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Author: M. Hakama
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780608043999
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 226
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Book Description
Author: M. Hakama
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780608043999
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 226
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Book Description
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309170133
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 564
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Book Description
Cancer ranks second only to heart disease as a leading cause of death in the United States, making it a tremendous burden in years of life lost, patient suffering, and economic costs. Fulfilling the Potential for Cancer Prevention and Early Detection reviews the proof that we can dramatically reduce cancer rates. The National Cancer Policy Board, part of the Institute of Medicine, outlines a national strategy to realize the promise of cancer prevention and early detection, including specific and wide-ranging recommendations. Offering a wealth of information and directly addressing major controversies, the book includes: A detailed look at how significantly cancer could be reduced through lifestyle changes, evaluating approaches used to alter eating, smoking, and exercise habits. An analysis of the intuitive notion that screening for cancer leads to improved health outcomes, including a discussion of screening methods, potential risks, and current recommendations. An examination of cancer prevention and control opportunities in primary health care delivery settings, including a review of interventions aimed at improving provider performance. Reviews of professional education and training programs, research trends and opportunities, and federal programs that support cancer prevention and early detection. This in-depth volume will be of interest to policy analysts, cancer and public health specialists, health care administrators and providers, researchers, insurers, medical journalists, and patient advocates.
Author: World Health Organization
Publisher: World Health Organization
ISBN: 9241547006
Category : Health & Fitness
Languages : en
Pages : 284
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Book Description
Most women who die from cervical cancer, particularly in developing countries, are in the prime of their life. They may be raising children, caring for their family, and contributing to the social and economic life of their town or village. Their death is both a personal tragedy, and a sad and unnecessary loss to their family and their community. Unnecessary, because there is compelling evidence, as this Guide makes clear, that cervical cancer is one of the most preventable and treatable forms of cancer, as long as it is detected early and managed effectively. Unfortunately, the majority of women in developing countries still do not have access to cervical cancer prevention programmes. The consequence is that, often, cervical cancer is not detected until it is too late to be cured. An urgent effort is required if this situation is to be corrected. This Guide is intended to help those responsible for providing services aimed at reducing the burden posed by cervical cancer for women, communities and health systems. It focuses on the knowledge and skills needed by health care providers, at different levels of care.
Author: Dean T. Jamison
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN: 0821361805
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 1449
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Book Description
Based on careful analysis of burden of disease and the costs ofinterventions, this second edition of 'Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries, 2nd edition' highlights achievable priorities; measures progresstoward providing efficient, equitable care; promotes cost-effectiveinterventions to targeted populations; and encourages integrated effortsto optimize health. Nearly 500 experts - scientists, epidemiologists, health economists,academicians, and public health practitioners - from around the worldcontributed to the data sources and methodologies, and identifiedchallenges and priorities, resulting in this integrated, comprehensivereference volume on the state of health in developing countries.
Author: Matti Hakama
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN: 9789283221036
Category : Literary Criticism
Languages : en
Pages : 236
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Book Description
This book examines the current state of evidence relating to the effectiveness of primary prevention measures. The identification of environmental and lifestyle factors as causes of cancer means that the theoretical basis for the prevention of cancer is well established. Despite this, there have been relatively few studies which examine the effectiveness of different strategies in reducing cancer-causing exposures, and even fewer where the results in terms of cancers avoided can be assessed. Most such evidence derives from observational studies, which show that changes in cancer incidence occur when diet or tobacco use are modified, even in modification is not the result of an organized preventive action. The occupational field too provides good examples of reduction in exposure to carcinogens if not always because of their carcinogenic hazard and consequent reductions in cancer incidence. This volume provides an in-depth study of four intervention studies, examining their outcome in terms of cancer risk. It also reviews the results of several other previously published studies, and provides a convenient summary of results as well as information on future prospects.
Author: Willy J. Eylenbosch
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Cancer
Languages : en
Pages : 392
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Book Description
Author: U. S. Department of Health and Human Services
Publisher: CreateSpace
ISBN: 9781491058565
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 518
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Book Description
Ovarian cancer is the eighth most common cancer in women and is the fifth leading cause of cancer death, with an age-adjusted rate of 8.2 deaths per 100,000 women. Given current age-specific incidence and demographic projections, the number of cases of ovarian cancer will almost double over the next 35 years as women born between 1946 and 1964 (“baby boom” generation) reach the age of highest incidence (60 years & older). While advances in surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy over the past 20 years have led to improved outcomes, overall 5-year survival is only 42% for ovarian cancer compared with 88% for breast cancer and 63% for colorectal cancer. The high mortality rate in women with ovarian cancer is largely attributed to the later stage at presentation compared with other common cancers. This has led to intense research efforts to identify effective screening strategies for ovarian cancer, but results have been disappointing, particularly with regard to decreases in mortality. There is consistent evidence from a variety of sources that oral contraceptive (OC) use reduces ovarian cancer risk. This evidence includes declining age-specific ovarian cancer incidence and mortality in cohorts of women who had access to OCs throughout their reproductive life, and there are several biologically plausible mechanisms for a protective effect. The potential benefit of using OCs solely to reduce the risk of ovarian cancer must be weighed with knowledge of other potential noncontraceptive health benefits of OCs and potential harms. The combination of systematic review and decision-analytic modeling presented in this report allows us to estimate the tradeoff between the harms and benefits of OC use for the overall population and for individual women, accounting for the potential influence of other factors, such as timing of OC use or presence of risk factors such as family history. This report was funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in conjunction with the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, and was designed to evaluate the benefits and harms of the use of oral contraceptives as a primary preventive measure against ovarian cancer. We focused on synthesizing the available evidence for the effectiveness of this strategy in a general population and in groups at elevated risk. We also evaluated benefits and harms of OC use that are not related to the development of ovarian cancer. Finally, we designed a comparative effectiveness model to inform the questions generated by this review. The Key Questions considered in this review are: KQ1: What is the effectiveness of combined (estrogen and progestin containing) and progestin-only OCs for reducing the risk of ovarian cancer? KQ2: Do specifics of OC use (e.g., dose/formulation, age at initiation, duration of use) affect the relative risk of developing ovarian cancer? KQ3: Does the use of OCs by specific populations of women (e.g., those defined by age, family history of breast and ovarian cancer, BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation status, parity) affect the relative risk of developing ovarian cancer? KQ4: Aside from pregnancy prevention, are there other benefits of OC use in reducing the risks of endometrial cancer or colorectal cancer? KQ5: What are the harms of OC use, including breast cancer incidence, cervical cancer incidence, venous thromboembolic disease, stroke, or myocardial infarction? How do these harms vary by dose or formulation, duration of use, or specific population? KQ6: Based on the comprehensive literature review, what are the benefits and harms from the use of OCs to reduce the incidence of ovarian cancer for specific populations? Based on the decision model, what is the estimated effect of these benefits and harms on life expectancy and quality-adjusted life expectancy? KQ7: Based on the systematic review and decision model, what research gaps need to be filled to better understand whether OCs are effective for the primary prevention of ovarian cancer?
Author: U. S. Department of Health and Human Services
Publisher: Createspace Independent Pub
ISBN: 9781484974704
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 238
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Book Description
Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed noncutaneous cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death after lung cancer among women in the United States. In 2008, an estimated 182,460 cases of invasive breast cancer and 67,770 cases of in situ breast cancer were diagnosed, and 40,480 women died of breast cancer in the United States. Recent clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy of three medications—tamoxifen citrate, raloxifene, and tibolone—to reduce the risk of invasive breast cancer in women without pre-existing cancer. This therapy is sometimes referred to as “chemoprevention” in the literature, although this is not a fully accurate representation of the intervention. Tamoxifen and raloxifene are approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for this indication and tibolone is not. Raloxifene is approved for use by postmenopausal women only. Current clinical recommendations, including those from the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force issued in 2002, support tamoxifen use for primary breast cancer prevention in women considered at high risk for breast cancer by the Gail model or other criteria and low risk for adverse events. However, use of risk-reducing medications for breast cancer is believed to be low in the United States. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the comparative effectiveness of tamoxifen citrate, raloxifene, and tibolone to reduce the risk of primary breast cancer; assess the nature and magnitude of harms; and examine how benefits and harms vary by age, breast cancer risk status, and other factors. The review was originally entitled “Comparative Effectiveness of Chemotherapy Agents in the Prevention of Primary Breast Cancer in Women.” Peer review comments suggested that the terms “chemotherapy” and “prevention” were misnomers. The term “medications to reduce risk” is a better representation of the intervention and therefore, all references to “chemoprevention” are edited, including the key questions and report title. The review also examines issues related to clinical effectiveness, such as patient choice, concordance, adherence, and persistence of use, and evaluates methods to appropriately select patients for risk-reducing medications for clinical applications. The target population includes women without pre-existing breast cancer, noninvasive breast cancer, or precursor conditions who are not known carriers of breast cancer susceptibility mutations (BRCA1, BRCA2, or others). Key questions addressed include: Key Question 1. In adult women without pre-existing breast cancer, what is the comparative effectiveness of selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) tamoxifen citrate and raloxifene, and the selective tissue estrogenic activity regulator (STEAR) tibolone, when used to reduce risk for primary breast cancer on improving short-term and long-term outcomes including invasive breast cancer, noninvasive breast cancer, including ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), breast cancer mortality, all-cause mortality, and osteoporotic fractures? Key Question 2. What is the evidence for harms of tamoxifen citrate, raloxifene, and tibolone when used to reduce risk for primary breast cancer? Key Question 3. How do outcomes for tamoxifen citrate, raloxifene, and tibolone when used for primary prevention of breast cancer vary by heterogeneity in subpopulations? Key Question 4. What is the evidence that harms or secondary potential benefits listed above affect treatment choice, concordance, adherence, and persistence to treatment with tamoxifen citrate, raloxifene, and tibolone when used for primary prevention of breast cancer? Key Question 5. What methods, such as clinical risk-assessment models, have been used to identify women who could benefit from medications to reduce risk of breast cancer?
Author: Ontario. Task Force on the Primary Prevention of Cancer
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780777839157
Category : Cancer
Languages : en
Pages : 64
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Book Description
Author: Jack Cuzick
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3642451950
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 167
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Book Description
Prostate cancer is by far the most common cancer in men and the second leading cause of death due to cancer. It comprises a mixed group of tumours displaying varying clinical behaviour: while some have a very aggressive course, others are rather indolent. Prevention of prostate cancer and discrimination between aggressive and indolent forms are important clinical goals and the acquisition of significant new evidence on means of achieving these aims makes this book particularly timely. A wide range of topics are covered by leading authorities in the field. The biology and natural history of prostate cancer are reviewed and the role of lifestyle and dietary factors, assessed. Detailed attention is paid to risk prediction biomarkers and to the role of novel high-throughput nucleic acid-based technologies in improving risk prediction and thereby allowing tailored approaches to cancer prevention. Potential means of chemoprevention of prostate cancer are also reviewed in depth, covering the very positive new data on the impact of aspirin as well as evidence regarding 5α-reductase inhibitors, DFMO and lycopene. Guidance is provided on the differentiation of aggressive from indolent disease and the policy and research implications of recent findings are examined. This book will be of interest to both clinicians and researchers.
