Flare Hazards at Solar Minimum PDF Download
Are you looking for read ebook online? Search for your book and save it on your Kindle device, PC, phones or tablets. Download Flare Hazards at Solar Minimum PDF full book. Access full book title Flare Hazards at Solar Minimum by Hermann J. Schaefer. Download full books in PDF and EPUB format.
Author: Hermann J. Schaefer
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Proton beams
Languages : en
Pages : 24
Get Book Here
Book Description
The proton energy spectra for the Class 2 solar flare of February 5, 1965, as reported by a polar orbit satellite at five different times during the two-day period of enhanced intensity, are evaluated in terms of tissue depth doses for a semi-infinite slab with 0.1 g/sq cm shielding and for the Gemini and Apollo shield distribution. Maximum dose rates for the tissue surface are 714 millirads/hour, 81 and 11 millirads/hour, respectively. For the unidirectional beams, half value layers range from 2.6 to 5.6 millimeters of tissue. The integral flare dose over forty-four hours is 8.3 rads for the tissue surface behind 0.1 g/sq cm shielding. (Author).
Author: Hermann J. Schaefer
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Proton beams
Languages : en
Pages : 24
Get Book Here
Book Description
The proton energy spectra for the Class 2 solar flare of February 5, 1965, as reported by a polar orbit satellite at five different times during the two-day period of enhanced intensity, are evaluated in terms of tissue depth doses for a semi-infinite slab with 0.1 g/sq cm shielding and for the Gemini and Apollo shield distribution. Maximum dose rates for the tissue surface are 714 millirads/hour, 81 and 11 millirads/hour, respectively. For the unidirectional beams, half value layers range from 2.6 to 5.6 millimeters of tissue. The integral flare dose over forty-four hours is 8.3 rads for the tissue surface behind 0.1 g/sq cm shielding. (Author).
Author: Hermann J. Schaefer
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 17
Get Book Here
Book Description
The proton energy spectra for the Class 2 solar flare of February 5, 1965, as reported by a polar orbit satellite at five different times during the two-day period of enhanced intensity, are evaluated in terms of tissue depth doses for a semi-infinite slab with 0.1 g/sq cm shielding and for the Gemini and Apollo shield distribution. Maximum dose rates for the tissue surface are 714 millirads/hour, 81 and 11 millirads/hour, respectively. For the unidirectional beams, half value layers range from 2.6 to 5.6 millimeters of tissue. The integral flare dose over forty-four hours is 8.3 rads for the tissue surface behind 0.1 g/sq cm shielding. (Author).
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Aeronautics
Languages : en
Pages : 1492
Get Book Here
Book Description
Author: Whitley Strieber
Publisher: Penguin
ISBN: 1101616334
Category : Nature
Languages : en
Pages : 53
Get Book Here
Book Description
There is a force out there that could destroy our world in minutes. . . . Solar flares—brief bursts of radiation from our sun—have always existed and have never been particularly dangerous. Nature hasn’t changed. But we have. By making our world so dependent on electricity delivered by huge, unprotected power grids we have inadvertently placed humanity at terrible risk. As bestselling author Whitley Strieber explores in this urgent new work, a powerful solar flare could demolish our electrical delivery system, wiping away centuries of civilization in minutes and drastically changing our world. Such a scenario is altogether plausible—and it is the single most dangerous single thing that could happen to our civilization, more dangerous than the most massive earthquake or volcano, more dangerous than climate change, more dangerous even than nuclear war. What is worse, solar flares of a now-dangerous intensity are not all that uncommon; and not only that, our electrical and electronic infrastructure is becoming so extensive, and thus so fragile, that smaller and smaller solar flares can pose more and more serious hazards. Due to the astonishing unwillingness of power companies to cooperate, good programs that would make us safer, and that are supported by both political parties, have been routinely prevented from being enacted. In Solar Flares: What You Need to Know, Strieber reveals the dangers behind solar flares, tracks the disastrous damage they could cause, surveys what they would do to our world in the here-and-now, and explains what nations and individuals must do to prepare for them.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 1014
Get Book Here
Book Description
Author: R. C Good (Jr)
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 45
Get Book Here
Book Description
The hazards of solar flares are discussed in some detail to show the need for prediction. Hazards are noted as protons, X rays, ultraviolet, and radio interference. Since the first is potentially the most dangerous, some data on dosage during flares is presented to evaluate the hazards. Since flares occur at or near sunspots and since there seems to be a direct correlation with the characteristics of sunspots, some discussion is given of the dimensions and characteristics of sunspots. One prediction scheme is presented which involves the statistics of flares, and a scheme is described that is presently being used for flare studies at the Space Sciences Laboratory. (Author).
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 760
Get Book Here
Book Description
Author: Joseph N. Pelton
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 9783319039510
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Get Book Here
Book Description
Covers in a comprehensive fashion all aspects of cosmic hazards and possible strategies for contending with these threats through a comprehensive planetary defense strategy. This handbook brings together in a single reference work a rich blend of information about the various types of cosmic threats that are posed to human civilization by asteroids, comets, bolides, meteors, solar flares and coronal mass ejections, cosmic radiation and other types of threats that are only recently beginning to be understood and studied, such as investigation of the “cracks” in the protective shield provided by the Van Allen belts and the geomagnetosphere, of matter-antimatter collisions, orbital debris and radiological or biological contamination. Some areas that are addressed involve areas about which there is a good deal of information that has been collected for many decades by multiple space missions run by many different space agencies, observatories and scientific researchers. Other areas involving research and studies that have only recently gotten underway are discussed by some of the world’s foremost experts in each of these areas, who provide up-to-date and scientifically verifiable information. Although much of the work in these various areas have been conducted by space agencies, an expanding range of work is also being carried out by observatories, by universities and other research centers, and even by private foundations and professional organizations. The purpose of this work is thus several-fold: to include the latest information and most systematic research from around the world in a single reference work; to note where there are significant gaps in knowledge where new research, spacecraft, observatories, or other initiatives are needed to fill in critical missing information; and to give the best possible information about preventative actions that might be taken against cosmic threats and identify various alternative strategies that are now under way or planned to cope with these various threats.
Author: United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Scientific and Technical Information Division
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Aeronautics
Languages : en
Pages : 2300
Get Book Here
Book Description
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309056985
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 89
Get Book Here
Book Description
NASA's long-range plans include possible human exploratory missions to the moon and Mars within the next quarter century. Such missions beyond low Earth orbit will expose crews to transient radiation from solar particle events as well as continuous high-energy galactic cosmic rays ranging from energetic protons with low mean linear energy transfer (LET) to nuclei with high atomic numbers, high energies, and high LET. Because the radiation levels in space are high and the missions long, adequate shielding is needed to minimize the deleterious health effects of exposure to radiation. The knowledge base needed to design shielding involves two sets of factors, each with quantitative uncertaintyâ€"the radiation spectra and doses present behind different types of shielding, and the effects of the doses on relevant biological systems. It is only prudent to design shielding that will protect the crew of spacecraft exposed to predicted high, but uncertain, levels of radiation and biological effects. Because of the uncertainties regarding the degree and type of radiation protection needed, a requirement for shielding to protect against large deleterious, but uncertain, biological effects may be imposed, which in turn could result in an unacceptable cost to a mission. It therefore is of interest to reduce these uncertainties in biological effects and shielding requirements for reasons of mission feasibility, safety, and cost.
