Friction Loss and Heat Transfer Characteristics for Turbulent Flow of Liquid-liquid Dispersions PDF Download
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Author: Robert William Legan
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Friction
Languages : en
Pages : 208
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Book Description
Author: Robert William Legan
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Friction
Languages : en
Pages : 208
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Book Description
Author: Lachhman Dev
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Hydrodynamics
Languages : en
Pages : 342
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Author: John Philip Ward
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Fluid dynamics
Languages : en
Pages : 706
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Book Description
The momentum transfer characteristics of liquid-liquid dispersions were studied under conditions of turbulent flow in a cirular conduit. Experiments were conducted to obtain drop size, friction factors and velocity profiles for three organic phases dispersed in water. The test sections consisted of straight copper tubes 1-inch OD and 0.830-inch ID. The velocity profiles and drop size measurements were made at a point 8-1/2 feet downstream from the entrance to these tubes. The dispersions were formed and maintained by the mixing action of a high speed centrifugal pump. The organic phases were a light petroleum solvent, a light oil and a heavy oil with viscosities of 1, 15, and 200 centipoise, respectively. Flow rates were in the range 1-4 lb/sec and concentrations from 5 to 50 volume percent were studied. A photographic method of drop size determination was developed. Excellent results are obtained for drop diameters in the range 5-800 microns. Dispersions with concentrations from 1 to 50 volume percent were photographed. The drop size and the shape of the drop size distributions depended strongly on dispersed phase viscosity. The range of drop diameters was found to increase with dispersed phase viscosity. Velocity profile data were obtained in the turbulent core for three flow rates and four concentrations for the light oil dispersions and two flow rates and three concentrations for the heavy oil dispersions. The light oil dispersions were found to behave as single phase Newtonian fluids. The solvent dispersions have previously been shown to behave as single phase Newtonian liquids. The heavy oil dispersions did not behave as Newtonian fluids. These results were combined with the drop size data and a previously proposed criteria for treating dispersions as single phase fluids to give the relation [see PDF for formula] where d32 is the Sauter mean diameter of the dispersed drops. Dispersions which do not meet this criterion are presumed to have a "slip" velocity, i.e., the larger drops move relative to the fluid element in which they are contained. Thus they do not behave as a single phase fluid. The velocity profiles for the light oil dispersions were used to calculate an effective dispersion viscosity [mu subscript e]. The viscosity increased with dispersed phase concentration. Effective viscosities for the solvent dispersion had been determined by previous workers. A comparison of the viscosities and drop size data for these two systems shows that at equal concentrations the effective viscosity of a dispersion is a function of the drop size distribution, decreasing with increasing size range. Effective viscosities for the heavy oil dispersions were determined from the friction factor data and appeared to be independent of concentration in the range 5 to 17 volume percent. This may be explained by a "slip" velocity and an analysis of the drop size distributions. A study was made of one water-in-solvent dispersion and it was found that water droplets adhered to the pipe wall. The average size of these droplets could be determined from the observed friction factor data. The droplets adhering to the wall were observed to undergo coalescence with the droplets in the flowing dispersion. Several other observations made through the optical portion of the photographic arrangement tend to support the coalescence theory recently proposed by Howarth.
Author: Feng-Chen Li
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1118181115
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 233
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Book Description
Turbulent drag reduction by additives has long been a hot research topic. This phenomenon is inherently associated with multifold expertise. Solutions of drag-reducing additives are usually viscoelastic fluids having complicated rheological properties. Exploring the characteristics of drag-reduced turbulent flows calls for uniquely designed experimental and numerical simulation techniques and elaborate theoretical considerations. Pertinently understanding the turbulent drag reduction mechanism necessities mastering the fundamentals of turbulence and establishing a proper relationship between turbulence and the rheological properties induced by additives. Promoting the applications of the drag reduction phenomenon requires the knowledge from different fields such as chemical engineering, mechanical engineering, municipal engineering, and so on. This book gives a thorough elucidation of the turbulence characteristics and rheological behaviors, theories, special techniques and application issues for drag-reducing flows by surfactant additives based on the state-of-the-art of scientific research results through the latest experimental studies, numerical simulations and theoretical analyses. Covers turbulent drag reduction, heat transfer reduction, complex rheology and the real-world applications of drag reduction Introduces advanced testing techniques, such as PIV, LDA, and their applications in current experiments, illustrated with multiple diagrams and equations Real-world examples of the topic’s increasingly important industrial applications enable readers to implement cost- and energy-saving measures Explains the tools before presenting the research results, to give readers coverage of the subject from both theoretical and experimental viewpoints Consolidates interdisciplinary information on turbulent drag reduction by additives Turbulent Drag Reduction by Surfactant Additives is geared for researchers, graduate students, and engineers in the fields of Fluid Mechanics, Mechanical Engineering, Turbulence, Chemical Engineering, Municipal Engineering. Researchers and practitioners involved in the fields of Flow Control, Chemistry, Computational Fluid Dynamics, Experimental Fluid Dynamics, and Rheology will also find this book to be a much-needed reference on the topic.
Author: J.T. Davies
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0323150934
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 425
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Book Description
Turbulence Phenomena provides an introduction to the eddy transfer of momentum, mass, and heat, specifically at interfaces. The approach of the discussion of the subject matter is based on the eddy mixing length concept of Prandtl. Chapter 1 begins with a discussion on basic concepts regarding liquid flow such as viscosity, turbulent flows, and velocities. As concepts and theories are established, the book then discusses the eddy transfer in fluids, specifically eddy transfer of mass and heat within fluids and eddy transfer near solid surfaces. The concept of eddies in different surfaces is discussed in length all throughout numerous chapters. These different surfaces include clean gas-liquid surfaces, clean liquid-liquid interfaces, and film-covered surfaces. The last few chapters focus on the more detailed discussion on turbulence, such as the concept of spontaneous interfacial turbulence and emulsification and turbulent dispersion and coalescence. The book will be of great use to undergraduate students of chemical engineering, physics, and chemistry.
Author: R. P. Chhabra
Publisher: Butterworth-Heinemann
ISBN: 0750637706
Category : Chemical engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 453
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Book Description
Non-Newtonian fluid behaviour; Rheometry for non-Newtonian fluids; Flow in pipes and conduits of non-circular cross-sections; Flow of multi-phase mixtures in pipes; Particulate systems; Heat transfer characteristics of non-Newtonian fluids in pipes; Momentum, heat and mass transfer in boundary layers; Liquid mixing.
Author: R. P. Chhabra
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0080512836
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 453
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Book Description
Non-Newtonian materials are encountered in virtually all of the chemical and process industries and a full understanding of their nature and flow characteristics is an essential requirement for engineers and scientists involved in their formulation and handling. This book will bridge the gap between much of the highly theoretical and mathematically complex work of the rheologist and the practical needs of those who have to design and operate plants in which these materials are handled and processed. At the same time, numerous references are included for the benefit of those who need to delve more deeply into the subject.The starting point for any work on non-newtonian fluids is their characterisation over the range of conditions to which they are likely to be subjected during manufacture or utilisation, and this topic is treated early on in the book in a chapter commissioned from an expert in the field of rheological measurements. Coverage of topics is extensive and this book offers a unique and rich selection of material including the flow of single phase and multiphase mixtures in pipes, in packed and fluidised bed systems, heat and mass transfer in boundary layers and in simple duct flows, and mixing etc.An important and novel feature of the book is the inclusion of a wide selection of worked examples to illustrate the methods of calculation. It also incorporates a large selection of problems for the reader to tackle himself.
Author: Oregon. State University, Corvallis. Engineering Experiment Station
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 208
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Book Description
Author: American Institute of Chemical Engineers
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Chemical engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 774
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Book Description
Author: Maynard F. Taylor
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Friction
Languages : en
Pages : 28
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Book Description
The existing conventional methods of correlating and predicting friction coefficients for laminar and turbulent flow, where the physical properties and density do not vary greatly, are shown to give friction coefficients that are in poor agreement with the measured values when there are large variations in the physical properties, that is, large ratios of surface to fluid-bulk temperature. The local and average friction coefficients used were measured by seven investigators for laminar and turbulent flow of helium, hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and air through smooth tubes. Inside diameters varied from 0.115 to 0.569 inches (0.292 to 1.445 cm); ratios of surface to fluid-bulk temperature ranged from 0.35 to 7.35; and modified surface Reynolds numbers ranged from 170 to 550,000. These data were used to determine the best methods of correlating and predicting local friction coefficients for ratios of distance from entrance of test section to inside diameter of test section (x/D) from 16 to 113 and average friction coefficients for ratios of length to diameter (L/D) from 21 to 200. The recommended correlation equation for modified surface Reynolds numbers less than 3000 us f/2 = 8/Re), where f/2 is half friction coefficient and Re) is the modified surface Reynolds number. For modified surface Reynolds numbers of 3000 or greater, the recommended correlation is f/2 = (0.0007 + 0.0625/Re)0.32) (Tb/T))0.5, where Tb and T) are the bulk and surface temperatures, respectively. The foregoing smooth tube relations also correlated laminar and turbulent friction coefficients for flow between parallel plates.
