Author: Jason Ablin
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1000585883
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 314
Book Description
This compelling book takes you inside a teacher’s journey to explore the question of gender in education. Jason Ablin uses his background in math teaching, school leadership, and neuroscience to present expert interviews, research, and anecdotes about gender bias in schools and how it impacts our best efforts to educate children. He provides practical takeaways on how teachers and leaders can do better for students. There is also a handy Appendix with step-by-step guides for facilitating faculty-wide conversations around gender; writing learning reports without gender bias; using student assessments to check gendered attitudes about learning; evaluating learning spaces; and creating an inquiry map of your classroom. As a teacher, administrator, DEI director, or homeschooling parent, with the strategies and stories in this book, you’ll be ready to embark upon your own journey to balance the gender equation and create greater equity for all of your students.
The Gender Equation in Schools
Author: Jason Ablin
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1000585883
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 314
Book Description
This compelling book takes you inside a teacher’s journey to explore the question of gender in education. Jason Ablin uses his background in math teaching, school leadership, and neuroscience to present expert interviews, research, and anecdotes about gender bias in schools and how it impacts our best efforts to educate children. He provides practical takeaways on how teachers and leaders can do better for students. There is also a handy Appendix with step-by-step guides for facilitating faculty-wide conversations around gender; writing learning reports without gender bias; using student assessments to check gendered attitudes about learning; evaluating learning spaces; and creating an inquiry map of your classroom. As a teacher, administrator, DEI director, or homeschooling parent, with the strategies and stories in this book, you’ll be ready to embark upon your own journey to balance the gender equation and create greater equity for all of your students.
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1000585883
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 314
Book Description
This compelling book takes you inside a teacher’s journey to explore the question of gender in education. Jason Ablin uses his background in math teaching, school leadership, and neuroscience to present expert interviews, research, and anecdotes about gender bias in schools and how it impacts our best efforts to educate children. He provides practical takeaways on how teachers and leaders can do better for students. There is also a handy Appendix with step-by-step guides for facilitating faculty-wide conversations around gender; writing learning reports without gender bias; using student assessments to check gendered attitudes about learning; evaluating learning spaces; and creating an inquiry map of your classroom. As a teacher, administrator, DEI director, or homeschooling parent, with the strategies and stories in this book, you’ll be ready to embark upon your own journey to balance the gender equation and create greater equity for all of your students.
Building Gender Equity in the Academy
Author: Sandra Laursen
Publisher: Johns Hopkins University Press
ISBN: 1421439387
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 269
Book Description
An evidence-based, action-oriented response to the persistent, everyday inequity of academic workplaces. Despite decades of effort by federal science funders to increase the numbers of women holding advanced degrees and faculty jobs in science and engineering, they are persistently underrepresented in academic STEM disciplines, especially in positions of seniority, leadership, and prestige. Women filled 47% of all US jobs in 2015, but held only 24% of STEM jobs. Barriers to women are built into academic workplaces: biased selection and promotion systems, inadequate structures to support those with family and personal responsibilities, and old-boy networks that can exclude even very successful women from advancing into top leadership roles. But this situation can—and must—change. In Building Gender Equity in the Academy, Sandra Laursen and Ann E. Austin offer a concrete, data-driven approach to creating institutions that foster gender equity. Focusing on STEM fields, where gender equity is most lacking, Laursen and Austin begin by outlining the need for a systemic approach to gender equity. Looking at the successful work being done by specific colleges and universities around the country, they analyze twelve strategies these institutions have used to create more inclusive working environments, including • implementing inclusive recruitment and hiring practices • addressing biased evaluation methods • establishing equitable tenure and promotion processes • strengthening accountability structures, particularly among senior leadership • improving unwelcoming department climates and cultures • supporting dual-career couples • offering flexible work arrangements that accommodate personal lives • promoting faculty professional development and advancement Laursen and Austin also discuss how to bring these strategies together to create systemic change initiatives appropriate for specific institutional contexts. Drawing on three illustrative case studies—at Case Western Reserve University, the University of Texas at El Paso, and the University of Wisconsin–Madison—they explain how real institutions can strategically combine several equity-driven approaches, thereby leveraging their individual strengths to make change efforts comprehensive. Grounded in scholarship but written for busy institutional leaders, Building Gender Equity in the Academy is a handbook of actionable strategies for faculty and administrators working to improve the inclusion and visibility of women and others who are marginalized in the sciences and in academe more broadly.
Publisher: Johns Hopkins University Press
ISBN: 1421439387
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 269
Book Description
An evidence-based, action-oriented response to the persistent, everyday inequity of academic workplaces. Despite decades of effort by federal science funders to increase the numbers of women holding advanced degrees and faculty jobs in science and engineering, they are persistently underrepresented in academic STEM disciplines, especially in positions of seniority, leadership, and prestige. Women filled 47% of all US jobs in 2015, but held only 24% of STEM jobs. Barriers to women are built into academic workplaces: biased selection and promotion systems, inadequate structures to support those with family and personal responsibilities, and old-boy networks that can exclude even very successful women from advancing into top leadership roles. But this situation can—and must—change. In Building Gender Equity in the Academy, Sandra Laursen and Ann E. Austin offer a concrete, data-driven approach to creating institutions that foster gender equity. Focusing on STEM fields, where gender equity is most lacking, Laursen and Austin begin by outlining the need for a systemic approach to gender equity. Looking at the successful work being done by specific colleges and universities around the country, they analyze twelve strategies these institutions have used to create more inclusive working environments, including • implementing inclusive recruitment and hiring practices • addressing biased evaluation methods • establishing equitable tenure and promotion processes • strengthening accountability structures, particularly among senior leadership • improving unwelcoming department climates and cultures • supporting dual-career couples • offering flexible work arrangements that accommodate personal lives • promoting faculty professional development and advancement Laursen and Austin also discuss how to bring these strategies together to create systemic change initiatives appropriate for specific institutional contexts. Drawing on three illustrative case studies—at Case Western Reserve University, the University of Texas at El Paso, and the University of Wisconsin–Madison—they explain how real institutions can strategically combine several equity-driven approaches, thereby leveraging their individual strengths to make change efforts comprehensive. Grounded in scholarship but written for busy institutional leaders, Building Gender Equity in the Academy is a handbook of actionable strategies for faculty and administrators working to improve the inclusion and visibility of women and others who are marginalized in the sciences and in academe more broadly.
Gender Balance and Gender Bias in Education
Author: Deirdre Raftery
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1317986709
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 115
Book Description
This book presents a compelling range of international research on the issues of gender balance and gender bias in education. The chapters draw on cutting edge work from the US, Latin America, the UK, Ireland and Africa, presenting readers with new insights into how educators and students often negotiate deeply ingrained prejudices that are expressed in gendered terms. The book reflects research that draws on a range of methodologies, and both historical and contemporary education contexts are examined. Drawing on historical research, the book widens our understanding of gender issues in education, and provides chapters on physical activity for girls in nineteenth century America, and on the ‘patriarchal imperative’ in mission education in Africa in the nineteenth century. Turning to research on contemporary education settings, the book explores the global phenomenon of the feminisation of teaching. It also illustrates how teachers work in classrooms in which boys’ expressions of masculinities explicitly challenge school order, and looks at the performance of both masculinities and femininities in several education contexts. The book also includes absorbing work on the practices and processes that contribute to the gendering of digital technologies, and it demonstrates ways in which parents unwittingly accept the gendered management of internet ‘risk’ for their daughters. This book was published as a special issue of Gender and Education.
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1317986709
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 115
Book Description
This book presents a compelling range of international research on the issues of gender balance and gender bias in education. The chapters draw on cutting edge work from the US, Latin America, the UK, Ireland and Africa, presenting readers with new insights into how educators and students often negotiate deeply ingrained prejudices that are expressed in gendered terms. The book reflects research that draws on a range of methodologies, and both historical and contemporary education contexts are examined. Drawing on historical research, the book widens our understanding of gender issues in education, and provides chapters on physical activity for girls in nineteenth century America, and on the ‘patriarchal imperative’ in mission education in Africa in the nineteenth century. Turning to research on contemporary education settings, the book explores the global phenomenon of the feminisation of teaching. It also illustrates how teachers work in classrooms in which boys’ expressions of masculinities explicitly challenge school order, and looks at the performance of both masculinities and femininities in several education contexts. The book also includes absorbing work on the practices and processes that contribute to the gendering of digital technologies, and it demonstrates ways in which parents unwittingly accept the gendered management of internet ‘risk’ for their daughters. This book was published as a special issue of Gender and Education.
Still Failing at Fairness
Author: David Sadker
Publisher: Simon and Schuster
ISBN: 1439159432
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 769
Book Description
Despite decades of effort to create fair classrooms and schools, gender bias is alive and well, and in some ways growing. School practices continue to send boys and girls down different life paths, too often treating them not as different genders but as different species. Teachers and parents often miss the subtle signs of sexism in classrooms. Through firsthand observations and up-to-the-minute research, Still Failing at Fairness brings the gender issue into focus. The authors provide an in-depth account of how girls' and boys' educations are compromised from elementary school through college, and offer practical advice for teachers and parents who want to make a positive difference. The authors examine today's pressing issues -- the lack of enforcement for Title IX, the impact of the backlash against gender equity, the much-hyped "boys' crisis," hardwired brain differences, and the recent growth of singlesex public schools. This book documents how teaching, current testing practices, and subtle cultural attitudes continue to short-circuit both girls and boys of every race, social class, and ethnicity. Hard-hitting and remarkably informative, Still Failing at Fairness is "a fascinating look into America's classrooms" (National Association of School Psychologists).
Publisher: Simon and Schuster
ISBN: 1439159432
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 769
Book Description
Despite decades of effort to create fair classrooms and schools, gender bias is alive and well, and in some ways growing. School practices continue to send boys and girls down different life paths, too often treating them not as different genders but as different species. Teachers and parents often miss the subtle signs of sexism in classrooms. Through firsthand observations and up-to-the-minute research, Still Failing at Fairness brings the gender issue into focus. The authors provide an in-depth account of how girls' and boys' educations are compromised from elementary school through college, and offer practical advice for teachers and parents who want to make a positive difference. The authors examine today's pressing issues -- the lack of enforcement for Title IX, the impact of the backlash against gender equity, the much-hyped "boys' crisis," hardwired brain differences, and the recent growth of singlesex public schools. This book documents how teaching, current testing practices, and subtle cultural attitudes continue to short-circuit both girls and boys of every race, social class, and ethnicity. Hard-hitting and remarkably informative, Still Failing at Fairness is "a fascinating look into America's classrooms" (National Association of School Psychologists).
Grading Goal Four
Author: Antonia Wulff
Publisher: Brill
ISBN: 9789004430358
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 469
Book Description
"For the third time in three decades world leaders reaffirmed their promise of "Education For All" when adopting Sustainable Development Goal 4 in 2015. It is the most far-reaching commitment to quality and equity in education so far, yet, there is no consensus on what the agenda means in practice. With a decade left until the 2030 deadline, Grading Goal Four calls upon the education community to engage more thoughtfully and critically with SDG 4 and related efforts. As an ever-growing number of actors and initiatives claim to contribute to its achievement, it is becoming clear that the ambitious but broad priorities within the goal are vulnerable to cherry-picking and misrepresentation, placing it at the heart of tensions between instrumentalist and rights-based approaches to education. This text, a critical analysis of SDG 4, provides a framework for examining trends and developments in education globally. As the first volume that examines early implementation efforts under SDG 4, Grading Goal Four formulates a critique along with strategies for moving forward. By scrutinising the challenges, tensions and power dynamics shaping SDG 4, it advances rights-based perspectives and strategies for effective implementation and builds capacity for strengthened monitoring and analysis of the goal"--
Publisher: Brill
ISBN: 9789004430358
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 469
Book Description
"For the third time in three decades world leaders reaffirmed their promise of "Education For All" when adopting Sustainable Development Goal 4 in 2015. It is the most far-reaching commitment to quality and equity in education so far, yet, there is no consensus on what the agenda means in practice. With a decade left until the 2030 deadline, Grading Goal Four calls upon the education community to engage more thoughtfully and critically with SDG 4 and related efforts. As an ever-growing number of actors and initiatives claim to contribute to its achievement, it is becoming clear that the ambitious but broad priorities within the goal are vulnerable to cherry-picking and misrepresentation, placing it at the heart of tensions between instrumentalist and rights-based approaches to education. This text, a critical analysis of SDG 4, provides a framework for examining trends and developments in education globally. As the first volume that examines early implementation efforts under SDG 4, Grading Goal Four formulates a critique along with strategies for moving forward. By scrutinising the challenges, tensions and power dynamics shaping SDG 4, it advances rights-based perspectives and strategies for effective implementation and builds capacity for strengthened monitoring and analysis of the goal"--
Gender in the Classroom
Author: David Sadker
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 113678330X
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 322
Book Description
What’s missing from your teacher education program? According to research studies, one glaring omission is gender. Tomorrow’s teachers receive little instruction or training on the tremendous impact of gender in the classroom. Just how does gender influence teaching, the curriculum, and the lives of teachers and students in the classroom? This unique book has been designed to answer these questions. Gender in the Classroom is intended to be used across the teacher education curriculum--from subject-specific methods courses to foundations, from educational psychology to student teaching. It can be adopted for an entire program, or several instructors can adopt it jointly, or a single instructor can adopt it as one of several or a supplementary text for a course. A comprehensive Instructor’s Manual provides information and materials for teacher educators who adopt the text. Each chapter offers practical information and skills about gender and sex differences, curriculum, and specific teaching methods. Written in a lively style, the text features a number of interactive activities to engage and instruct the reader. The chapters follow a common format designed to invite student interest and action. Each is built around Essential Equity Questions that focus on pertinent gender-related questions and issues in a specific subject area:*the role of women in education--intersections of the teaching profession, feminism, and teachers as activists for social change; *gender differences in cognitive ability, attitudes, and behavior;*how to teach and implement Title IX;*how to observe classrooms to “see” gender bias;*social studies education; *English/language arts methods; *science education; and*mathematics and technology education.Interactions in each chapter engage students in activities to promote understanding. Each Interaction is linked to one or more specific INTASC standards. In the last chapter, the emphasis is on applying many of the skills learned previously--it gives student teachers and their supervisors several tools they can use for analyzing classroom teaching and detecting gender bias. This chapter also includes a culminating activity for identifying and correcting curricular bias. In fact, many of the techniques in this text can be applied to uncover and correct not only gender bias, but racial, ethnic, and cultural bias as well.The Instructor's Manual [978-0-8058-5475-6] is now available electronically (please contact our customer service department to request a copy).
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 113678330X
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 322
Book Description
What’s missing from your teacher education program? According to research studies, one glaring omission is gender. Tomorrow’s teachers receive little instruction or training on the tremendous impact of gender in the classroom. Just how does gender influence teaching, the curriculum, and the lives of teachers and students in the classroom? This unique book has been designed to answer these questions. Gender in the Classroom is intended to be used across the teacher education curriculum--from subject-specific methods courses to foundations, from educational psychology to student teaching. It can be adopted for an entire program, or several instructors can adopt it jointly, or a single instructor can adopt it as one of several or a supplementary text for a course. A comprehensive Instructor’s Manual provides information and materials for teacher educators who adopt the text. Each chapter offers practical information and skills about gender and sex differences, curriculum, and specific teaching methods. Written in a lively style, the text features a number of interactive activities to engage and instruct the reader. The chapters follow a common format designed to invite student interest and action. Each is built around Essential Equity Questions that focus on pertinent gender-related questions and issues in a specific subject area:*the role of women in education--intersections of the teaching profession, feminism, and teachers as activists for social change; *gender differences in cognitive ability, attitudes, and behavior;*how to teach and implement Title IX;*how to observe classrooms to “see” gender bias;*social studies education; *English/language arts methods; *science education; and*mathematics and technology education.Interactions in each chapter engage students in activities to promote understanding. Each Interaction is linked to one or more specific INTASC standards. In the last chapter, the emphasis is on applying many of the skills learned previously--it gives student teachers and their supervisors several tools they can use for analyzing classroom teaching and detecting gender bias. This chapter also includes a culminating activity for identifying and correcting curricular bias. In fact, many of the techniques in this text can be applied to uncover and correct not only gender bias, but racial, ethnic, and cultural bias as well.The Instructor's Manual [978-0-8058-5475-6] is now available electronically (please contact our customer service department to request a copy).
The SAGE Handbook of Gender and Education
Author: Christine Skelton
Publisher: SAGE
ISBN: 1446206483
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 561
Book Description
The Handbook of Gender and Education brings together leading scholars on gender and education to provide an up-to-date and broad-ranging guide to the field. It is a comprehensive overview of different theoretical positions on equity issues in schools. The contributions cover all sectors of education from early years to higher education; curriculum subjects; methodological and theoretical perspectives; and gender identities in education. Each chapter reviews, synthesises and provides a critical interrogation of key contemporary themes in education. This approach ensures that the book will be an indispensable source of reference for a wide range of readers: students, academics and practitioners. The first section of the Handbook, Gender Theory and Methodology, outlines the various (feminist) perspectives on researching and exploring gender and education. The section critiques the notion of gender as a category in educational research and considers recent trends, evident especially in the gender and underachievement debates, to locate gender difference solely within biology. This section provides the broad background upon which the issues and debates in the other sections can be situated. Section two, Gender and Education, considers the differing ways in which gender has been shown to impact upon the opportunities and experiences of pupils/students, teachers and other adults in the different sectors of education. It also includes a chapter on single-sex schooling. Section three, Gender and School Subjects, comprises chapters that cover gender issues within the teaching and learning of particular school subjects (for example, maths, literacy, and science). It also includes topics such as sex education and assessment. The chapters in section four, Gender, identity and educational sites, address up-to-date issues which have a long history in terms of explorations into gender and educational opportunities. More recent inclusions in the debates, such as disability, sexuality, and masculinities are discussed alongside the more traditional concerns of ′race′, social class and femininities. The final section, Working in Schools and Colleges, illuminates the working lives of teachers and academics. The chapters cover such topics as school culture, career progression and development, and the gendered identities of professionals within educational institutions. The contributors to this book have been selected by the editors as authorities in their specific area of gender and education and are drawn from the international scholarly community.
Publisher: SAGE
ISBN: 1446206483
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 561
Book Description
The Handbook of Gender and Education brings together leading scholars on gender and education to provide an up-to-date and broad-ranging guide to the field. It is a comprehensive overview of different theoretical positions on equity issues in schools. The contributions cover all sectors of education from early years to higher education; curriculum subjects; methodological and theoretical perspectives; and gender identities in education. Each chapter reviews, synthesises and provides a critical interrogation of key contemporary themes in education. This approach ensures that the book will be an indispensable source of reference for a wide range of readers: students, academics and practitioners. The first section of the Handbook, Gender Theory and Methodology, outlines the various (feminist) perspectives on researching and exploring gender and education. The section critiques the notion of gender as a category in educational research and considers recent trends, evident especially in the gender and underachievement debates, to locate gender difference solely within biology. This section provides the broad background upon which the issues and debates in the other sections can be situated. Section two, Gender and Education, considers the differing ways in which gender has been shown to impact upon the opportunities and experiences of pupils/students, teachers and other adults in the different sectors of education. It also includes a chapter on single-sex schooling. Section three, Gender and School Subjects, comprises chapters that cover gender issues within the teaching and learning of particular school subjects (for example, maths, literacy, and science). It also includes topics such as sex education and assessment. The chapters in section four, Gender, identity and educational sites, address up-to-date issues which have a long history in terms of explorations into gender and educational opportunities. More recent inclusions in the debates, such as disability, sexuality, and masculinities are discussed alongside the more traditional concerns of ′race′, social class and femininities. The final section, Working in Schools and Colleges, illuminates the working lives of teachers and academics. The chapters cover such topics as school culture, career progression and development, and the gendered identities of professionals within educational institutions. The contributors to this book have been selected by the editors as authorities in their specific area of gender and education and are drawn from the international scholarly community.
The Gendered Brain
Author: Gina Rippon
Publisher: Vintage Books
ISBN: 9781784706814
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
Barbie or Lego? Reading maps or reading emotions? Do you have a female brain or a male brain? Or is that the wrong question? On a daily basis we face deeply ingrained beliefs that our sex determines our skills and preferences, from toys and colours to career choice and salaries. But what does this mean for our thoughts, decisions and behaviour? Using the latest cutting-edge neuroscience, Gina Rippon unpacks the stereotypes that bombard us from our earliest moments and shows how these messages mould our ideas of ourselves and even shape our brains. Rigorous, timely and liberating, The Gendered Brainhas huge repercussions for women and men, for parents and children, and for how we identify ourselves. 'Highly accessible... Revolutionary to a glorious degree' Observer
Publisher: Vintage Books
ISBN: 9781784706814
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
Barbie or Lego? Reading maps or reading emotions? Do you have a female brain or a male brain? Or is that the wrong question? On a daily basis we face deeply ingrained beliefs that our sex determines our skills and preferences, from toys and colours to career choice and salaries. But what does this mean for our thoughts, decisions and behaviour? Using the latest cutting-edge neuroscience, Gina Rippon unpacks the stereotypes that bombard us from our earliest moments and shows how these messages mould our ideas of ourselves and even shape our brains. Rigorous, timely and liberating, The Gendered Brainhas huge repercussions for women and men, for parents and children, and for how we identify ourselves. 'Highly accessible... Revolutionary to a glorious degree' Observer
Lean In
Author: Sheryl Sandberg
Publisher: Knopf
ISBN: 0385349955
Category : Biography & Autobiography
Languages : en
Pages : 241
Book Description
#1 INTERNATIONAL BESTSELLER • “A landmark manifesto" (The New York Times) that's a revelatory, inspiring call to action and a blueprint for individual growth that will empower women around the world to achieve their full potential. In her famed TED talk, Sheryl Sandberg described how women unintentionally hold themselves back in their careers. Her talk, which has been viewed more than eleven million times, encouraged women to “sit at the table,” seek challenges, take risks, and pursue their goals with gusto. Lean In continues that conversation, combining personal anecdotes, hard data, and compelling research to change the conversation from what women can’t do to what they can. Sandberg, COO of Meta (previously called Facebook) from 2008-2022, provides practical advice on negotiation techniques, mentorship, and building a satisfying career. She describes specific steps women can take to combine professional achievement with personal fulfillment, and demonstrates how men can benefit by supporting women both in the workplace and at home.
Publisher: Knopf
ISBN: 0385349955
Category : Biography & Autobiography
Languages : en
Pages : 241
Book Description
#1 INTERNATIONAL BESTSELLER • “A landmark manifesto" (The New York Times) that's a revelatory, inspiring call to action and a blueprint for individual growth that will empower women around the world to achieve their full potential. In her famed TED talk, Sheryl Sandberg described how women unintentionally hold themselves back in their careers. Her talk, which has been viewed more than eleven million times, encouraged women to “sit at the table,” seek challenges, take risks, and pursue their goals with gusto. Lean In continues that conversation, combining personal anecdotes, hard data, and compelling research to change the conversation from what women can’t do to what they can. Sandberg, COO of Meta (previously called Facebook) from 2008-2022, provides practical advice on negotiation techniques, mentorship, and building a satisfying career. She describes specific steps women can take to combine professional achievement with personal fulfillment, and demonstrates how men can benefit by supporting women both in the workplace and at home.
Practising Gender Analysis in Education
Author: Fiona E. Leach
Publisher: Oxfam
ISBN: 9780855984939
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 176
Book Description
This companion applies the Harvard framework, women's empowerment approach, gender analysis matrix and social relations approach to analysis of a variety of educational contexts, including national education policies and projects, schools, colleges, ministries, teaching and learning materials, and school and teacher training curricula.
Publisher: Oxfam
ISBN: 9780855984939
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 176
Book Description
This companion applies the Harvard framework, women's empowerment approach, gender analysis matrix and social relations approach to analysis of a variety of educational contexts, including national education policies and projects, schools, colleges, ministries, teaching and learning materials, and school and teacher training curricula.