Enhanced Biodegradation of Hydrocarbon Contaminated Water Through Pretreatment by a Photocatalytic Oxidation Process PDF Download
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Author: Chad Edward Green
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Hydrocarbons
Languages : en
Pages : 268
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Book Description
Investigates photocatalysis as a chemical pretreatment to microbial degradation of hydrocarbon contaminated water.
Author: Chad Edward Green
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Hydrocarbons
Languages : en
Pages : 268
Get Book Here
Book Description
Investigates photocatalysis as a chemical pretreatment to microbial degradation of hydrocarbon contaminated water.
Author: Bo Liu
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
The growing amount and environmental impact of offshore oily wastewater especially offshore produced water (OPW) have drawn significant attention in recent years. The petroleum hydrocarbons in wastewater can have severe negative effects in a long term on coastal and marine ecosystems if without sufficient treatment before discharge. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as a representative of dissolved chemical compounds or environmental pollutants in oily wastewater have been a major issue of marine environments due to their carcinogenic or mutagenic, toxic, persistent and bio-accumulative properties. To reduce the negative impact of produced water to the marine ecosystem, it is required to remove all toxicants especially PAHs before discharge. Various challenges have been identified in implementing conventional technologies (e.g., physical separation, chemical oxidation and biological remediation) for treating the dissolved organic pollutants (e.g., PAHs). Therefore, the research and development of more effective technologies to address these concerns are much desired. Photocatalysis generates powerful oxidative radicals which can rapidly mineralize organics especially aromatic compounds, offering a great potential use in removing PAHs from oily wastewater. However, the photocatalytic degradation of organics can be dramatically inhibited by the complex matrix of OPW. Limited in-depth studies were reported on the behaviors and interactions of different components in produced water during photocatalysis. The mechanisms of the interferences are of utmost importance to the development of highly efficiency treatment technologies. The generation of intermediates caused by the complex matrix and inhibited treatment process could further lead to the increase in the toxicity of treated effluent to the marine ecosystem, and consequently reduce its potential in natural attenuation. In addressing these challenges and fulfill the knowledge gaps, this research is focused on the evaluation of the key factors and the mechanisms of OPW matrix in photocatalysis, and the development of enhanced photocatalytic oxidation processes to aid the OPW treatment, thus can achieve both high efficiency in removal of PAHs, and low toxicity and high biodegradability of the effluent. The matrix effect was first investigated in a suspensive photocatalytic oxidation system, in which the synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles were used. It is indicated that the degradation of PAHs was inhibited by the impurities in OPW matrix in many ways: the alkaline-earth cations caused the flocculation of the particle; the insoluble particulate matters competed with PAHs in the adsorption on TiO2; the competition and the fouling effect of other dissolved organic matters were deteriorating the process. To enhance the treatment process, immobilized TiO2 was used instead and it was compared with the TiO2 nano-particles. Improvements were found in both naphthalene adsorption and degradation in the immobilized photocatalytic oxidation system, indicating immobilized TiO2 was more efficient and durable than TiO2 nanoparticles in oily wastewater treatment. The competition of hydrocarbons especially phenols played a key role in the degradation of PAHs. The fouling on the catalyst surface was verified by the scaling of alkaline-earth metals and the deposition of organic matters. Further improvement was aimed at developing a novel UV-light-emitted diode (UV-LED)/TiO2 nanotube array (TNA)/ozonation process for treating OPW. The involvement of ozone was to reduce the competition of other organics and enhance the degradation efficiency. The TNA with hollow 1-D tubular nano-structures was applied because of the combined advantage of nano-particle and immobilization, as well as high quantum yield. UV-LED has the advantage of high energy efficiency and long-life time. In the integrated system, the removal of PAHs can be achieved within 30-min treatment with the half-lives reduced to less than 10 mins. Factorial analysis demonstrates that the best dose of TNA is 0.2 g/L. Light intensity affects the generation of iodine radicals, which is a strong scavenger of ozone thus reduces the efficiency of PAHs removal. Ozone dose is a dominated factor that promotes the degradation. Further results indicate that the degradation of phenols and PAHs with higher solubility favors to undergo to ozone-inducted oxidation, while PAHs with lower solubility are more likely oxidized on the catalyst surface. The toxicity and biodegradability of OPW treated by photocatalytic oxidation were investigated during and after the treatment. Studies on the intermediates formed during the photocatalytic ozonation treatment in the presence of halogen ions reveal the mechanism and various reaction pathways of aromatic compounds. Iodization and bromination were the dominant interfering reactions in sequential stages. Two multivariable regression models were developed to quantify the contributions of key toxicants (e.g., total PAHs, total phenols, dibromo-pentane and bromoform) to the acute toxicity of OPW during the treatment processes. It was observed that by removing the total PAHs and total phenols, the acute toxicity was increased from 3% to 57%, and the biodegradability (BOD28/COD ratio) was doubled more than 80% by the integrated UV-LED/TNA/ozonation process. Further, the biodegradation rate of bromoform was much faster than those of phenols, indicating that the proposed technology features high efficiency and has low impact on marine environment. In this research, I have investigated the matrix effect of OPW on photocatalysis and the impacts to the suspended and immobilized TiO2. A novel integrated UV-LED/TNA/ozonation process was developed to treat OPW. The efficiency of the process, the effects of operational parameters, the intermediates and degradation pathways, and their contribution to the acute toxicity and biodegradability of treated effluent were investigated. The scientific contributions of the research are: 1) revealing and summarizing the key mechanisms of OPW matrix and their key effects on photocatalysis, 2) understanding the interactions of OPW composition with catalyst surface, 3) fulfilling the knowledge gaps on the removal of PAHs from OPW by the UV-A (365 nm) photocatalytic ozonation process, including the interactive mechanisms of the adsorption and photocatalytic oxidation, the behaviors of halogenic ions, and the effects of the operational factors, 4) proposing the altered photodegradation pathways of aromatic organic matter in the presence of halogen ions, and 5) proposing toxicity contribution models targeted on the most toxic compounds in OPW with/without photocatalytic ozonation. The findings of this thesis work also help 1) develop a better strategy to countermeasure the difficulties in the application of photocatalytic oxidation for treating OPW, 2) develop an advanced alternative option for the OPW management, and 3) monitor the composition and toxicity changes during the process and hence the production of by-products in the OPW treatment practice.
Author: Martin M. Halmann
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1040286240
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 319
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Book Description
Photodegradation of Water Pollutants, the only complete survey available of current photocatalytic methods for treating water pollutants, covers all aspects of light-stimulated detoxification. Ideal for researchers and students, this new book explains methods for pollution treatment that have proven more effective than conventional biodegradation. Photodegradation of Water Pollutants examines advanced oxidation processes that have been successful in treating the chemical substances produced by industrial effluents and intensive agriculture. These oxidation processes include irradiation with ultraviolet or visible light, the use of homogenous sensitizers, such as dyes, and the use of heterogeneous photocatalysts, such as dispersed semiconductors. In addition, Photodegradation of Water Pollutants addresses the naturally occurring self-cleaning of some pollutants in sunlit surface waters, as well as several alternative non-photochemical approaches to water treatment. Available treatment options are discussed for the main groups of water pollutants, including toxic inorganic ions (cyanides, heavy metals), hydrocarbon derivatives (oil spills, surfactants, pulp and paper wastes), halocarbons, organo-N, organo-P, and organo-S compounds. The text also contains a unique section on the economics of advanced oxidation pollution treatments.
Author: Martin M. Halmann
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 9780849324598
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 322
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Book Description
Photodegradation of Water Pollutants, the only complete survey available of current photocatalytic methods for treating water pollutants, covers all aspects of light-stimulated detoxification. Ideal for researchers and students, this new book explains methods for pollution treatment that have proven more effective than conventional biodegradation. Photodegradation of Water Pollutants examines advanced oxidation processes that have been successful in treating the chemical substances produced by industrial effluents and intensive agriculture. These oxidation processes include irradiation with ultraviolet or visible light, the use of homogenous sensitizers, such as dyes, and the use of heterogeneous photocatalysts, such as dispersed semiconductors. In addition, Photodegradation of Water Pollutants addresses the naturally occurring self-cleaning of some pollutants in sunlit surface waters, as well as several alternative non-photochemical approaches to water treatment. Available treatment options are discussed for the main groups of water pollutants, including toxic inorganic ions (cyanides, heavy metals), hydrocarbon derivatives (oil spills, surfactants, pulp and paper wastes), halocarbons, organo-N, organo-P, and organo-S compounds. The text also contains a unique section on the economics of advanced oxidation pollution treatments.
Author: Inamuddin
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 303054723X
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 443
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Book Description
In the context of climate change and fossil fuel pollution, solar energy appears as a cheap and sustainable fuel for many environmental applications, yet the efficiency of techniques has to be improved. This book reviews recent methods and applications of photocatalysis for the treatment of wastewater containing bacteria, heavy metals, organic pollutants, dyes and tannery effluents. Basics of water pollution, polluted river ecosystems and membranes are also detailed.
Author: Mauro Tummolo
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 224
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Book Description
Petroleum or crude oil is a naturally occurring, flammable liquid found in rock formations in the Earth consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights, plus other organic compounds. Crude oil varies dramatically in colour, odour, composition and flow properties that reflects the diversity of its origin. Crude oil is arguably the world's most compositionally complex organic mixture, in terms of the number of chemically distinct constituents and is composed of unsaturated and saturated hydrocarbons, heteroatoms (such as N, S, and O). Contamination of soils and water by crude oil and other related products has become a worldwide problem. Petroleum hydrocarbons come into the environment through accidents, spills or leaks, from industrial releases, or as byproducts from commercial or domestic uses. The greatest problem is due to accidental spillage. In the accidental pollution, the diffusion of the petroleum interests the surface of the soil and groundwater. Petroleum hydrocarbons could go into water and soil by geochemical circulation, bringing secondary pollution, even intrude human through food chain. Since crude oil lies over the surface of water and soil, it suffers solar irradiation. Solar degradation is one of the natural ways for petroleum decontamination suggesting techniques based on light irradiation could be useful in the petroleum degradation processes. Light irradiation based technologies have been enhanced by using catalysts, the most effective and cheapest one in water purification being titanium dioxide (TiO2). In the last year, the combined use of ultrasonic irradiation (sonolysis) and photocatalysis to degrade organic pollutants in water (e.g., effluent of dye works) has been investigated, but no works were found in literature about oil polluted water remediation by using sonophotocatalysis. For this reason, the aim of this thesis work is to investigate on the possibility of oil polluted water remediation using Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs). A suspension petroleum/water was prepared in a Pyrex flask (10 L). The flask was filled with 7.0 L of distilled water, petroleum was added at the ratio 1/20 (oil/water) and the solution was magnetically stirred and then kept in the dark at room temperature to reach equilibrium up to 30 days. The degradation of crude oil dissolved in water was investigated employing either sonolysis at 20 kHz, or photocatalysis on TiO2, or simultaneous sonolysis and photocatalysis (i.e. sonophotocatalysis), as degradation techniques. For photocatalytic degradation, we used a 125W high-pressure mercury lamp (Philips, HPK), which provides a maximum energy at 365 nm with an emission range from 200 to 600 nm, and paper supported titanium dioxide as a catalyst. Sonication was carried out by using an ultrasound emitter with an electric power adjustable between 7 and 100 W. Crude oil and water soluble fraction samples were analyzed by using gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry (GC-MS), liquid state nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS), and fluorescence. The study of non polar compounds in irradiated crude oil by GC-MS showed an intensification in relative amount of the C13-C23 fractions and a reduction in relative amount of the C7-C12 fractions. By use of FT-ICR-MS we can see that the irradiation of crude oil produces an oxidation of oil with a particular effect of double bonds oxygenation. Non polar compounds present in crude oil water soluble fraction detected by GC-MS show a strong presence of branched alkanes and a good amount of linear and aromatic alkanes. All degradation methods utilized have generated an augmentation of C5 class and a decrease of C6-C9 classes of compounds. In analysis of polar molecules, we can see that total oxygenated compounds were subjected to a small decrease after photocatalysis and a sharp decrease after sonophotocatalytic degradation; no modifications were showed in sonolysis. In FT-ICR analysis an augmentation of compounds with low molecular weight was also found together with a light increase of number of oxygen atoms in the oxygenated species, as shown in Kendrick and van Krevelen diagrams. In conclusion, we can affirm that ultrasound affects the rate of the photocatalytic degradation of the organic pollutant; the simultaneous use of ultrasound and photocatalysis increased the efficiencies of the degradation process, and a synergistic effect between sonolysis and photocatalysis is normally observed.
Author: Maulin P Shah
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1000546640
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 561
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Book Description
Advanced Oxidation Processes for Wastewater Treatment: An Innovative Approach: This book highlights the importance of various innovative advanced oxidation technology to clean up the environment from pollution caused by human activities. It assesses the potential application of several existing bioremediation techniques and introduces new emerging technologies. This book is an updated vision of the existing advanced oxidation strategies with their limitations and challenges and their potential application to remove environmental pollutants. It also introduces the new trends and advances in environmental bioremediation technology with thorough discussion of recent developments in this field. This book highlights the importance of different innovative advanced oxidation process to deal with the ever-increasing number of environmental pollutants. Features: Illustrates the importance of various advance oxidation processes in effluent treatment plant Points out the reuse of the treated wastewater through emerging advance oxidation technologies for effluent treatment plant Highlights the recovery of resources from wastewater Pays attention to the occurrence of novel micro-pollutants Emphasizes the role of nanotechnology in bioremediation of pollutants Introduces new trends in environmental bioremediation
Author: D. Blake
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 104
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Book Description
This project was carried out at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Sandia National Laboratory (SNL), and by a group at the University of Idaho (UI) working under subcontract to NREL. The initial focus was on photocatalytic oxidation and reduction chemistry that could use sunlight as the photon source. This work demonstrated the technical feasibility of the photocatalytic processes; however, the process removed the hazardous components of pink water at such low efficiency that it would be expensive to operate lamps in a treatment system. Technical success in removing trinitrotoluene (TNT) from water by photocatalytic reduction chemistry led us to test that as a pretreatment step for a biological treatment process. The photocatalytic reduction of TNT did render the simulated pink water more amenable to mineralization by Phanerochaete chrysosporium. This result led us to explore other chemistry for removal of TNT and related explosives from water.
Author: Maulin P. Shah
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0128226250
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 344
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Book Description
Advanced Oxidation Processes for Effluent Treatment Plants provides a complete overview of the recent advances made in oxidation-based water treatment processes, including their limitations, challenges and potential applications in removing environmental pollutants. The book introduces new trends and advances in environmental bioremediation technology with a thorough discussion of recent developments in this field, with multiple biological and chemical wastewater treatment processes presented in detail. Additionally, every chapter explains the wastewater treatment plants that utilize these methods, illustrating them in terms of plant size, layout, design and installation location. New trends and advances in environmental bioremediation technology are also covered. This is the go-to resources for engineers and scientists requiring an introduction to the principles of environmental bioremediation technologies. - Illustrates the importance of various advance oxidation processes in effluent treatment plants - Highlights the reuse and recovery of resources from wastewater - Examines the occurrence of novel micro-pollutants - Emphasizes the role of nanotechnology in the bioremediation of pollutants - Introduces new trends in environmental bioremediation
Author: Andrea Leeson
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 408
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Book Description
The symposium included 600 presentations in 50 sessions on bioremediation and supporting technologies used for a wide range of contaminants already in, or poised to invade, soil, groundwater, and sediment. Three hundred and fifty-two papers were selected and organized into ten volumes. Volume ten's articles cover various aerobic approaches to remediating hydrocarbon contamination caused by crude oil or diesel spills, gas well activity, and storage tank leakage. Remediations discussed include biosparging, soil vapor extraction, bioslurpers, VOC stripping, and injection of oxygen- release compounds. Articles average eight pages, and contain abstracts and references. Annotation copyrighted by Book News Inc., Portland, OR.
