Author: Russell Banks
Publisher: HarperCollins
ISBN: 0063036770
Category : Fiction
Languages : en
Pages : 335
Book Description
The inspiration for the Major Motion Picture O, Canada directed by Paul Schrader and starring Richard Gere, Uma Thurman, Jacob Elordi, and Michael Imperioli. A searing novel about memory, abandonment, and betrayal from the acclaimed and bestselling Russell Banks "During a career stretching almost half a century, Russell Banks has published an extraordinary collection of brave, morally imperative novels. . . . In this complex and powerful novel, we come face to face with the excruciating allure of redemption." —Washington Post At the center of Foregone is famed Canadian American leftist documentary filmmaker Leonard Fife, one of sixty thousand draft evaders and deserters who fled to Canada to avoid serving in Vietnam. Fife, now in his late seventies, is dying of cancer in Montreal and has agreed to a final interview in which he is determined to bare all his secrets at last, to demythologize his mythologized life. The interview is filmed by his acolyte and ex–star student, Malcolm MacLeod, in the presence of Fife’s wife and alongside Malcolm’s producer, cinematographer, and sound technician, all of whom have long admired Fife but who must now absorb the meaning of his astonishing, dark confession. Imaginatively structured around Fife’s secret memories and alternating between the experiences of the characters who are filming his confession, the novel challenges our assumptions and understanding about a significant lost chapter in American history and the nature of memory itself. Russell Banks gives us a daring and resonant work about the scope of one man’s mysterious life, revealed through the fragments of his recovered past.
Foregone
Author: Russell Banks
Publisher: HarperCollins
ISBN: 0063036770
Category : Fiction
Languages : en
Pages : 335
Book Description
The inspiration for the Major Motion Picture O, Canada directed by Paul Schrader and starring Richard Gere, Uma Thurman, Jacob Elordi, and Michael Imperioli. A searing novel about memory, abandonment, and betrayal from the acclaimed and bestselling Russell Banks "During a career stretching almost half a century, Russell Banks has published an extraordinary collection of brave, morally imperative novels. . . . In this complex and powerful novel, we come face to face with the excruciating allure of redemption." —Washington Post At the center of Foregone is famed Canadian American leftist documentary filmmaker Leonard Fife, one of sixty thousand draft evaders and deserters who fled to Canada to avoid serving in Vietnam. Fife, now in his late seventies, is dying of cancer in Montreal and has agreed to a final interview in which he is determined to bare all his secrets at last, to demythologize his mythologized life. The interview is filmed by his acolyte and ex–star student, Malcolm MacLeod, in the presence of Fife’s wife and alongside Malcolm’s producer, cinematographer, and sound technician, all of whom have long admired Fife but who must now absorb the meaning of his astonishing, dark confession. Imaginatively structured around Fife’s secret memories and alternating between the experiences of the characters who are filming his confession, the novel challenges our assumptions and understanding about a significant lost chapter in American history and the nature of memory itself. Russell Banks gives us a daring and resonant work about the scope of one man’s mysterious life, revealed through the fragments of his recovered past.
Publisher: HarperCollins
ISBN: 0063036770
Category : Fiction
Languages : en
Pages : 335
Book Description
The inspiration for the Major Motion Picture O, Canada directed by Paul Schrader and starring Richard Gere, Uma Thurman, Jacob Elordi, and Michael Imperioli. A searing novel about memory, abandonment, and betrayal from the acclaimed and bestselling Russell Banks "During a career stretching almost half a century, Russell Banks has published an extraordinary collection of brave, morally imperative novels. . . . In this complex and powerful novel, we come face to face with the excruciating allure of redemption." —Washington Post At the center of Foregone is famed Canadian American leftist documentary filmmaker Leonard Fife, one of sixty thousand draft evaders and deserters who fled to Canada to avoid serving in Vietnam. Fife, now in his late seventies, is dying of cancer in Montreal and has agreed to a final interview in which he is determined to bare all his secrets at last, to demythologize his mythologized life. The interview is filmed by his acolyte and ex–star student, Malcolm MacLeod, in the presence of Fife’s wife and alongside Malcolm’s producer, cinematographer, and sound technician, all of whom have long admired Fife but who must now absorb the meaning of his astonishing, dark confession. Imaginatively structured around Fife’s secret memories and alternating between the experiences of the characters who are filming his confession, the novel challenges our assumptions and understanding about a significant lost chapter in American history and the nature of memory itself. Russell Banks gives us a daring and resonant work about the scope of one man’s mysterious life, revealed through the fragments of his recovered past.
Foregone Conclusions
Author: Michael André Bernstein
Publisher: Univ of California Press
ISBN: 0520414470
Category : Philosophy
Languages : en
Pages : 198
Book Description
We are continually trying to make sense of our world through the stories we tell and are told, but in our search for coherence, we often sacrifice our freedom and the rich randomness of life. In this passionate and lucid book, Michael André Bernstein challenges our practice of "foreshadowing," in which we see our lives as moving toward a predetermined goal or as controlled by fate. Foreshadowing, he argues, demeans the variety and openness that exist in even the most ordinary moments of life. And it is precisely ordinary life, with its random, haphazard, and contradictory choices, that Bernstein celebrates in his call for "sideshadowing"—an alternative practice that reminds us that every present is dense with possible futures. Bernstein sees the Holocaust as the prime example of how our tendency to "foreshadow" and "backshadow" misrepresents history. He argues eloquently against politicians and theologians who posit the Holocaust as foreordained and who depict its victims as somehow complicit with a fate that they should have been able to foresee. Instead, Bernstein proposes a radically new understanding of the relationship between the Holocaust and earlier Jewish experience, transforming how we read and write both individual and communal history. Foregone Conclusions is an extraordinarily wide-ranging book, both in its scope and in its broader intellectual and moral implications. From the latest biographies of Kafka to the peace accords between Israel and the PLO, from the role of cultural diversity in universities to the Crown Heights riots, Bernstein warns us against passively accepting our identities as being shaped primarily by historical or personal victimization. His book liberates us from stereotyped patterns of understanding the relationship between our lives as individuals and as members of racial, sexual, and historic/ethnic communities. Berstein ultimately opens a powerful new way to understand the principles governing how we read and write narratives--whether historical, personal, or literary. In striking original juxtapositions and critical evaluations of Marcel Proust, Robert Musil, and Aharon Appelfeld, Bernstein sugests the need for a new literary model based on the prosaics of daily life. Bernstein speaks directly and persuasively to many of the most pressing issues in Jewish history, Holocaust studies, literary criticism, and cultural history. Foregone Conclusions is a provocative and poignant attempt to find coherence in our world without accepting either ineluctable destiny of pure coincidence. This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press’s mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1994.
Publisher: Univ of California Press
ISBN: 0520414470
Category : Philosophy
Languages : en
Pages : 198
Book Description
We are continually trying to make sense of our world through the stories we tell and are told, but in our search for coherence, we often sacrifice our freedom and the rich randomness of life. In this passionate and lucid book, Michael André Bernstein challenges our practice of "foreshadowing," in which we see our lives as moving toward a predetermined goal or as controlled by fate. Foreshadowing, he argues, demeans the variety and openness that exist in even the most ordinary moments of life. And it is precisely ordinary life, with its random, haphazard, and contradictory choices, that Bernstein celebrates in his call for "sideshadowing"—an alternative practice that reminds us that every present is dense with possible futures. Bernstein sees the Holocaust as the prime example of how our tendency to "foreshadow" and "backshadow" misrepresents history. He argues eloquently against politicians and theologians who posit the Holocaust as foreordained and who depict its victims as somehow complicit with a fate that they should have been able to foresee. Instead, Bernstein proposes a radically new understanding of the relationship between the Holocaust and earlier Jewish experience, transforming how we read and write both individual and communal history. Foregone Conclusions is an extraordinarily wide-ranging book, both in its scope and in its broader intellectual and moral implications. From the latest biographies of Kafka to the peace accords between Israel and the PLO, from the role of cultural diversity in universities to the Crown Heights riots, Bernstein warns us against passively accepting our identities as being shaped primarily by historical or personal victimization. His book liberates us from stereotyped patterns of understanding the relationship between our lives as individuals and as members of racial, sexual, and historic/ethnic communities. Berstein ultimately opens a powerful new way to understand the principles governing how we read and write narratives--whether historical, personal, or literary. In striking original juxtapositions and critical evaluations of Marcel Proust, Robert Musil, and Aharon Appelfeld, Bernstein sugests the need for a new literary model based on the prosaics of daily life. Bernstein speaks directly and persuasively to many of the most pressing issues in Jewish history, Holocaust studies, literary criticism, and cultural history. Foregone Conclusions is a provocative and poignant attempt to find coherence in our world without accepting either ineluctable destiny of pure coincidence. This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press’s mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1994.
Opportunity Foregone
Author: Nancy Birdsall
Publisher: IDB
ISBN: 9781886938038
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 588
Book Description
Fundamental changes in Brazilian economic policy in the mid-1990s have dramatically slowed inflation and set the stage for sustained growth. These gains provide the opportunity to turn to other social and economic problems overshadowed for years by the country's macroeconomic problems. Among the most important issues on the agenda is education. Opportunity Foregone: Education in Brazil offers a frank and thorough assessment of the country's educational performance and the resulting social costs. It identifies necessary reforms and the barriers to reform. The book's 18 studies examine a wide variety of key issues regarding the economics of education in Brazil.
Publisher: IDB
ISBN: 9781886938038
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 588
Book Description
Fundamental changes in Brazilian economic policy in the mid-1990s have dramatically slowed inflation and set the stage for sustained growth. These gains provide the opportunity to turn to other social and economic problems overshadowed for years by the country's macroeconomic problems. Among the most important issues on the agenda is education. Opportunity Foregone: Education in Brazil offers a frank and thorough assessment of the country's educational performance and the resulting social costs. It identifies necessary reforms and the barriers to reform. The book's 18 studies examine a wide variety of key issues regarding the economics of education in Brazil.
Dwelling in Days Foregone
Author: Weronika Łaszkiewicz
Publisher: Cambridge Scholars Publishing
ISBN: 1443892114
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 205
Book Description
This volume brings together papers that examine American literary texts and cultural phenomena as manifestations and/or expressions of nostalgia. Inspired by Svetlana Boym’s seminal study The Future of Nostalgia (2001), the authors of the sixteen chapters demonstrate that this sentiment proves to be a useful key in the process, opening up new interpretive vistas and enabling new critical insights. The experience that comes under scrutiny in these texts is informed by the fundamental division into a certain “present,” which is the domain of insatiability, and a certain “past” – the locus of at-homeness, often irretrievably lost.
Publisher: Cambridge Scholars Publishing
ISBN: 1443892114
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 205
Book Description
This volume brings together papers that examine American literary texts and cultural phenomena as manifestations and/or expressions of nostalgia. Inspired by Svetlana Boym’s seminal study The Future of Nostalgia (2001), the authors of the sixteen chapters demonstrate that this sentiment proves to be a useful key in the process, opening up new interpretive vistas and enabling new critical insights. The experience that comes under scrutiny in these texts is informed by the fundamental division into a certain “present,” which is the domain of insatiability, and a certain “past” – the locus of at-homeness, often irretrievably lost.
A Foregone Conclusion
Author: William Dean Howells
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : American fiction
Languages : en
Pages : 328
Book Description
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : American fiction
Languages : en
Pages : 328
Book Description
But Not Foregone
Author: Bj Bourg
Publisher: Independently Published
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 244
Book Description
During his many years of working in law enforcement, Clint Wolf has investigated more than his share of bizarre cases. However, he has never worked a case where a dead man has come back to life...until now. While trying to help Clint figure out how something like this could happen, Amy Cooke stumbles upon an old newspaper article that details an unsolved case from nineteen years earlier. The details are sketchy, but it seems that a woman went missing after an argument with her husband. The husband's story is fishy and the woman's family suspects foul play, but there are no reports or evidence from back then to assist with the investigation, so Amy's left trying to recreate the file from scratch. There's a chance that neither case will be solved, but one thing can be counted on: Clint and Amy will die trying.
Publisher: Independently Published
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 244
Book Description
During his many years of working in law enforcement, Clint Wolf has investigated more than his share of bizarre cases. However, he has never worked a case where a dead man has come back to life...until now. While trying to help Clint figure out how something like this could happen, Amy Cooke stumbles upon an old newspaper article that details an unsolved case from nineteen years earlier. The details are sketchy, but it seems that a woman went missing after an argument with her husband. The husband's story is fishy and the woman's family suspects foul play, but there are no reports or evidence from back then to assist with the investigation, so Amy's left trying to recreate the file from scratch. There's a chance that neither case will be solved, but one thing can be counted on: Clint and Amy will die trying.
Unconditional
Author: Marc Gallicchio
Publisher: Oxford University Press
ISBN: 0190091118
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 289
Book Description
A new look at the drama that lay behind the end of the war in the Pacific Signed on September 2, 1945 aboard the American battleship USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay by Japanese and Allied leaders, the instrument of surrender that formally ended the war in the Pacific brought to a close one of the most cataclysmic engagements in history. Behind it lay a debate that had been raging for some weeks prior among American military and political leaders. The surrender fulfilled the commitment that Franklin Roosevelt had made in 1943 at the Casablanca conference that it be "unconditional." Though readily accepted as policy at the time, after Roosevelt's death in April 1945 support for unconditional surrender wavered, particularly among Republicans in Congress, when the bloody campaigns on Iwo Jima and Okinawa made clear the cost of military victory against Japan. Germany's unconditional surrender in May 1945 had been one thing; the war in the pacific was another. Many conservatives favored a negotiated surrender. Though this was the last time American forces would impose surrender unconditionally, questions surrounding it continued through the 1950s and 1960s--with the Korean and Vietnam Wars--when liberal and conservative views reversed, including over the definition of "peace with honor." The subject was revived during the ceremonies surrounding the 50th anniversary in 1995, and the Gulf and Iraq Wars, when the subjects of exit strategies and "accomplished missions" were debated. Marc Gallicchio reveals how and why the surrender in Tokyo Bay unfolded as it did and the principle figures behind it, including George C. Marshall and Douglas MacArthur. The latter would effectively become the leader of Japan and his tenure, and indeed the very nature of the American occupation, was shaped by the nature of the surrender. Most importantly, Gallicchio reveals how the policy of unconditional surrender has shaped our memory and our understanding of World War II.
Publisher: Oxford University Press
ISBN: 0190091118
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 289
Book Description
A new look at the drama that lay behind the end of the war in the Pacific Signed on September 2, 1945 aboard the American battleship USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay by Japanese and Allied leaders, the instrument of surrender that formally ended the war in the Pacific brought to a close one of the most cataclysmic engagements in history. Behind it lay a debate that had been raging for some weeks prior among American military and political leaders. The surrender fulfilled the commitment that Franklin Roosevelt had made in 1943 at the Casablanca conference that it be "unconditional." Though readily accepted as policy at the time, after Roosevelt's death in April 1945 support for unconditional surrender wavered, particularly among Republicans in Congress, when the bloody campaigns on Iwo Jima and Okinawa made clear the cost of military victory against Japan. Germany's unconditional surrender in May 1945 had been one thing; the war in the pacific was another. Many conservatives favored a negotiated surrender. Though this was the last time American forces would impose surrender unconditionally, questions surrounding it continued through the 1950s and 1960s--with the Korean and Vietnam Wars--when liberal and conservative views reversed, including over the definition of "peace with honor." The subject was revived during the ceremonies surrounding the 50th anniversary in 1995, and the Gulf and Iraq Wars, when the subjects of exit strategies and "accomplished missions" were debated. Marc Gallicchio reveals how and why the surrender in Tokyo Bay unfolded as it did and the principle figures behind it, including George C. Marshall and Douglas MacArthur. The latter would effectively become the leader of Japan and his tenure, and indeed the very nature of the American occupation, was shaped by the nature of the surrender. Most importantly, Gallicchio reveals how the policy of unconditional surrender has shaped our memory and our understanding of World War II.
A Dictionary of Agriculture and Land Management
Author: Will Manley
Publisher: Oxford University Press
ISBN: 0191059633
Category : Reference
Languages : en
Pages : 569
Book Description
This brand new Dictionary of Agriculture and Land Management addresses the increasing overlap between agricultural sectors and the demands of the management of rural land and property. It covers the main areas of agricultural management, husbandry, environment, estate management, rural recreation, woodland and forestry, as well as general terms such as organizations, policies, and legislation. In over 2,000 clear and concise A to Z entries, it offers authoritative and up-to-date information, and the content is enhanced by entry-level web links that are listed on a dedicated companion website. Useful tables and line drawings complement the entries, and make this volume an excellent point of reference for anyone who needs a guide to agricultural terminology. The most up-to-date dictionary of its kind, it is a must-have for students of agriculture and land management, as well as for professionals in the agricultural and land-management sectors.
Publisher: Oxford University Press
ISBN: 0191059633
Category : Reference
Languages : en
Pages : 569
Book Description
This brand new Dictionary of Agriculture and Land Management addresses the increasing overlap between agricultural sectors and the demands of the management of rural land and property. It covers the main areas of agricultural management, husbandry, environment, estate management, rural recreation, woodland and forestry, as well as general terms such as organizations, policies, and legislation. In over 2,000 clear and concise A to Z entries, it offers authoritative and up-to-date information, and the content is enhanced by entry-level web links that are listed on a dedicated companion website. Useful tables and line drawings complement the entries, and make this volume an excellent point of reference for anyone who needs a guide to agricultural terminology. The most up-to-date dictionary of its kind, it is a must-have for students of agriculture and land management, as well as for professionals in the agricultural and land-management sectors.
Enhancing the Climate Resilience of Africa's Infrastructure
Author: Raffaello Cervigni
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN: 1464804672
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 219
Book Description
To sustain Africa’s growth, and accelerate the eradication of extreme poverty, investment in infrastructure is fundamental. In 2010, the Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic found that to enable Africa to fill its infrastructure gap, some US$ 93 billion per year for the next decade will need to be invested. The Program for Infrastructure Development in Africa (PIDA), endorsed in 2012 by the continent’s Heads of State and Government, lays out an ambitious long-term plan for closing Africa’s infrastructure including trough step increases in hydroelectric power generation and water storage capacity. Much of this investment will support the construction of long-lived infrastructure (e.g. dams, power stations, irrigation canals), which may be vulnerable to changes in climatic patterns, the direction and magnitude of which remain significantly uncertain. Enhancing the Climate Resilience of Africa 's Infrastructure evaluates -using for the first time a single consistent methodology and the state-of-the-arte climate scenarios-, the impacts of climate change on hydro-power and irrigation expansion plans in Africa’s main rivers basins (Niger, Senegal, Volta, Congo, Nile, Zambezi, Orange); and outlines an approach to reduce climate risks through suitable adjustments to the planning and design process. The book finds that failure to integrate climate change in the planning and design of power and water infrastructure could entail, in scenarios of drying climate conditions, losses of hydropower revenues between 5% and 60% (depending on the basin); and increases in consumer expenditure for energy up to 3 times the corresponding baseline values. In in wet climate scenarios, business-as-usual infrastructure development could lead to foregone revenues in the range of 15% to 130% of the baseline, to the extent that the larger volume of precipitation is not used to expand the production of hydropower. Despite the large uncertainty on whether drier or wetter conditions will prevail in the future in Africa, the book finds that by modifying existing investment plans to explicitly handle the risk of large climate swings, can cut in half or more the cost that would accrue by building infrastructure on the basis of the climate of the past.
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN: 1464804672
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 219
Book Description
To sustain Africa’s growth, and accelerate the eradication of extreme poverty, investment in infrastructure is fundamental. In 2010, the Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic found that to enable Africa to fill its infrastructure gap, some US$ 93 billion per year for the next decade will need to be invested. The Program for Infrastructure Development in Africa (PIDA), endorsed in 2012 by the continent’s Heads of State and Government, lays out an ambitious long-term plan for closing Africa’s infrastructure including trough step increases in hydroelectric power generation and water storage capacity. Much of this investment will support the construction of long-lived infrastructure (e.g. dams, power stations, irrigation canals), which may be vulnerable to changes in climatic patterns, the direction and magnitude of which remain significantly uncertain. Enhancing the Climate Resilience of Africa 's Infrastructure evaluates -using for the first time a single consistent methodology and the state-of-the-arte climate scenarios-, the impacts of climate change on hydro-power and irrigation expansion plans in Africa’s main rivers basins (Niger, Senegal, Volta, Congo, Nile, Zambezi, Orange); and outlines an approach to reduce climate risks through suitable adjustments to the planning and design process. The book finds that failure to integrate climate change in the planning and design of power and water infrastructure could entail, in scenarios of drying climate conditions, losses of hydropower revenues between 5% and 60% (depending on the basin); and increases in consumer expenditure for energy up to 3 times the corresponding baseline values. In in wet climate scenarios, business-as-usual infrastructure development could lead to foregone revenues in the range of 15% to 130% of the baseline, to the extent that the larger volume of precipitation is not used to expand the production of hydropower. Despite the large uncertainty on whether drier or wetter conditions will prevail in the future in Africa, the book finds that by modifying existing investment plans to explicitly handle the risk of large climate swings, can cut in half or more the cost that would accrue by building infrastructure on the basis of the climate of the past.
Command Of The Air
Author: General Giulio Douhet
Publisher: Pickle Partners Publishing
ISBN: 1782898522
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 620
Book Description
In the pantheon of air power spokesmen, Giulio Douhet holds center stage. His writings, more often cited than perhaps actually read, appear as excerpts and aphorisms in the writings of numerous other air power spokesmen, advocates-and critics. Though a highly controversial figure, the very controversy that surrounds him offers to us a testimonial of the value and depth of his work, and the need for airmen today to become familiar with his thought. The progressive development of air power to the point where, today, it is more correct to refer to aerospace power has not outdated the notions of Douhet in the slightest In fact, in many ways, the kinds of technological capabilities that we enjoy as a global air power provider attest to the breadth of his vision. Douhet, together with Hugh “Boom” Trenchard of Great Britain and William “Billy” Mitchell of the United States, is justly recognized as one of the three great spokesmen of the early air power era. This reprint is offered in the spirit of continuing the dialogue that Douhet himself so perceptively began with the first edition of this book, published in 1921. Readers may well find much that they disagree with in this book, but also much that is of enduring value. The vital necessity of Douhet’s central vision-that command of the air is all important in modern warfare-has been proven throughout the history of wars in this century, from the fighting over the Somme to the air war over Kuwait and Iraq.
Publisher: Pickle Partners Publishing
ISBN: 1782898522
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 620
Book Description
In the pantheon of air power spokesmen, Giulio Douhet holds center stage. His writings, more often cited than perhaps actually read, appear as excerpts and aphorisms in the writings of numerous other air power spokesmen, advocates-and critics. Though a highly controversial figure, the very controversy that surrounds him offers to us a testimonial of the value and depth of his work, and the need for airmen today to become familiar with his thought. The progressive development of air power to the point where, today, it is more correct to refer to aerospace power has not outdated the notions of Douhet in the slightest In fact, in many ways, the kinds of technological capabilities that we enjoy as a global air power provider attest to the breadth of his vision. Douhet, together with Hugh “Boom” Trenchard of Great Britain and William “Billy” Mitchell of the United States, is justly recognized as one of the three great spokesmen of the early air power era. This reprint is offered in the spirit of continuing the dialogue that Douhet himself so perceptively began with the first edition of this book, published in 1921. Readers may well find much that they disagree with in this book, but also much that is of enduring value. The vital necessity of Douhet’s central vision-that command of the air is all important in modern warfare-has been proven throughout the history of wars in this century, from the fighting over the Somme to the air war over Kuwait and Iraq.