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Author: Austin Glenn McCoy
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Electronic dissertations
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Phytophthora spp. cause root and stem rots, leaf blights and fruit rots on agricultural and economically important plant species. Symptoms of Phytophthora infected plants, particularly root rots, can be difficult to distinguish from other oomycete and fungal pathogens and often result in devastating losses. Phytophthora spp. can lie dormant for many years in the oospore stage, making long-term management of these diseases difficult. Phytophthora sojae is an important and prevalent pathogen of soybean (Glycine max L.) worldwide, causing Phytophthora stem and root rot (PRR). PRR disease management during the growing season relies on an integrated pest management approach using a combination of host resistance, chemical compounds (fungicides; oomicides) and cultural practices for successful management. Therefore, this dissertation research focuses on improving the detection and management recommendations for Phytophthora sojae. In Chapter 1 I provide background and a review of the current literature on Phytophthora sojae management, including genetic resistance, chemical control compounds (fungicides; oomicides) and cultural practices used to mitigate losses to PRR. In my second chapter I validate the sensitivity and specificity of a preformulated Recombinase Polymerase Amplification assay for Phytophthora spp. This assay needs no refrigeration, does not require extensive DNA isolation, can be used in the field, and different qPCR platforms could reliably detect down to 3.3-330.0 pg of Phytophthora spp. DNA within plant tissue in under 30 minutes. Based on the limited reagents needed, ease of use, and reliability, this assay would be of benefit to diagnostic labs and inspectors monitoring regulated and non-regulated Phytophthora spp. Next, I transitioned the Habgood-Gilmour Spreadsheet ('HaGiS') from Microsoft Excel format to the subsequent R package 'hagis' and improved upon the analyses readily available to compare pathotypes from different populations of P. sojae (Chapter 3; 'hagis' beta-diversity). I then implemented the R package 'hagis' in my own P. sojae pathotype and fungicide sensitivity survey in the state of Michigan, identifying effective resistance genes and seed treatment compounds for the management of PRR. This study identified a loss of Rps1c and Rps1k, the two most widely plant Phytophthora sojae resistance genes, as viable management tools in Michigan and an increase in pathotype complexity, as compared to a survey conducted twenty years ago in Michigan (Chapter 4). In Chapter 5 I led a multi-state integrated pest management field trial that was performed in Michigan, Indiana, and Minnesota to study the effects of partial resistance and seed treatments with or without ethaboxam and metalaxyl on soybean stand, plant dry weights, and final yields under P. sojae pressure. This study found that oomicide treated seed protects stand across three locations in the Midwest, but the response of soybean varieties based on seed treatment, was variety and year specific. Significant yield benefits from using oomicide treated seed were only observed in one location and year. The effects of partial resistance were inconclusive and highlighted the need for a more informative and reliable rating system for soybean varieties partial resistance to P. sojae.Finally, in Chapter 6 I present conclusions and impacts on the studies presented in this dissertation. Overall, the studies presented provide an improvement to the detection, virulence data analysis, and integrated pest management recommendations for Phytophthora sojae.
Author: Austin Glenn McCoy
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Electronic dissertations
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Phytophthora spp. cause root and stem rots, leaf blights and fruit rots on agricultural and economically important plant species. Symptoms of Phytophthora infected plants, particularly root rots, can be difficult to distinguish from other oomycete and fungal pathogens and often result in devastating losses. Phytophthora spp. can lie dormant for many years in the oospore stage, making long-term management of these diseases difficult. Phytophthora sojae is an important and prevalent pathogen of soybean (Glycine max L.) worldwide, causing Phytophthora stem and root rot (PRR). PRR disease management during the growing season relies on an integrated pest management approach using a combination of host resistance, chemical compounds (fungicides; oomicides) and cultural practices for successful management. Therefore, this dissertation research focuses on improving the detection and management recommendations for Phytophthora sojae. In Chapter 1 I provide background and a review of the current literature on Phytophthora sojae management, including genetic resistance, chemical control compounds (fungicides; oomicides) and cultural practices used to mitigate losses to PRR. In my second chapter I validate the sensitivity and specificity of a preformulated Recombinase Polymerase Amplification assay for Phytophthora spp. This assay needs no refrigeration, does not require extensive DNA isolation, can be used in the field, and different qPCR platforms could reliably detect down to 3.3-330.0 pg of Phytophthora spp. DNA within plant tissue in under 30 minutes. Based on the limited reagents needed, ease of use, and reliability, this assay would be of benefit to diagnostic labs and inspectors monitoring regulated and non-regulated Phytophthora spp. Next, I transitioned the Habgood-Gilmour Spreadsheet ('HaGiS') from Microsoft Excel format to the subsequent R package 'hagis' and improved upon the analyses readily available to compare pathotypes from different populations of P. sojae (Chapter 3; 'hagis' beta-diversity). I then implemented the R package 'hagis' in my own P. sojae pathotype and fungicide sensitivity survey in the state of Michigan, identifying effective resistance genes and seed treatment compounds for the management of PRR. This study identified a loss of Rps1c and Rps1k, the two most widely plant Phytophthora sojae resistance genes, as viable management tools in Michigan and an increase in pathotype complexity, as compared to a survey conducted twenty years ago in Michigan (Chapter 4). In Chapter 5 I led a multi-state integrated pest management field trial that was performed in Michigan, Indiana, and Minnesota to study the effects of partial resistance and seed treatments with or without ethaboxam and metalaxyl on soybean stand, plant dry weights, and final yields under P. sojae pressure. This study found that oomicide treated seed protects stand across three locations in the Midwest, but the response of soybean varieties based on seed treatment, was variety and year specific. Significant yield benefits from using oomicide treated seed were only observed in one location and year. The effects of partial resistance were inconclusive and highlighted the need for a more informative and reliable rating system for soybean varieties partial resistance to P. sojae.Finally, in Chapter 6 I present conclusions and impacts on the studies presented in this dissertation. Overall, the studies presented provide an improvement to the detection, virulence data analysis, and integrated pest management recommendations for Phytophthora sojae.
Author: J. W. Van Ooijen
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1107013216
Category : Mathematics
Languages : en
Pages : 171
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Book Description
A concise introduction to genetic linkage map construction for biological researchers, combining theory with practical exercises and problem-solving tips.
Author: Billy E. Caldwell
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Soybean
Languages : en
Pages : 712
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Book Description
Author: Kurt Lamour
Publisher: CABI
ISBN: 1780640935
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 256
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Book Description
This book begins with an account of the early history of Phytophthora research and the tumultuous events setting the genus in motion. In keeping with its controversial inception, the chapter on taxonomy and phylogeny makes a compelling case that our current notion of Phytophthora as a genus is illusory. This chapter sets the stage for the importance of molecular tools on these enigmatic pathogens. The following chapters discuss species identification, population-level investigation, interspecific hybrids and the impact of diverse Phytophthora species on crops, forests, nurseries, greenhouses and natural areas worldwide.
Author: Kurt Lamour
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 0470475889
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 602
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Book Description
This book brings together the knowledge from and tools for genetic and genomic research into oomycetes to help solve the problems this pathogen poses to crops and animals. Armed with the information presented here, researchers can use oomycete data to solve practical problems and gain insight into future areas of interest. Key Features: Offers an up-to-date coverage of research into oomycetes – which has advanced with biochemical and molecular analyses in recent years Helps researchers use oomycete data to solve practical problems, like damage to crop and animal resources Includes a section on interactions with animal hosts Offers perspective on future areas of research Assembles an international author base
Author: Shabir Hussain Wani
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3031122321
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 278
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Book Description
Soybean (Glycine max L. (Merr)) is one of the most important crops worldwide. Soybean seeds are vital for both protein meal and vegetable oil. Soybean was domesticated in China, and since last 4-5 decades it has become one of the most widely grown crops around the globe. The crop is grown on an anticipated 6% of the world’s arable land, and since the 1970s, the area in soybean production has the highest percentage increase compared to any other major crop. It is a major crop in the United States, Brazil, China and Argentina and important in many other countries. The cultivated soybean has one wild annual relative, G. soja, and 23 wild perennial relatives. Soybean has spread to many Asian countries two to three thousand years ago, but was not known in the West until the 18th century. Among the various constraints responsible for decrease in soybean yields are the biotic and abiotic stresses which have recently increased as a result of changing climatic scenarios at global level. A lot of work has been done for cultivar development and germplasm enhancement through conventional plant breeding. This has resulted in development of numerous high yielding and climate resilient soybean varieties. Despite of this development, plant breeding is long-term by nature, resource dependent and climate dependent. Due to the advancement in genomics and phenomics, significant insights have been gained in the identification of genes for yield improvement, tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress and increased quality parameters in soybean. Molecular breeding has become routine and with the advent of next generation sequencing technologies resulting in SNP based molecular markers, soybean improvement has taken a new dimension and resulted in mapping of genes for various traits that include disease resistance, insect resistance, high oil content and improved yield. This book includes chapters from renowned potential soybean scientists to discuss the latest updates on soybean molecular and genetic perspectives to elucidate the complex mechanisms to develop biotic and abiotic stress resilience in soybean. Recent studies on the improvement of oil quality and yield in soybean have also been incorporated.
Author: Donald C. Erwin
Publisher: American Phytopathological Society
ISBN:
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 592
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Book Description
This volume features a wide range of effective techniques for identifying, diagnosing, and controlling Phytophthora diseases. It also offers the most complete treatment of Phytophthora available, including descriptions of all species in the genus.
Author: Ravindra Kumar
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 9813290463
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 860
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Book Description
The global population is increasing rapidly, and feeding the ever-increasing population poses a serious challenge for agriculturalists around the world. Seed is a basic and critical input in agriculture to ensure global food security. Roughly 90 percent of the crops grown all over the world are propagated by seed. However, seed can also harbour and spread pathogens, e.g. fungi, bacteria, nematodes, viruses etc., which cause devastating diseases. Seed-borne pathogens represent a major threat to crop establishment and yield. Hence, timely detection and diagnosis is a prerequisite for their effective management. The book "Seed-Borne Diseases of Agricultural Crops: Detection, Diagnosis & Management" addresses key issues related to seed-borne/transmitted diseases in various agricultural crops. Divided into 30 chapters, it offers a comprehensive compilation of papers concerning: the history of seed pathology, importance of seed-borne diseases, seed-borne diseases and quarantine, seed health testing and certification, detection and diagnosis of seed-borne diseases and their phytopathogens, host-parasite interactions during development of seed-borne diseases, diversity of seed-borne pathogens, seed-borne diseases in major agricultural crops, non-parasitic seed disorders, mechanisms of seed transmission and seed infection, storage fungi and mycotoxins, impact of seed-borne diseases on human and animal health, and management options for seed-borne diseases. We wish to thank all of the eminent researchers who contributed valuable chapters to our book, which will be immensely useful for students, researchers, academics, and all those involved in various agro-industries.
Author: Arun Arya
Publisher: CABI
ISBN: 1845936043
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 404
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Book Description
This book provides an overview of our current knowledge of some plant-pathogen interactions in economically important crops, emphasizing the importance of pathogenic fungi on fruits, cereals, postharvest crops and the establishment of plant diseases and drawing together fundamental new information on their management strategies based on conventional and eco-friendly methods, with an emphasis on the use of microorganisms and various biotechnological aspects of agriculture, which could lead to sustainability in modern agriculture. The book examines the role of microbes in growth promotion, as bioprotectors and bioremediators, and presents practical strategies for using microbes in sustainable agriculture. In addition, the use of botanicals vis-a-vis chemical pesticides is also reviewed. Contributions on new research fields such as mycorrhizas and endophytes are included. The book also examines in different chapters host-pathogen interactions in the light of the new tools and techniques of molecular biology and genetics.
Author: American Phytopathological Society
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 376
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Book Description
The study of soilborne plant pathogens: changing outlook or more of the same?; Characteristics of trends in disease caused by soilborne pathogens with spring barley monoculture; Mycophagous amoebas from arable, pasture, and forest soils; Northern poor root syndrome of sugarcane in Australia; Effects of soil insects on populations and germination of fungal propagules; A technique to comapre growth in soil of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici over a range of matric potentials; Use of aerial photography for assessing soilborne disease; Isolation and characterization of plasmid DNA in the fungus Rhizoctonia solani; Sharp eyespot of cereals and Rhizoctonia of potato; Saprophytic survival of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici in the Victorian Mallee, Australia; The changing nature of stalk rot of maize caused by Gibberella zeae; Collar rot of passion fruit possibly caused by Nectria haematococca in Taiwan; Survival of Phytophthora cinnamomi in eucalyptus roots buried in forest soils; The Rhizoctonia disease complex of wheat; Population and survival of sclerotia of Rhizoctonia solani in soil; Rhizoctonia in South Australian wheat fields; Anastomosis groups of Rhizoctonia solani and binucleate Rhizoctonia; A study of pepper wilt in Northern Iraq; Rhizoctonia on small-grain cereals in Great Britain; Fungal invasion of clover and grass roots in New Zealand pasture soils; Pathogenic Rhizoctonia and orchids; Origin and distribution of Phytophthora cinnamomi; The biology of the rhizosphere; Mode of colonization of roots by Verticillium and Fusarium; Dynamics of root colonization by the take-all fungus; A mathematical model of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal infection in roots of Trifolium subterraneum; Rhizoplane mycoflora of Gahnia radula and Isopogon ceratophyllus in soils infested and free from Phytophthora cinnamomi; Soils suppressive to Fusarium wilt: mechanisms and management of suppressiveness; Reduction of take-all by mycophagous amoebas in pot bioassays; Trichoderma as a biocontrol agent against soilborne root pathogens; Chemical factors in soils suppressive to Pythium ultimum; Influence of trichoderma on survival of Thanatephorus cucumeris in association with rice in the tropics; Biological control of Fusarium wilt of sweet potato with cross-protection by nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum; Integrated biological and chemical control of sclerotial pathogens; Yield depressions in narrow rotations caused by unknown microbial factors and their suppression by selected pseudomonads; Antagonistic behavior of root region microfungi of pigeon pea against Fusarium udum; Control of Verticillium dahliae by coating potato seed pieces with antagonistic bacteria; Application of fluorescent pseudomonads to control root diseases; The role of seeds in the delivery of antagonists into the rhizosphere; Interactions between microbial residents of cereal roots; Survival of fungal antagonists of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici; Control of wheat take-all and ophiobolus patch of turfgrass by fluorescent pseudomonads; Role of plant breeding in controlling soilborne diseases of cereals; Phytophthora drechsleri causes crown rot and the accumulation of antifungal compounds in cucurbits; Changes in root tissue permeability associated with infection by Phytophthora cinnamomi; Stability of Verticillium resistance of potato clones and changes in soilborne populations with potato monoculture; Field resistance of wheat cultivars to crown rot (Fusarium graminearum group 1); Variability in Phytophthora cactorum in India; Glasshouse test for tolerance of wheat to crown rot caused by Fusarium graminearum group 1; Development of inoculation technique for Rhizoctonia solani and its application to screening cereal cultivars for resistance; Phytophthora cinnamomi; a study of resistance in three native monocotyledons that invade diseased victorian forests; Relative susceptibility of wheat, rye, and triticale to isolates of take-all; New inoculation technique for Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici to measure dose response and resistance in wheat in field experiments; Soil as an environment for the growth of root pathogens; Lethal temperatures of soil fungi; Relation between root infection with Phytophthora cinnamomi and water relations in susceptible and field-resistant Eucalyptus species; Effects of soil temperature, moisture, and timing of irrigation on powdery scab of potatoes; Influence of depleted oxygen supply on phytophthora root rot of safflower in nutrient solution; Pea root pathogen populations in relation to soil structure, compaction, and water content; Wax layers for partitioning soil moisture zones to study the infection of wheat seedlings by Fusarium graminearum; Effect of frost on Fusarium root rot of alfalfa and possibility of double trait selection; Reduction in infection of wheat roots by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici with application of manganese to soil; Effect of parent materials derived from different geological strata on suppressiveness of soils to black root rot of tobacco; Effect of varied NPK nutrition and inoculum density on yield losses of wheat caused by take-all; Influence of environmental factors and sclerotial origin and parasitism of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum by Coniothyrium minitans; Impact of herbicides on plant diseases; Effects of soil application of fungicides on take-all in winter wheat; Use of fungicides to study significance and etiology of root rot of subterranean clover in dryland pastures of Victoria; Suppression of soilborne diseases of ornamental plants by tree bark composts; Effects of cropping sequences on saprophytic survival and carry-over of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici; Susceptibility of apple trees to Phytophthora cactorum and effect of systemic fungicides; Enhanced suppression of take-all root rot of wheat with chloride fertilizers; Effect of tillage on Heterodera avenae in wheat; Effect of rotation and tillage on take-all and Rhizoctonia root rot in wheat; Activity of fungicides in soil against infection of wheat roots by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici; Integrated control of root rot of soybean caused by Phytophthora megasperma f.sp. glycinea; Cropping practices and root diseases; Root rot of irrigated subterranean clover in Northern Victoria: Significance and prospects for control; Solar disinfestation of soils; Soil solarization: effects on Fusarium wilt of carnation and Verticillium wilt of eggplant; Evaluation of soil solarization for control of clubroot of crucifers and white rot of onions in Southeastern Australia; Relative efficiency of polyethylene mulching in reducing viability of sclerotia of sclerotium oryzae in soil; Proceedings of the first International Workshop on Take-all of Cereals; preface to the Take-all Workshop; Session 1: Culture and taxonomy; Session 2: Inoculum; Session 3: Pathogenic variation; Session 4: Growth regulators, pesticides, and herbicides; Session 5: Disease expression and measurement; Session 6: Grower observations and questions; Session 7: Nutrition and fertilizers; Session 8: Environmental factors; Session 9: Host-parasite interactions; Session 10: Microbial interactions; Session 11: Disease management; Session 12: Suppressive soils and take-all decline; Session 13: Bacterization and biological control.
