Essays on Inequality and Intergenerational Mobility PDF Download
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Author: Christopher Rauh
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Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Author: Christopher Rauh
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Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Author: Yi Fan
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Languages : en
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Author: Thinh Truong Pham
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Category : Income distribution
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Author: Seunghee Lee (Economist)
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Category : Equality
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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As the interest in Economics on inequality has exploded, intergenerational mobility is one of the fundamental areas concerning inequality since it is related to many normative questions such as equal opportunity and fairness. Despite its importance, research on measuring intergenerational mobility has received relatively little attention. The dominant approach is still the scalar-based regression approach, which employs a regression of some statistics of offspring on some statistics of parents. In connection with this issue, this dissertation introduces a novel measure for intergenerational mobility based on modern economic theory and empirically analyzes intergenerational mobility in the U.S. and Korea.The first chapter analyzes the empirical aspect of the relationship between parental income trajectory and a child's success in the U.S. using a novel approach, functional approach.In particular, we find that parental income when their children are in their late teens is more correlated with children's income in their early 30s. In addition, children whose parental income tends to increase in their late teens are more likely to have a higher economic position than their parents. This implies that upward income mobility is positively associated with the steadily increasing economic status of the family over the first 20 years of children's life. Investigated further are the effects on explaining a child's success of the role of other trajectories, such as the family structure of unemployment and job type of household head, and the impact of parental education level. We also investigate the association between parental income profile and their children's college attendance and derive a similar finding that late teens are crucial periods when parents' income has a more significant impact on children's educational success.While the first chapter addresses issues in intergenerational mobility in the U.S., the second chapter focuses on intergenerational mobility in Korea. In the second chapter, using a similar approach to Chapter 1, we analyze the intergenerational mobility in all three dimensions - income, education, and occupation. In addition, reflecting Korea's unique historical and social characteristics, we study the association between investment in private tutoring and a child's economic and educational success. Our findings highlight the importance of parental intervention in teens on a child's educational success. The pattern of parental income profile of the upward mobility group shows a stronger upward trend than that of the downward mobility group, similar to what we observe in the U.S. data in Chapter 1. In Korea, both upward and downward mobility groups show steadily increasing parental income trajectories, reflecting the rapid economic growth Korea has experienced over the last six decades. This interesting and unique finding of mobility patterns in Korea reveals various social and economic structural changes Korea has gone through.The third chapter studies the various methodological issues. In this chapter, we consider how our functional estimate can be varied by the fluctuation of measurement error in parental income. Using Beveridge-Nelson decomposition, we decompose parental income into permanent and transitory components and consider the transitory component as a measurement error. We also compare our estimation method with the methods based on the fixed basis approach. Using too many bases in this approach yields nonsensical estimates, while the estimates using too few bases strongly depend on the shape of the basis. We also find that the fixed basis approach is not robust to measurement error. A possible endogeneity issue is also studied in this chapter. Parental income can affect their children's success through two channels, transmission of human capital and providing financial resources. To focus on the effect of financial resources, we measure intergenerational income mobility using instrumental variables to control the effect of human capital.
Author: James Feigenbaum
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Languages : en
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This dissertation explores intergenerational mobility and inequality in the early twentieth century. The first chapter asks whether economic downturns increase or decrease mobility. I estimate the effect of the Great Depression on mobility, linking a sample of fathers before the Depression to their sons in 1940. I find that the Great Depression lowered intergenerational mobility for sons growing up in cities hit by large downturns. The effects are driven by differential, selective migration: the sons of richer fathers are able to move to better destinations. The second chapter compares historic rates of intergenerational mobility to today. Based on a sample matched from the Iowa 1915 State Census to the 1940 Federal Census, I argue that there was more mobility in the early twentieth century than is found in contemporary data, whether measured using intergenerational elasticities, rank-rank correlations, educational persistence, or occupational status measures. In the third chapter, I detail the machine learning method used to create the linked census samples used in chapters 1 and 2. I use a supervised learning approach to record linkage, training a matching algorithm on hand-linked historical data which is able to efficiently and accurately find links in noisy in historical data.
Author: Carlo Zanella
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Languages : en
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Author: Aiday Sikhova
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Languages : en
Pages : 0
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The first chapter of the dissertation provides novel empirical evidence to disentangle the significance of parental income and parental education in determining children's human capital using Swedish administrative data. The second chapter shows that parents are an important mechanism driving income inequality among their children using survey data for Chinese child and adult twins.
Author: Tom Church
Publisher: Hoover Press
ISBN: 0817919066
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 238
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Drawing from a 2014 Hoover Institution Conference on Inequality in honor of Gary Becker, a group of distinguished contributors explore various measures of inequality in America and address the issue of whether or not it is increasing. In looking at this question and examining policy implications, the authors draw on research on human capital and intergenerational mobility. The authors suggest that the emphasis on inequality and redistribution, while not wrong, is nevertheless misplaced, for it may lead us to adopt policies that will disrupt the progress we have made while doing nothing to promote the kind of growth that is essential to national progress.
Author: Jack Richard Blundell
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Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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The widespread prevalence of rising economic inequality across western democracies has led to immense academic and policy interest, as well as the rapid development of the tools required to study it. Researchers are now equipped with rich data and advanced computational methods which are well-suited to analyzing the processes underlying the extensive differences exhibited across individuals and groups within and between societies. To an extent, diverse outcomes reflect an intrinsic natural variation in individual tastes and preferences. However, in many cases we rather consider inequalities, particularly economic inequalities, to reflect injustice, misallocation and constrained opportunities. When considering labor market earnings, a substantial proportion of the variation across individuals can be explained by a single predictor: a worker's gender. In the first chapter of this dissertation I study a policy explicitly designed to reduce this association, in which employers are required to publicly report gender pay gap statistics. Proponents argue that increasing the information available to workers and consumers places pressure on firms to close pay gaps, but opponents argue that such policies are poorly targeted and ineffective. I contribute to the debate by analyzing the UK's recent reporting policy, in which employers are mandated to publicly report simple measures of their gender pay gap each year. Exploiting a discontinuous size threshold in the policy's coverage, I apply a difference-in-difference strategy to linked employer-employee payroll data. I find that the introduction of reporting requirements led to a 1.6 percentage-point narrowing of the gender pay gap at affected employers. This large-magnitude effect is primarily due to a decline in male wages within affected employers and is not caused by a change in the composition of the workforce. To explain this effect, I propose that a worker preference against high pay gap employers induces the closing of pay gaps upon information revelation. Newly-gathered survey evidence shows that female workers in particular exhibit a significant preference for low pay gap employers. In a hypothetical choice experiment, over half of women accept a 2.5\% lower salary to avoid a high pay gap employer. I also demonstrate substantial heterogeneity in the interpretation of pay gap statistics across workers and show that this affects their valuation of jobs at employers with different pay gaps. Does the importance of your family background on how far you get in adulthood also depend on where you grow up? For England and Wales, a paucity of data has made this a difficult question to reliably answer. My second chapter, co-authored with Brian Bell and Stephen Machin, presents a new analysis of intergenerational mobility across three cohorts in England and Wales using linked decennial census microdata. These data permit the study of different mobility outcomes in occupation, home ownership and education, at the spatial level through time. As well as showing national results consistent with previous studies, we find strong sub-regional patterns in mobility, with four main results emerging. First, area-level differences in upward occupational mobility are highly persistent over time. Second, consistent with evidence from other countries, absolute and relative mobility are positively correlated for all measures and particularly strongly for home ownership. Third, there is a robust relationship between upward educational and upward occupational mobility. Last, there is a small negative relationship between upward home ownership mobility and upward occupational mobility, revealing that social mobility comparisons based on different outcomes can have different trends. Social scientists have long been interested in the relationship between parental factors and later child income. Finding the best characterization of this relationship for the question at hand is however fraught with choices. In my third chapter, co-authored with Erling Risa, we use machine learning methods to assess the `completeness' of one popular modelling approach. Here, completeness refers to how well the model summarizes the total predictive relationship between multiple parental factors and a single child outcome. Machine learning methods enable us to depart from functional form assumptions, allowing flexible interactions between a large set of possible parental factors. Using our most flexible complete model as a benchmark, we assess the popular `rank-rank' model relating parent and child incomes. Applying our approach to high-quality Norwegian administrative data, we demonstrate that the rank-rank model explains 68\% of the total explainable variation in child income rank, based on a broad set of potential parental factors entering a neural network. Parental wealth and parental education explain the majority of the remaining explainable variation. At the regional level, we estimate homogeneous completeness across areas. Rankings of areas based on rank-rank slope estimates align with those based on the predictive fit of the broader flexible model.
Author: James N Baron
Publisher: Westview Press
ISBN:
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 408
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Reflects the current study of social stratification as it has been reshaped by recent developments in the analysis of macroeconomic, institutional, demographic, and ascriptive sources of inequality. In 11 essays sociologists look at such factors of differentiation as employment and income, education, infant mortality in China, the distribution of responsibility across gender, and the social construction of intelligence and gender barriers to it. Annotation copyright by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR
