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Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 73
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Book Description
The Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS) has performed influenza virological surveillance since 1952. This network has played a critical role in developing our current understanding of global influenza virus circulation. The primary aims of the system have been threefold: to monitor changes in antigenicity of influenza viruses; to guide the selection of strains for the annual influenza vaccine; and to provide virus samples for use in vaccine production. In recent years, an increasing awareness has developed of the need to expand influenza surveillance and to include more epidemiological information to complement the virological data collected by GISRS. The pandemic of 2009 uncovered several specific gaps in global influenza surveillance capacity, which compromised the assessment and monitoring of the event. The lack of any established surveillance for severe disease in most countries and the resulting absence of historical data limited Member States' ability to evaluate the severity of the event in the context of previous seasons or to observe for changes in the behaviour of the virus. The lack of a pre-existing international mechanism for sharing epidemiological data presented challenges to understanding global patterns of transmission and disease. Finally, the non-standardized approach to data collection and outbreak investigations early in the event resulted in data that was often incompletely understood outside the local context. The standardization of influenza data collection addressed in this document will enable national policy makers to better understand risk factors for severe disease, the variation of influenza severity from season to season and its relationship to virus types or subtypes, the burden of disease related to influenza, and other factors critical to public health decision-making; it will also enable them to interpret their own observations in a global context.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 73
Get Book Here
Book Description
The Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS) has performed influenza virological surveillance since 1952. This network has played a critical role in developing our current understanding of global influenza virus circulation. The primary aims of the system have been threefold: to monitor changes in antigenicity of influenza viruses; to guide the selection of strains for the annual influenza vaccine; and to provide virus samples for use in vaccine production. In recent years, an increasing awareness has developed of the need to expand influenza surveillance and to include more epidemiological information to complement the virological data collected by GISRS. The pandemic of 2009 uncovered several specific gaps in global influenza surveillance capacity, which compromised the assessment and monitoring of the event. The lack of any established surveillance for severe disease in most countries and the resulting absence of historical data limited Member States' ability to evaluate the severity of the event in the context of previous seasons or to observe for changes in the behaviour of the virus. The lack of a pre-existing international mechanism for sharing epidemiological data presented challenges to understanding global patterns of transmission and disease. Finally, the non-standardized approach to data collection and outbreak investigations early in the event resulted in data that was often incompletely understood outside the local context. The standardization of influenza data collection addressed in this document will enable national policy makers to better understand risk factors for severe disease, the variation of influenza severity from season to season and its relationship to virus types or subtypes, the burden of disease related to influenza, and other factors critical to public health decision-making; it will also enable them to interpret their own observations in a global context.
Author: World Health Organization
Publisher:
ISBN: 9789240687967
Category : Biology
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
In many settings influenza is recognized as a major cause of disease and death. In other parts of the world however its epidemiology and the degree of its impact on human health remain relatively uncertain - in large part due to a lack of virological and disease surveillance. WHO has developed this manual in order to strengthen the laboratory diagnosis and virological surveillance of influenza infection by providing standard methods for the collection detection isolation and characterization of viruses. The specific objectives of the manual include:. . increasing understanding of the principle.
Author: World Health Organization. Global Influenza Programme
Publisher:
ISBN: 9789241549301
Category : Influenza
Languages : en
Pages : 124
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Book Description
A draft WHO Manual for Estimating Disease Burden Associated with seasonal Influenza in a Population has been developed through a project with the primary goal of developing a "how-to" guide for influenza disease burden estimates that targets low and middle income countries. The manual is limited to estimating the disease burden associated with the respiratory manifestations of influenza (severe acute respiratory infections or hospitalized severe ALRI) and is mainly built on WHO surveillance strategy and a companion to the WHO global interim epidemiological surveillance standards for influenza. The manual targets epidemiologists and data analysts with basic training in epidemiology working in low and middle income countries. It is accompanied by a spread sheet model to help user in routine influenza disease burden estimation.
Author: World Health Organization
Publisher: World Health Organization
ISBN: 924005670X
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 71
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Book Description
The WHO Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS) has played an important role in the COVID-19 pandemic response. By leveraging the existing influenza surveillance systems to integrate SARS-CoV-2 testing in specimens collected from influenza surveillance sources, countries have been able to maintain influenza surveillance and establish a system for monitoring SARS-CoV-2 circulation in communities. This required the existing systems to undergo a variety of adaptations and adjustments, and countries have employed various strategies. This document is a collection of experiences and lessons learned from countries towards integrated influenza and SARS-CoV-2 sentinel surveillance.
Author: Institute of Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309110106
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 248
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Book Description
The influenza pandemics of 1918, 1957, and 1968 offer a warning to the world about the potential dangers of the influenza virus. In 2006, after a series of cases and clusters of the highly pathogenic H5N1 avian virus made clear the threat of a possible pandemic, the U.S. Congress allocated $39 million to the Department of Defense Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response System (DoD-GEIS) to increase and improve its worldwide influenza surveillance network through upgrades to its domestic and overseas laboratories' capabilities. An Institute of Medicine (IOM) committee was subsequently formed to evaluate the effectiveness of these laboratory-based programs in relation to the supplemental funding, and the report that follows details the committee's findings. The committee that prepared this report, the Committee for the Assessment of DoD-GEIS Influenza Surveillance and Response Programs, was convened at the request of DoD-GEIS management to evaluate the execution of the fiscal year 2006 supplemental funding for avian influenza/ pandemic influenza (AI/PI) surveillance and response. The committee was tasked with evaluating the DoD-GEIS AI/PI surveillance program for the worth of each funded project's contribution to a comprehensive AI/PI surveillance program; the adequacy of the program in view of the evolving epidemiologic factors; responsiveness to the intent of Congress as expressed in Sec. 748, H.R.1815, Pandemic Avian Flu Preparedness; consistency with the DoD and national plans; and coordination of efforts with CDC, WHO, and local governments. Review of the DoD-GEIS Influenza Programs: Strengthening Global Surveillance and Response reviews the development of conclusions and recommendations with long-term, program-level relevance as well as conclusions and recommendations regarding the improvement of specific DoD-GEIS projects.
Author: World Health Organization
Publisher: World Health Organization
ISBN: 9240095039
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 67
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Book Description
Epidemiological information on influenza comes from multiple sources. Participatory surveillance for influenza and influenza-like illness (ILI) is one approach for gathering information from the community to monitor trends in influenza, while also helping to inform other important public health issues. The approach should be considered to be complementary to other sources of influenza surveillance information. One advantage of participatory surveillance is that information comes from both asymptomatic and symptomatic individuals, and from symptomatic individuals who may not initially seek health care. Information may also come from members of the population who may be underrepresented in traditional facility-based surveillance. Where participatory surveillance for influenza and ILI has been implemented experience indicates that such systems are accurate, flexible, cost-effective and robust with regard to changes in health care seeking behaviour. However, there are also a number of limitations, challenges and biases that must be taken into consideration. This WHO document provides globally applicable guidance on implementing participatory surveillance for influenza and ILI based on expert input and abundant experience from countries in which such surveillance has been implemented. The document sets out best practices for public health officials to consider, either when looking to implement a participatory surveillance system or when making changes to an existing system.
Author: Institute of Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 030915197X
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 323
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Book Description
Modern transportation allows people, animals, and plants-and the pathogens they carry-to travel more easily than ever before. The ease and speed of travel, tourism, and international trade connect once-remote areas with one another, eliminating many of the geographic and cultural barriers that once limited the spread of disease. Because of our global interconnectedness through transportation, tourism and trade, infectious diseases emerge more frequently; spread greater distances; pass more easily between humans and animals; and evolve into new and more virulent strains. The IOM's Forum on Microbial Threats hosted the workshop "Globalization, Movement of Pathogens (and Their Hosts) and the Revised International Health Regulations" December 16-17, 2008 in order to explore issues related to infectious disease spread in a "borderless" world. Participants discussed the global emergence, establishment, and surveillance of infectious diseases; the complex relationship between travel, trade, tourism, and the spread of infectious diseases; national and international policies for mitigating disease movement locally and globally; and obstacles and opportunities for detecting and containing these potentially wide-reaching and devastating diseases. This document summarizes the workshop.
Author: Institute of Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309111145
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 284
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Book Description
Early detection is essential to the control of emerging, reemerging, and novel infectious diseases, whether naturally occurring or intentionally introduced. Containing the spread of such diseases in a profoundly interconnected world requires active vigilance for signs of an outbreak, rapid recognition of its presence, and diagnosis of its microbial cause, in addition to strategies and resources for an appropriate and efficient response. Although these actions are often viewed in terms of human public health, they also challenge the plant and animal health communities. Surveillance, defined as "the continual scrutiny of all aspects of occurrence and spread of a disease that are pertinent to effective control", involves the "systematic collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of health data." Disease detection and diagnosis is the act of discovering a novel, emerging, or reemerging disease or disease event and identifying its cause. Diagnosis is "the cornerstone of effective disease control and prevention efforts, including surveillance." Disease surveillance and detection relies heavily on the astute individual: the clinician, veterinarian, plant pathologist, farmer, livestock manager, or agricultural extension agent who notices something unusual, atypical, or suspicious and brings this discovery in a timely way to the attention of an appropriate representative of human public health, veterinary medicine, or agriculture. Most developed countries have the ability to detect and diagnose human, animal, and plant diseases. Global Infectious Disease Surveillance and Detection: Assessing the Challenges-Finding Solutions, Workshop Summary is part of a 10 book series and summarizes the recommendations and presentations of the workshop.
Author: United States. General Accounting Office
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Communicabe diseases testing
Languages : en
Pages : 80
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Book Description
Author: Joseph S. Lombardo
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1118569059
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 326
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Book Description
An up-to-date and comprehensive treatment of biosurveillance techniques With the worldwide awareness of bioterrorism and drug-resistant infectious diseases, the need for surveillance systems to accurately detect emerging epidemicsis essential for maintaining global safety. Responding to these issues, Disease Surveillance brings together fifteen eminent researchers in the fields of medicine, epidemiology, biostatistics, and medical informatics to define the necessary elements of an effective disease surveillance program, including research, development, implementation, and operations. The surveillance systems and techniques presented in the text are designed to best utilize modern technology, manage emerging public health threats, and adapt to environmental changes. Following a historical overview detailing the need for disease surveillance systems, the text is divided into the following three parts: Part One sets forth the informatics knowledge needed to implement a disease surveillance system, including a discussion of data sources currently used in syndromic surveillance systems. Part Two provides case studies of modern disease surveillance systems, including cases that highlight implementation and operational difficulties as well as the successes experienced by health departments in the United States, Canada, Europe, and Asia. Part Three addresses practical issues concerning the evaluation of disease surveillance systems and the education of future informatics and disease surveillance practitioners. It also assesses how future technology will shape the field of disease surveillance. This book's multidisciplinary approach is ideal for public health professionals who need to understand all the facets within a disease surveillance program and implement the technology needed to support surveillance activities. An outline of the components needed for a successful disease surveillance system combined with extensive use of case studies makes this book well-suited as a textbook for public health informatics courses
