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Author: Oscar Gilberto Gomez-Duarte
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
ISBN: 2832504027
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 249
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Book Description
Author: Oscar Gilberto Gomez-Duarte
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
ISBN: 2832504027
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 249
Get Book Here
Book Description
Author: Gwendolyn Barcel´o-Coblijn
Publisher: MDPI
ISBN: 3039216465
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 206
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Book Description
[Increasing evidence suggests that microbiota and especially the gut microbiota (the microbes inhabiting the gut including bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi) plays a key role in human physiology and pathology. Recent findings indicate how dysbiosis—an imbalance in the composition and organization of microbial populations—could severely impact the development of different medical conditions (from metabolic to mood disorders), providing new insights into the comprehension of diverse diseases, such as IBD, obesity, asthma, autism, stroke, diabetes, and cancer. Given that microbial cells in the gut outnumber host cells, microbiota influences human physiology both functionally and structurally. Microbial metabolites bridge various—even distant—areas of the organism by way of the immune and hormone system. For instance, it is now clear that the mutual interaction between the gastrointestinal tract and the brain (gut–brain axis), often involves gut microbiota, indicating that the crosstalk between the organism and its microbial residents represents a fundamental aspect of both the establishment and maintenance of healthy conditions. Moreover, it is crucial to recognize that beyond the intestinal tract, microbiota populates other host organs and tissues (e.g., skin and oral mucosa). We have edited this eBook with the aim of publishing manuscripts focusing on the impact of microbiota in the development of different diseases and their associated treatments.]
Author: Dirk Haller
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319905457
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 356
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Book Description
The book provides an overview on how the gut microbiome contributes to human health. The readers will get profound knowledge on the connection between intestinal microbiota and immune defense systems. The tools of choice to study the ecology of these highly-specialized microorganism communities such as high-throughput sequencing and metagenomic mining will be presented. In addition the most common diseases associated to the composition of the gut flora are discussed in detail. The book will address researchers, clinicians and advanced students working in biomedicine, microbiology and immunology.
Author: Michael H. Kogut
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3030903036
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 328
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Book Description
This work sheds new light on the interplay between the gut, gut microbiota, and host physiological processes in production animals. The gut microbiome shapes health and susceptibility to disease and has become a leading area of research in the animal sciences. Gut health encompasses a number of physiological and functional features. Nutrient digestion and absorption, host metabolism and energy generation, a stable microbiome, mucus layer development, barrier function, and mucosal immune responses; all of which are required to interact to make an animal perform physiologically and according to its greatest genetic potential. This carefully presented book broadens our vision, approach and results on gut health and the ability to regulate animal production. Understanding the chemistry of microbiomes has broad implications, including providing functional annotations for the microbial genomes, insights into the chemical languages that link microbes to each other and to their host, and translational implications for precision veterinary medicine, environmental health, and sustainable animal agriculture and welfare. Experts working in microbiome research, host immunity, and animal production, veterinarians and researchers in livestock science will understand the great importance of this volume.
Author: Javier Ochoa-Reparaz
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
ISBN: 2889661563
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 176
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Book Description
This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact.
Author: Tanima Bose
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 032390145X
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 406
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Book Description
Microbes, Microbial Metabolism and Mucosal Immunity: An Overview presents a concise and well-vetted treatise on the study of microbiome and microbial metabolites. This volume is up-to-date with the most recent developments from the last decade. It encompasses the interaction of immunity and microbes — and their metabolites — from different mucosal organs including gastrointestinal system, lung, oral cavity, eye. Along with the efficiency of the immune system in inhibiting the growth and proliferation of microbes, the volume discusses how the mediators of the immune system can be targeted to develop therapies. This book presents the latest methods, gives broad and systematic coverage of most mucosal systems and diseases, and takes a fresh perspective that looks at the functional aspects of change in the microbiome. The study of microbiome and microbial metabolites and their roles in host mucosal immunology is a rapidly developing area of research. One major way in which the microbiome influences the host is through altered metabolism. Metabolites, readily available to the host, engender significant consequences. Microbial metabolites have been shown to impact the disease processes in both proximal and distal organs, including the brain in several neurocognitive disorders. Offers a concise solution for the study of microbiome, microbial metabolism, and mucosal immunology Presents contemporary studies that incorporate the latest research methods Gives a broad and systematic accounting of most mucosal systems and diseases Looks at the functional aspects of changes to the microbiome as well as specific changes to microbiota Affords entry-level and advanced readers with the theory and knowledge needed for further research
Author: John H. Cummings
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 9780521616133
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 602
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Book Description
This is the first comprehensive volume to look at the importance of short-chain fatty acids in digestion, the function of the large intestine and their role in human health. Short-chain fatty acids are the major product of bacterial fermentation of dietary carbohydrates in the human and animal large intestine. They represent the major end products of digestive processes occurring in the caecum and large intestine. As such, they form an important dietary component and it is increasingly recognised that they may have a significant role in protecting against large bowel cancer and in metabolism. Prepared by an international team of contributors who are at the forefront of this area of research, this volume will be an essential source of reference for gastroenterologists, nutritionists and others active in this area.
Author: P. Brandtzaeg
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
ISBN: 0128086947
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 66
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Book Description
The intestinal immune system has generated two arms of adaptive anti-inflammatory defense which normally preserve the epithelial barrier: (i) immune exclusion performed by secretory IgA (SIgA) (and SIgM) antibodies to control surface colonization of micro-organisms and dampen penetration of potentially harmful antigens; and (ii) suppressive mechanisms to avoid hypersensitivity to innocuous antigens, particularly food proteins and the commensal microbiota. The latter phenomenon (‘oral tolerance’) largely depends on regulatory T (Treg) cells induced in mesenteric lymph nodes to which mucosal dendritic cells carry exogenous antigens and become conditioned for stimulation of Treg cells. Polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR/SC) knock-out mice that lack SIgA and SIgM show decreased epithelial barrier function and increased uptake of antigens from food and commensal bacteria. They therefore have a hyper-reactive immune system which is counteracted by enhanced intestinal tolerance induction as a homeostatic back-up mechanism.
Author: Debabrata Biswas
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3030473848
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 288
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Book Description
This book provides a comprehensive examination of the role of gut microbiome/microflora in nutrition, metabolism, disease prevention and health issues, including farm animal health and food value, and human gastrointestinal health and immunity. Indigenous microbiotas, particularly the gut microflora/microbiome, are an essential component in the modern concept of human and animal health. The diet and lifestyle of the host and environment have direct impact on gut microflora and the patterns of gut microbial colonization associated with health and diseases have been documented. Contributing authors cover the impact of gut microbiome in farm animal health, and explore the possibility of modulating the human gut microbiome with better animal products to prevent human diseases, including endemic and emerging diseases such as obesity, cancer and cardiac diseases. Dieting plan and control methods are examined, with attention paid to balance dieting with natural food and drink components. In addition, the role of gut microbiota in enteric microbial colonization and infections in farm animals is also discussed. The volume also explores the possibility of improving human health by modulating the microbiome with better food, including bio-active foods and appropriate forms of intake. Throughout the chapters, authors examine cutting edge research and technology, as well as future directions for better practices regarding emerging issues, such as the safety and production of organic food.
Author: Joseph Planer
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Electronic dissertations
Languages : en
Pages : 176
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Book Description
The adaptive immune response to the human gut microbiota consists of a complex repertoire of antibodies interacting with a broad range of taxa. In mammals, immunoglobulin A (IgA) is the major class of antibody secreted at mucosal surfaces, where it promotes gut barrier function by preventing microbial and food antigens from interacting with host cells/tissues. The organisms targeted by gut mucosal IgA responses, the molecular targets of these secreted antibodies, and the environmental and genetic factors that shape these responses in the gut remain poorly defined. The central hypotheses of my thesis are: (i) IgA responses to human gut bacteria help to establish and maintain the mutually beneficial relationship between members of the microbiota and the host, including the fitness and expressed features of these members, (ii) IgA-targeting of specific bacterial taxa can serve as a biomarker for barrier disruption and be used to purify bacterial consortia with disease-effecting or disease-attenuating properties, and (iii) during the course of the first two years of postnatal life gut mucosal immune responses converge on a shared pattern of IgA-targeting in healthy infants that can be modeled within and between twin pairs and in gnotobiotic mice colonized with human fecal microbiota and fed diets representative of the donor human population. The first chapter in my thesis provides a brief synopsis of our current understanding of interactions between the microbiota and gut mucosal immunity. The second chapter contrasts the functional effects of two naturally-primed monoclonal IgAs that recognize distinct surface epitopes on the model human gut symbiont, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. Studies in three collections of B. thetaiotaomicron isolates and in gnotobiotic mice monocolonized with B. thetaiotaomicron are used to explore strain- and species-level epitope conservation, the fitness effects of these conserved epitopes in vivo, and the effects of antibody binding on bacterial gene expression. In the third chapter, I examine interrelationships between the gut microbiota and intestinal IgA responses in children with varying degrees of undernutrition, and gut barrier function. This study used fluorescence-activated cell sorting to purify IgA-bound and unbound fractions of a fecal microbial community ('BugFACS'). We applied this technique to (i) fecal samples collected from mice harboring the fecal microbial communities of a Malawian twin pair discordant for kwashiorkor (a form of severe acute malnutrition), and fed either a sterile macro- and micronutrient deficient diet designed to represent the diets of the donor population or a nutrient sufficient diet, (ii) fecal samples collected from other twin pairs in this cohort that were discordant for severe acute malnutrition, and (iii) fecal samples collected from a second cohort of Malawian children with moderate acute malnutrition. These experiments disclosed that IgA responses to the bacterial family Enterobacteriaceae were robust biomarkers for health status. Follow-up experiments in gnotobiotic mice disclosed that a BugFACS-purified IgA+ consortium of bacteria could transmit a severe enteropathy characterized by rapid barrier disruption in the colon and small intestine, weight loss, and sepsis. Fractionation of this bacterial consortium disclosed that members of the Enterobacteriaceae were necessary but not sufficient to cause the profound weight loss and barrier disruption, while IgA-targeted members of the 'healthy' co-twin's microbiota could prevent these phenotypes. In the fourth chapter, I analyze the co-development of gut microbiota and gut mucosal IgA responses in a birth cohort of 40 healthy USA twin pairs. I model development of the gut microbiota using a Random Forests-based machine learning approach that yielded a set of 25 bacterial taxa that could describe the maturation of fecal microbial communities in unrelated children. Applying BugFACS to a subset of these fecal samples, I further characterize gut mucosal IgA responses to components of the microbiota, and show how they vary as a function of postnatal age, family, and diet. These analyses reveal that there is an identifiable pattern of progression of gut mucosal IgA responses to members of the microbiota from one that in the first several months of postnatal life is highly distinctive for family members sharing a common environment (exemplified by healthy twin pairs), to one that subsequently generalizes across families (twin pairs) during the second postnatal year. I then present data from gnotobiotic mouse experiments showing that IgA responses in these mice broadly mirrored those of the human donor population and recapitulated age-associated differences observed in the twin pairs. The fifth chapter of my thesis proposes several potential avenues for future research based on the findings in my thesis.
