a full life. Decentralization of taxing and spending from the central government to lower levels of government can help to satisfy basic needs of the poor and create an inclusive development process. However, decentralization is a stepby-step process that must implemented by taking into account real-world circumstances such as a lack of administrative ability in local government, and by formulating policy accordingly. The book derives economic principles for implementing the process of decentralization, and it presents cases that illustrate the principles at work. It is an economic guide for policymakers and practitioners.
Author: Pan American Health Organization
Publisher: Pan American Health Org
ISBN: 9275073872
Category : America
Languages : en
Pages : 158
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Book Description
Dated December 2001.
