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Author: Stephen Craen
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781784672140
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
It is anticipated that green hydrogen will require government support for the next 15-20 years and that green hydrogen export projects will have to compete, largely on delivered price, to supply the demand created by the importing government programmes. Efficient project financing, both debt and equity, can play an important part in minimising the cost. This paper considers a 1GW archetype project, using solar power to export green hydrogen in the form of green ammonia, and considers the key issues that will impact its ability to attract low-cost debt. Lenders will look at precedents and, while ostensibly green ammonia has much in common with LNG, economically the better analogue is offshore wind given: the requirement for government support, the expectation that future projects will offer a lower levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) and contract prices are more likely to be fixed than indexed to fossil fuels. The key features the project will need to demonstrate to attract capital are: (i) robust and durable legislation behind the importing government support, preferably backed up by an investment treaty; (ii) a highly creditworthy buyer and (iii) an offtake/sales and purchase agreement (SPA) that does not expose lenders or investors to market volume or price risk. Lenders and investors are incentivised to invest in green hydrogen projects and, to the extent that the project can demonstrate the key features above, there should be a strong appetite for the debt and equity (absent disruption in the financial markets).
Author: Stephen Craen
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781784672140
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
It is anticipated that green hydrogen will require government support for the next 15-20 years and that green hydrogen export projects will have to compete, largely on delivered price, to supply the demand created by the importing government programmes. Efficient project financing, both debt and equity, can play an important part in minimising the cost. This paper considers a 1GW archetype project, using solar power to export green hydrogen in the form of green ammonia, and considers the key issues that will impact its ability to attract low-cost debt. Lenders will look at precedents and, while ostensibly green ammonia has much in common with LNG, economically the better analogue is offshore wind given: the requirement for government support, the expectation that future projects will offer a lower levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) and contract prices are more likely to be fixed than indexed to fossil fuels. The key features the project will need to demonstrate to attract capital are: (i) robust and durable legislation behind the importing government support, preferably backed up by an investment treaty; (ii) a highly creditworthy buyer and (iii) an offtake/sales and purchase agreement (SPA) that does not expose lenders or investors to market volume or price risk. Lenders and investors are incentivised to invest in green hydrogen projects and, to the extent that the project can demonstrate the key features above, there should be a strong appetite for the debt and equity (absent disruption in the financial markets).
Author: OECD
Publisher: OECD Publishing
ISBN: 9264761136
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 128
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Book Description
This report on scaling up clean hydrogen financing provides a unique and in-depth proposal to transform ideas into attractive investment projects. It highlights how policy and financial risk mitigation mechanisms play a critical role in slashing the funding gap and reducing the cost of hydrogen generation.
Author: Kim Talus
Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN: 1803924969
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 241
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Book Description
A Research Agenda for International Energy Law offers a novel exploration into the future direction of research in international energy law, highlighting contemporary themes such as competition for investments, and fair and equitable access to energy.
Author: Jinyue Yan
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1118388585
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 4038
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Book Description
The Handbook of Clean Energy Systems brings together an international team of experts to present a comprehensive overview of the latest research, developments and practical applications throughout all areas of clean energy systems. Consolidating information which is currently scattered across a wide variety of literature sources, the handbook covers a broad range of topics in this interdisciplinary research field including both fossil and renewable energy systems. The development of intelligent energy systems for efficient energy processes and mitigation technologies for the reduction of environmental pollutants is explored in depth, and environmental, social and economic impacts are also addressed. Topics covered include: Volume 1 - Renewable Energy: Biomass resources and biofuel production; Bioenergy Utilization; Solar Energy; Wind Energy; Geothermal Energy; Tidal Energy. Volume 2 - Clean Energy Conversion Technologies: Steam/Vapor Power Generation; Gas Turbines Power Generation; Reciprocating Engines; Fuel Cells; Cogeneration and Polygeneration. Volume 3 - Mitigation Technologies: Carbon Capture; Negative Emissions System; Carbon Transportation; Carbon Storage; Emission Mitigation Technologies; Efficiency Improvements and Waste Management; Waste to Energy. Volume 4 - Intelligent Energy Systems: Future Electricity Markets; Diagnostic and Control of Energy Systems; New Electric Transmission Systems; Smart Grid and Modern Electrical Systems; Energy Efficiency of Municipal Energy Systems; Energy Efficiency of Industrial Energy Systems; Consumer Behaviors; Load Control and Management; Electric Car and Hybrid Car; Energy Efficiency Improvement. Volume 5 - Energy Storage: Thermal Energy Storage; Chemical Storage; Mechanical Storage; Electrochemical Storage; Integrated Storage Systems. Volume 6 - Sustainability of Energy Systems: Sustainability Indicators, Evaluation Criteria, and Reporting; Regulation and Policy; Finance and Investment; Emission Trading; Modeling and Analysis of Energy Systems; Energy vs. Development; Low Carbon Economy; Energy Efficiencies and Emission Reduction. Key features: Comprising over 3,500 pages in 6 volumes, HCES presents a comprehensive overview of the latest research, developments and practical applications throughout all areas of clean energy systems, consolidating a wealth of information which is currently scattered across a wide variety of literature sources. In addition to renewable energy systems, HCES also covers processes for the efficient and clean conversion of traditional fuels such as coal, oil and gas, energy storage systems, mitigation technologies for the reduction of environmental pollutants, and the development of intelligent energy systems. Environmental, social and economic impacts of energy systems are also addressed in depth. Published in full colour throughout. Fully indexed with cross referencing within and between all six volumes. Edited by leading researchers from academia and industry who are internationally renowned and active in their respective fields. Published in print and online. The online version is a single publication (i.e. no updates), available for one-time purchase or through annual subscription.
Author: International Energy Agency
Publisher: Simon and Schuster
ISBN: 9264108831
Category : Electronic books
Languages : en
Pages : 208
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Book Description
Hydrogen and fuel cells are vital technologies to ensure a secure and CO2-free energy future. Their development will take decades of extensive public and private effort to achieve technology breakthroughs and commercial maturity. Government research programs are indispensable for catalyzing the development process. This report maps the IEA countries' current efforts to research, develop and deploy the interlocking elements that constitute a "hydrogen economy", including CO2 capture and storage when hydrogen is produced out of fossil fuels. It provides an overview of what is being done, and by whom, covering an extensive complexity of national government R & D programs. The survey highlights the potential for exploiting the benefits of the international cooperation. This book draws primarily upon information contributed by IEA governments. In virtually all the IEA countries, important R & D and policy efforts on hydrogen and fuel cells are in place and expanding. Some are fully-integrated, government-funded programs, some are a key element in an overall strategy spread among multiple public and private efforts. The large amount of information provided in this publication reflects the vast array of technologies and logistics required to build the "hydrogen economy."--Publisher description.
Author: David F. Asmus
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781838624910
Category : Project finance
Languages : en
Pages : 181
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Book Description
Author: Marco Kerste
Publisher: VU Uitgeverij
ISBN: 9086595596
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 224
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Book Description
Sustainability thinking is rapidly gaining traction. It offers an inspiring vision for the future of the world and provides significant business and investment opportunities. Based on insights from over 300 empirical studies, this book explores the possibilities in the field of renewable energy finance, carbon trading, and sustainable investing. In addition, it describes innovative finance mechanisms – such as green bonds and peer-to-peer lending – that may further spur environmental and social sustainability. By taking an empirical, fact-based approach, this book aims to provide investors, business executives, and policymakers with a more thorough understanding of how sustainable finance can create value for business and society. Key words: Sustainable finance, renewable energy finance, cleantech, green investing, sustainable investments, responsible investments, carbon trading, carbon finance, ESG, impact investing.
Author: Robert Clews
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0128005297
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 416
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Book Description
This overview of project finance for the oil and gas industry covers financial markets, sources and providers of finance, financial structures, and capital raising processes. About US$300 billion of project finance debt is raised annually across several capital intensive sectors—including oil and gas, energy, infrastructure, and mining—and the oil and gas industry represents around 30% of the global project finance market. With over 25 year's project finance experience in international banking and industry, author Robert Clews explores project finance techniques and their effectiveness in the petroleum industry. He highlights the petroleum industry players, risks, economics, and commercial/legal arrangements. With petroleum industry projects representing amongst the largest industrial activities in the world, this book ties together concepts and tools through real examples and aims to ensure that project finance will continue to play a central role in bringing together investors and lenders to finance these ventures. - Combines the theory and practice of raising long-term funding for capital intensive projects with insights about the appeal of project finance to the international oil and gas industry - Includes case studies and examples covering projects in the Arctic, East Africa, Latin America, North America, and Australia - Emphasizes the full downstream value chain of the industry instead of limiting itself to upstream and pipeline project financing - Highlights petroleum industry players, risks, economics, and commercial and legal arrangements
Author: Michael Ball
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1139480952
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 671
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Book Description
This book highlights the opportunities and the challenges of introducing hydrogen as alternative transport fuel from an economic, technical and environmental point of view. Through its multi-disciplinary approach the book provides researchers, decision makers and policy makers with a solid and wide-ranging knowledge base concerning the hydrogen economy.
Author: International Renewable Energy Agency IRENA
Publisher: International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)
ISBN: 9292602500
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 344
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Book Description
This outlook highlights climate-safe investment options until 2050, policies for transition and specific regional challenges. It also explores options to eventually cut emissions to zero.
