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Author: S. Rodionov
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9401110743
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 247
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Book Description
The Caspian Sea is the world's largest inland body of water both in area and volume. Its drainage area is approximately 3. 5 million square kilometers, extending 2500 km in length, 35°N to 600N, and on average 1000 km wide, 400E 0 to 60E (Fig. 1). Located in a large continental depression about 27 m below sea level and with no surface outlets, the Caspian Sea is particularly sensitive to climatic variations. As with other closed-basin lakes, its level depends on the balance between precipitation and evaporation, which is directly linked to atmospheric circulation. Because of its large area and volume of water, the Caspian Sea effectively. filters climatic noise, and as such may serve as a good indicator of climatic changes through observed changes in its water level. Recently, the Caspian Sea has come under increased attention from physical and social scientists owing to its unique natural characteristics as well as the' very important role it plays in the ecoriomil:!s of such countries as Azerbaijan" Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Iran. Dissolution of the Soviet Union and creation of new independent states resulted in difficult negotiations to divide the wealth of the Caspian Sea and to establish new economic zones. According to one assessment (Ratkovich, 1988), the Caspian Sea basin accounted for about one-third of the total economic output, one-fifth of the agricultural production, and one-third of the hydroelectric production of the former Soviet Union.
Author: S. Rodionov
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9401110743
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 247
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Book Description
The Caspian Sea is the world's largest inland body of water both in area and volume. Its drainage area is approximately 3. 5 million square kilometers, extending 2500 km in length, 35°N to 600N, and on average 1000 km wide, 400E 0 to 60E (Fig. 1). Located in a large continental depression about 27 m below sea level and with no surface outlets, the Caspian Sea is particularly sensitive to climatic variations. As with other closed-basin lakes, its level depends on the balance between precipitation and evaporation, which is directly linked to atmospheric circulation. Because of its large area and volume of water, the Caspian Sea effectively. filters climatic noise, and as such may serve as a good indicator of climatic changes through observed changes in its water level. Recently, the Caspian Sea has come under increased attention from physical and social scientists owing to its unique natural characteristics as well as the' very important role it plays in the ecoriomil:!s of such countries as Azerbaijan" Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Iran. Dissolution of the Soviet Union and creation of new independent states resulted in difficult negotiations to divide the wealth of the Caspian Sea and to establish new economic zones. According to one assessment (Ratkovich, 1988), the Caspian Sea basin accounted for about one-third of the total economic output, one-fifth of the agricultural production, and one-third of the hydroelectric production of the former Soviet Union.
Author: Igor S. Zonn
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3642115241
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 523
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Book Description
“The Caspian Sea Encyclopedia” is the second one in the new series of encyclo- dias about the seas of the former Soviet Union published by Springer-Verlag. The ?rst volume – “The Aral Sea Encyclopedia” was published by Springer in 2009. The series will be continued by “The Black Sea Encyclopedia” in 2010. Today the Caspian Sea is known to readers thanks to its oil and gas resources, sturgeon and caviar, signi?cant sea-level variations, socio-economic and political problems. The Caucasus and Central Asia (http://eurodialogue. org/?les/fckeditor_?les/Caspian-s- map2. png) vii viii Introduction For more than 250 years the Caspian Sea was shared by two states: Russia (the Soviet Union) and Persia (Iran). After the disintegration of the USSR in 1992, the new independent states of Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan have radically changed the political and economic situation in the region. In addition to Russia and Iran, who had determined the situation on the Caspian for a long period, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan are now interested parties, beginning a new stage in the historical development of the Caspian region. This increase in the number of the Caspian legal entities from two to ?ve has given rise to a whole tangle of geopolitical, economic, international legal, ethnic and environmental problems, each of which demands its own approach and settlement mechanism.
Author: M.H. Glantz
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 940115502X
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 306
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Book Description
On behalf of the Russian Federation Committee on Water Economy, I would like to welcome the participants of the NATO-sponsored Workshop on the Problems of the Caspian Sea and the Circum-Caspian States. The world's largest intercontinental sea/lake is well known for its wealth mineral and fuel resources and sturgeon stocks' the products of which (oil and caviar) are in constant demand on the world market. During the last half-century the Caspian Sea has been the focus of the scientific community concerned with its level fluctuations. We were, and still are, solving a two-faceted issue: to rescue the Caspian Sea and to rescue the population from the Caspian Sea. To rescue the Caspian Sea is to address a broad spectrum of environmental issues related primarily to water pollution by waste water and petroleum products. To rescue the population from the Caspian Sea means that an almost 2.5 m sea level rise in the last two decades has resulted in flooding of vast coastal areas deteriorating economic and social spheres of activity. Solutions to these issues are linked to the numerous mysterious aspects of recent Caspian Sea behavior. Regrettably, the collapse of the USSR has led to a decline of marine observations and control over the use of marine resources in the region. Coordinated international action on the protection of living marine resources have terminated, generating disastrous consequences.
Author: Sergey S. Zhiltsov
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319439081
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 286
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Book Description
This book concisely describes the architecture of the oil and gas pipelines in the Black-Caspian Seas Region and analyzes the status quo and perspectives of oil and gas production in this region. The authors present numerous projects, each of which has made a substantial contribution to the development of pipeline transport and transit in this part of the world, and discuss them in detail. The topics covered include: the region’s geographic characteristics; the region’s hydrocarbon potential; Russian and EU policy on pipeline transport; Kazakhstan’s pipeline policy; Chinese pipeline projects; the Bulgarian gas transmission system; environmental risks in the production and transportation of hydrocarbons; satellite monitoring; and subsea leak detection. This volume offers a valuable resource for politicians, specialists in the oil and gas business, decision-makers, and environmentalists alike.
Author: Bülent Aras
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN: 1573568287
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 326
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Book Description
The opening of the Caspian Sea basin to Western investment following the breakup of the Soviet Union produced a major contest for access to the region's vast energy reserves on the part of powers as close as Russia, Turkey, and Iran, and as far away as Japan and the United States. Indeed, the struggle to exploit Caspian oil has been one of the most monumental geopolitical developments of the post-Cold War era as external powers vie for political, economic, and military influence in a region brimming not only with oil, but also with ethnic conflicts and historical animosities. The coming decade of rapidly increasing demand for energy will ensure the continued interest and engagement of external powers with often competing geopolitical agendas. Thus the geopolitical developments spawned by the opening of the Caspian Sea are likely to continue to far outweigh the actual impact of Caspian oil on world energy markets. This collection of essays by prominent scholars and international experts offers several important and often conflicting interpretations of the events unfolding along the shores of the world's oldest oil-producing region.
Author: Kamlesh P. Lulla
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 9780471390053
Category : Photography
Languages : en
Pages : 312
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Book Description
The U.S./Russian collaboration that used the Space Shuttle and the Mir Space Station as platforms for acquiring remote sensing information about the Earth between 1996 and 1998 produced significant scientific results on hydrology, land use, and changes in some of the Earth's most dynamic environments. Many of these outstanding images are presented here and compared with photographs taken during earlier missions, allowing detection of changes on the Earth's surface. Studies reported in this fascinating volume include observations of El Niño-related phenomena; fluctuating water levels of the Caspian and Aral Seas; smoke, dust, and aerosols in the atmosphere; urban land use changes; and drought in the southeastern United States and Mexico. This valuable information, and the techniques used to gather it, will form the basis for future remote sensing studies to be conducted from the International Space Station.
Author: Richard C. Ragaini
Publisher: World Scientific
ISBN: 981277694X
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 543
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Book Description
Contents: Opening Session (A Zichichi, T D Lee, D R Scott & R G Will); AIDS and Infectious Diseases OCo Medication or Vaccination for Developing Countries (G Gray, P Van De Perre, G Biberfeld, A A Lindberg, M Klein & G De Th(r)); Missile Proliferation and Defense (A Piontovsky, G H Canavan, R K Huber & V J Sundaram); Tchernobyl OCo Mathematics and Democracy (V Kukhar & Z R Rudzikas); Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy (D Heim, H Budka & A Smith); Floods and Extreme Weather Events OCo Coastal Zone Problems (D Scavia, D Dorogan, D Danut, D Boesch & P M Douglas); Science and Technology for Developing Countries (H Alper, G Knies, T J Gilmartin, W A Barletta & D W Mulenex); Water OCo Transboundary Water Conflicts (A T Wolf, K C Sivaramakrishnan, D S Brookshire, J Chermak & M Ewers); Climatic Changes OCo Global Monitoring of the Planet (G Marland, T Boden, K Gurney, J Orear, B L Myers, E Teller, C Leith, G Canavan & L Wood); Information Security (A Lehman, A Kroutskikh, D S Chereshkin & T L Thomas); Pollution in the Caspian Sea (I Salihoglu, H Ghaffarzadeh, E uzsoy, I V Mitrofanov, A Vasiliev & R Ajalov); Permament Monitoring Panel Reports (S Sorooshian, R A Clark, G De Th(r), J M Greenberg, W F Huebner, A Piontovsky, H Wegener, R C Ragaini, V P Kukhar, G I Palshin, H Schubert & W Sprigg); Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Workshop (P Piccardo, B Ghetti, F Tagliavini, O Bugiani & R G Will); AIDS and Infectious Diseases Workshop (G Biberfeld, A A Lindbergh & S Tlou); Pollution Workshop (R Ragaini, I Salihoglu, H Ghaffarzadeh, L Shabanova, E uzsoy, Y N Zhimbey, I V Mitrofanov, R Ajalov, A Korshenko & A Vasiliev). Readership: AIDS researchers, immunologists, ecologists, meteorologists, physicists and social scientists."
Author: Richard C Ragaini
Publisher: World Scientific
ISBN: 9814487953
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 543
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Book Description
Contents:Opening Session (A Zichichi, T D Lee, D R Scott & R G Will)AIDS and Infectious Diseases — Medication or Vaccination for Developing Countries (G Gray, P Van De Perre, G Biberfeld, A A Lindberg, M Klein & G De Thé)Missile Proliferation and Defense (A Piontovsky, G H Canavan, R K Huber & V J Sundaram)Tchernobyl — Mathematics and Democracy (V Kukhar & Z R Rudzikas)Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy (D Heim, H Budka & A Smith)Floods and Extreme Weather Events — Coastal Zone Problems (D Scavia, D Dorogan, D Danut, D Boesch & P M Douglas)Science and Technology for Developing Countries (H Alper, G Knies, T J Gilmartin, W A Barletta & D W Mulenex)Water — Transboundary Water Conflicts (A T Wolf, K C Sivaramakrishnan, D S Brookshire, J Chermak & M Ewers)Climatic Changes — Global Monitoring of the Planet (G Marland, T Boden, K Gurney, J Orear, B L Myers, E Teller, C Leith, G Canavan & L Wood)Information Security (A Lehman, A Kroutskikh, D S Chereshkin & T L Thomas)Pollution in the Caspian Sea (I Salihoglu, H Ghaffarzadeh, E Özsoy, I V Mitrofanov, A Vasiliev & R Ajalov)Permament Monitoring Panel Reports (S Sorooshian, R A Clark, G De Thé, J M Greenberg, W F Huebner, A Piontovsky, H Wegener, R C Ragaini, V P Kukhar, G I Palshin, H Schubert & W Sprigg)Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Workshop (P Piccardo, B Ghetti, F Tagliavini, O Bugiani & R G Will)AIDS and Infectious Diseases Workshop (G Biberfeld, A A Lindbergh & S Tlou)Pollution Workshop (R Ragaini, I Salihoglu, H Ghaffarzadeh, L Shabanova, E Özsoy, Y N Zhimbey, I V Mitrofanov, R Ajalov, A Korshenko & A Vasiliev) Readership: AIDS researchers, immunologists, ecologists, meteorologists, physicists and social scientists. Keywords:
Author: D. Halpern
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0080540716
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 381
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Book Description
The book shows how the new observations from satellites required advances in theory and influenced societal decision-making. Chapters have a review with an extensive reference list, making the book an excellent source of information for biological and physical oceanographers and atmospheric scientists.A large range of state-of-the art applications of satellite data (altimeter, color, infrared radiometer, scatterometer, synthetic aperture radar) visible in regional-to-global scale ocean studies integrating satellite and in-situ measurements with circulation models are covered in the book. Subjects include forecasting of surface waves, both swell and windsea, and surface wind; El Niño/La Niña; exchange of water masses between ocean basins, Rossby waves; eddies and filaments; fisheries; coastal ocean dynamics; phytoplankton dynamics; and ideas to measure sea surface salinity.
Author: Vittorio Barale
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319940678
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 573
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Book Description
A wide variety of marginal basins, ranging from polar to equatorial regions, and a few sizeable enclosed basins, can all be included among the Asian Seas. The Arctic Ocean shelf seas off Siberia; the sheltered basins along the Pacific Ocean’s western rim; the coastal seas of the northernmost Indian Ocean, including the semi-enclosed Red Sea and Persian Gulf; the Caspian Sea, the remnants of the Aral Sea and a score of brackish or freshwater lakes, such as Lake Balkhash and Lake Baykal; all exhibit a multiplicity of environmental features and processes. Understanding the peculiarities of such a large and varied collection of marine and coastal types requires integrated observation systems, among which orbital remote sensing must play an essential role. This volume reviews the current potential of Earth Observations in assessing the many Asian seascapes, using both passive and active techniques in diverse spectral regions, such as measuring reflected visible and near-infrared sunlight and surface emissions in the thermal infrared and microwave range, or surface reflection of transmitted radar pulses in the microwave range. An in-depth evaluation of the available spectral regions and observation techniques, as well as of novel multi-technique methods, ensures that suitable tools are indeed accessible for exploring and managing the wealth of resources that the Asian Seas have to offer.
