Field Data, Models and Uncertainty in Hazard Assessment of Pyroclastic Density Currents and Lahars: Global Perspectives PDF Download
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Author: Pablo Tierz
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
ISBN: 2889668665
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 254
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Book Description
Author: Pablo Tierz
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
ISBN: 2889668665
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 254
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Book Description
Author: Sarah Elizabeth Ogburn
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 318
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Book Description
This work explores the use of both a geographical information system (GIS) and a global database for reconciling pyroclastic density current field data with conceptual and computational analogs. This study has four parts: 1) The suitability and use of different PDC mobility metrics is investigated by developing FlowDat, a global database of mass flows. This work reexamines the use of mobility metrics for characterizing PDC mobility and the frequency-magnitude relationships of PDCs, and shows how such data might be used for producing event trees. The work also tests the use of measurable deposit parameters as inputs for geophysical mass flow models, and shows that [delta]H/L (height-dropped/runout) values can be used as an estimate for the basal friction input parameter for TITAN2D; that the constant retarding stress parameter for VolcFlow can be estimated from field measurements, but not predicted; and that the calculation of the LAHARZ coefficients for the planimetric- and cross-sectional area-volume relationships using statistical analysis of data is problematic for forward modeling of PDCs. 2) The relative effectiveness of three popular computational models to simulate PDCs is explored by comparing both best-fit and FlowDat-derived model simulations to all mapped PDCs from the eruption of Soufrière Hills Volcano (SHV), Montserrat. This work expands upon single-deposit comparisons of models, and is instead able to compare models over a range of volumes and emplacement environments. Results show that TITAN2D and VolcFlow are both able to replicate smaller-volume flows better than larger-volume flows, probably due to the increasing complexity in source characteristics and unsteadiness and non-uniformity of PDCs of larger volumes. LAHARZ is capable of reproducing mapped deposits, but its use for forward modeling is questioned. 3) The role of topography in the detachment of ash-cloud surges is derived from both field and GIS measurements of SHV deposits and digital elevation models (DEMs). The cross-sectional area of the channel is identified as a trigger of ash-cloud surge detachment, and a critical volume-specific cross-sectional area is determined. The results indicate that surge mobility and detachment are a complex product of flow mass flux, energy or granular temperature, and topography and that future efforts to model dense-dilute coupled flows will need to account for and integrate several mechanisms acting on different parts of the flow. 4) The relationships between surge detachment and topography mean that careful attention must be paid to the ways in which topography changes through time. Rapid topographic changes during an ongoing eruptive crisis can have important hazard implications, as in-filled valleys are less able to contain subsequent flows and steeper average drainage slopes can increase flow mobility. This work explores how topography has changed through time at SHV, Montserrat, and how these changes may impact future hazards in the Belham Valley. The Belham Valley, which is of paramount importance for hazard assessment on Montserrat, has steepened, lost cross-sectional area due to deposition, and the main channel has shifted toward the northern banks. Together, these changes increase the risks to populated areas from PDCs and lahars in the future. Each of these components contributes to our understanding of the mobility and behavior of PDCs, especially in relation to topographical effects. An important contribution is highlighting the differences between small-volume flows, which are better characterized by models and metrics, and larger-volume flows which are more complex and less well-characterized by models and metrics, which essentially average out aspects of these highly unsteady flows in both space and time. This presents important limits to the scalability of small-scale experiments and models developed in the context of these experiments. This work also seeks to use digital representations of deposits and topography to extract added value from already completed field investigations using a GIS. Field campaigns can be expensive, impractical, and even dangerous, and the work presented herein devises new ways to leverage existing data for further investigation.
Author: Karin Riley
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119027861
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 356
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Book Description
Uncertainties are pervasive in natural hazards, and it is crucial to develop robust and meaningful approaches to characterize and communicate uncertainties to inform modeling efforts. In this monograph we provide a broad, cross-disciplinary overview of issues relating to uncertainties faced in natural hazard and risk assessment. We introduce some basic tenets of uncertainty analysis, discuss issues related to communication and decision support, and offer numerous examples of analyses and modeling approaches that vary by context and scope. Contributors include scientists from across the full breath of the natural hazard scientific community, from those in real-time analysis of natural hazards to those in the research community from academia and government. Key themes and highlights include: Substantial breadth and depth of analysis in terms of the types of natural hazards addressed, the disciplinary perspectives represented, and the number of studies included Targeted, application-centered analyses with a focus on development and use of modeling techniques to address various sources of uncertainty Emphasis on the impacts of climate change on natural hazard processes and outcomes Recommendations for cross-disciplinary and science transfer across natural hazard sciences This volume will be an excellent resource for those interested in the current work on uncertainty classification/quantification and will document common and emergent research themes to allow all to learn from each other and build a more connected but still diverse and ever growing community of scientists. Read an interview with the editors to find out more: https://eos.org/editors-vox/reducing-uncertainty-in-hazard-prediction
Author: Elisa Trasatti
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
ISBN: 288966757X
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 115
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Book Description
Author: Andrea Bevilacqua
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 8876425772
Category : Mathematics
Languages : en
Pages : 234
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Book Description
This study provides innovative mathematical models for assessing the eruption probability and associated volcanic hazards, and applies them to the Campi Flegrei caldera in Italy. Throughout the book, significant attention is devoted to quantifying the sources of uncertainty affecting the forecast estimates. The Campi Flegrei caldera is certainly one of the world’s highest-risk volcanoes, with more than 70 eruptions over the last 15,000 years, prevalently explosive ones of varying magnitude, intensity and vent location. In the second half of the twentieth century the volcano apparently once again entered a phase of unrest that continues to the present. Hundreds of thousands of people live inside the caldera and over a million more in the nearby city of Naples, making a future eruption of Campi Flegrei an event with potentially catastrophic consequences at the national and European levels.
Author: Susan C. Loughlin
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1107111757
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 409
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Book Description
The first comprehensive assessment of global volcanic hazards and risk, with detailed regional profiles, for the disaster risk reduction community. Also available as Open Access.
Author: Karin Riley
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119028108
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 360
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Book Description
Uncertainties are pervasive in natural hazards, and it is crucial to develop robust and meaningful approaches to characterize and communicate uncertainties to inform modeling efforts. In this monograph we provide a broad, cross-disciplinary overview of issues relating to uncertainties faced in natural hazard and risk assessment. We introduce some basic tenets of uncertainty analysis, discuss issues related to communication and decision support, and offer numerous examples of analyses and modeling approaches that vary by context and scope. Contributors include scientists from across the full breath of the natural hazard scientific community, from those in real-time analysis of natural hazards to those in the research community from academia and government. Key themes and highlights include: Substantial breadth and depth of analysis in terms of the types of natural hazards addressed, the disciplinary perspectives represented, and the number of studies included Targeted, application-centered analyses with a focus on development and use of modeling techniques to address various sources of uncertainty Emphasis on the impacts of climate change on natural hazard processes and outcomes Recommendations for cross-disciplinary and science transfer across natural hazard sciences This volume will be an excellent resource for those interested in the current work on uncertainty classification/quantification and will document common and emergent research themes to allow all to learn from each other and build a more connected but still diverse and ever growing community of scientists. Read an interview with the editors to find out more: https://eos.org/editors-vox/reducing-uncertainty-in-hazard-prediction
Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309454158
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 135
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Book Description
Volcanic eruptions are common, with more than 50 volcanic eruptions in the United States alone in the past 31 years. These eruptions can have devastating economic and social consequences, even at great distances from the volcano. Fortunately many eruptions are preceded by unrest that can be detected using ground, airborne, and spaceborne instruments. Data from these instruments, combined with basic understanding of how volcanoes work, form the basis for forecasting eruptionsâ€"where, when, how big, how long, and the consequences. Accurate forecasts of the likelihood and magnitude of an eruption in a specified timeframe are rooted in a scientific understanding of the processes that govern the storage, ascent, and eruption of magma. Yet our understanding of volcanic systems is incomplete and biased by the limited number of volcanoes and eruption styles observed with advanced instrumentation. Volcanic Eruptions and Their Repose, Unrest, Precursors, and Timing identifies key science questions, research and observation priorities, and approaches for building a volcano science community capable of tackling them. This report presents goals for making major advances in volcano science.
Author: Dwight Raymond Crandell
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Natural disasters
Languages : en
Pages : 110
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Author: Lorenzo Mantiloni
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Volcanic hazard assessment relies on physics-based models of hazards, such as lava flows and pyroclastic density currents, whose outcomes are very sensitive to the location where future eruptions will occur. On the contrary, forecast of vent opening locations in volcanic areas typically relies on purely data-driven approaches, where the spatial density of past eruptive vents informs the probability maps of future vent opening. Such techniques may be suboptimal in volcanic systems with missing or scarce data, and where the controls on magma pathways may change over time. An alternative approach was recently proposed, relying on a model of stress-driven pathways of magmatic dikes. In that approach, the crustal stress was optimized so that dike trajectories linked consistently the location of the magma chamber to that of past vents. The retrieved information on the stress state was then used to forecast future dike trajectories. The validation of such an approach requires extensive application to nature. Before doing so, however, several ...
