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Author: Xiaodong Zou
Publisher: Oxford University Press
ISBN: 0199580200
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 345
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Book Description
In the modern world of ever smaller devices and nanotechnology, electron crystallography emerges as the most important method capable of determining the structure of minute objects down to the size of individual atoms. Crystals of only a few millionths of a millimetre are studied. This is the first textbook explaining how this is done. Great attention is given to symmetry in crystals and how it manifests itself in electron microscopy and electron diffraction, and how this symmetry can be determined and taken advantage of in achieving improved electron microscopy images and solving crystal structures from electron diffraction patterns. Theory and practice are combined; experimental images, diffraction patterns, formulae and numerical data are discussed in parallel, giving the reader a complete understanding of what goes on inside the "black boxes" of computer programs. This up-to-date textbook contains the newest techniques in electron crystallography, including detailed descriptions and explanations of the recent remarkable successes in determining the very complex structures of zeolites and intermetallics. The controversial issue of whether there is phase information present in electron micrsocopy images or not is also resolved once and for all. The extensive appendices include computer labs which have been used at various courses at Stockholm University and international schools in electron crystallography, with applications to the textbook. Students can download image processing programs and follow these lab instructions to get a hands-on experience of electron crystallography.
Author: Xiaodong Zou
Publisher: Oxford University Press
ISBN: 0199580200
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 345
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Book Description
In the modern world of ever smaller devices and nanotechnology, electron crystallography emerges as the most important method capable of determining the structure of minute objects down to the size of individual atoms. Crystals of only a few millionths of a millimetre are studied. This is the first textbook explaining how this is done. Great attention is given to symmetry in crystals and how it manifests itself in electron microscopy and electron diffraction, and how this symmetry can be determined and taken advantage of in achieving improved electron microscopy images and solving crystal structures from electron diffraction patterns. Theory and practice are combined; experimental images, diffraction patterns, formulae and numerical data are discussed in parallel, giving the reader a complete understanding of what goes on inside the "black boxes" of computer programs. This up-to-date textbook contains the newest techniques in electron crystallography, including detailed descriptions and explanations of the recent remarkable successes in determining the very complex structures of zeolites and intermetallics. The controversial issue of whether there is phase information present in electron micrsocopy images or not is also resolved once and for all. The extensive appendices include computer labs which have been used at various courses at Stockholm University and international schools in electron crystallography, with applications to the textbook. Students can download image processing programs and follow these lab instructions to get a hands-on experience of electron crystallography.
Author: Thomas E. Weirich
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1402039204
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 533
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Book Description
During the last decade we have been witness to several exciting achievements in electron crystallography. This includes structural and charge density studies on organic molecules complicated inorganic and metallic materials in the amorphous, nano-, meso- and quasi-crystalline state and also development of new software, tailor-made for the special needs of electron crystallography. Moreover, these developments have been accompanied by a now available new generation of computer controlled electron microscopes equipped with high-coherent field-emission sources, cryo-specimen holders, ultra-fast CCD cameras, imaging plates, energy filters and even correctors for electron optical distortions. Thus, a fast and semi-automatic data acquisition from small sample areas, similar to what we today know from imaging plates diffraction systems in X-ray crystallography, can be envisioned for the very near future. This progress clearly shows that the contribution of electron crystallography is quite unique, as it enables to reveal the intimate structure of samples with high accuracy but on much smaller samples than have ever been investigated by X-ray diffraction. As a tribute to these tremendous recent achievements, this NATO Advanced Study Institute was devoted to the novel approaches of electron crystallography for structure determination of nanosized materials.
Author: Robert M. Glaeser
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN:
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 500
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Book Description
This book provides a complete introduction to all major topics needed in order to use electron microscopy as a research tool in structural biology. Written by a group of 5 well-known pioneers of the field of electron cryo-microscopy of biological macromolecules, this book offers a depth of knowledge and expertise that could only be replicated from the primary literature with great difficulty.
Author: Brent Fultz
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3642297609
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 775
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Book Description
This book explains concepts of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and x-ray diffractometry (XRD) that are important for the characterization of materials. The fourth edition adds important new techniques of TEM such as electron tomography, nanobeam diffraction, and geometric phase analysis. A new chapter on neutron scattering completes the trio of x-ray, electron and neutron diffraction. All chapters were updated and revised for clarity. The book explains the fundamentals of how waves and wavefunctions interact with atoms in solids, and the similarities and differences of using x-rays, electrons, or neutrons for diffraction measurements. Diffraction effects of crystalline order, defects, and disorder in materials are explained in detail. Both practical and theoretical issues are covered. The book can be used in an introductory-level or advanced-level course, since sections are identified by difficulty. Each chapter includes a set of problems to illustrate principles, and the extensive Appendix includes laboratory exercises.
Author: Devinder Singh
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN: 1838801898
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 116
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Book Description
In the quantitative determination of new structures, micro-/nano-crystalline materials pose significant challenges. The different properties of materials are structure-dependent. Traditionally, X-ray crystallography has been used for the analysis of these materials. Electron diffraction is a technique that complements other techniques; for example, single crystal X-ray diffraction and powder X-ray diffraction for determination of structure. Electron diffraction plays a very important role when crystals are very small using single crystal X-ray diffraction or very complex for structure solution by powder X-ray diffraction. With the introduction of advanced methodologies, important methods for crystal structural analysis in the field of electron crystallography have been discovered, such as rotation electron diffraction (RED) and automated electron diffraction tomography (ADT). In recent years, large numbers of crystal structures have been solved using electron crystallography.
Author: DAISUKE Shindo
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 4431669884
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 162
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Book Description
Analytical electron microscopy is one of the most powerful tools today for characterization of the advanced materials that support the nanotechnology of the twenty-first century. In this book the authors clearly explain both the basic principles and the latest developments in the field. In addition to a fundamental description of the inelastic scattering process, an explanation of the constituent hardware is provided. Standard quantitative analytical techniques employing electron energy-loss spectroscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy are also explained, along with elemental mapping techniques. Included are sections on convergent beam electron diffraction and electron holography utilizing the field emission gun. With generous use of illustrations and experimental data, this book is a valuable resource for anyone concerned with materials characterization, electron microscopy, materials science, crystallography, and instrumentation.
Author: D.L. Dorset
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1475766211
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 455
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Book Description
This authoritative text on electron diffraction and crystal structure analysis is the first to describe direct phasing techniques in electron crystallography. Written for electron diffractionists and electron microscopists, this fully illustrated volume presents methods for specimen preparation, data collection and structure analysis. Chapters feature numerous detailed examples of actual structure analyses and contain over 350 illustrations.
Author: J.R. Fryer
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 940113278X
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 388
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Book Description
Maximum Entropy (ME) techniques have found widespread applicability in the reconstruction of incomplete or noisy data. These techniques have been applied in many areas of data analysis including imaging, spectroscopy, and scattering [Gull and Skilling, 1984]. The techniques have proven particularly useful in astronomy [Narayan and Nityanada, 1984]. In many of these applications the goal of the reconstruction is the detection of point objects against a noisy background. In this work we investigate the applicability of ME techniques to data sets which have strong components which are periodic in space or time. The specific interest in our laboratory is High Resolution Electron Micrographs of beam sensitive materials. However, ME techniques are of general interest for all types of data. These data mayor may not have a spatial or temporal character. Figure 1 shows an HREM image of the rigid-rod polymer poly(paraphenylene benzobisoxazole) (PBZO). The 0.55 nm spacings in the image correspond to the lateral close-packing between the extended polymer molecules. Near the center of this crystallite there is evidence for an edge dislocation. In HREM images both the frequency and position of the infonnation is important for a proper interpretation. Therefore, it is necessary to consider how image processing affects the fidelity of this information in both real and Fourier space.
Author: Ute Kolb
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 9400755805
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 427
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Book Description
The polycrystalline and nanocrystalline states play an increasingly important role in exploiting the properties of materials, encompassing applications as diverse as pharmaceuticals, catalysts, solar cells and energy storage. A knowledge of the three-dimensional atomic and molecular structure of materials is essential for understanding and controlling their properties, yet traditional single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods lose their power when only polycrystalline and nanocrystalline samples are available. It is here that powder diffraction and single-crystal electron diffraction techniques take over, substantially extending the range of applicability of the crystallographic principles of structure determination. This volume, a collection of teaching contributions presented at the Crystallographic Course in Erice in 2011, clearly describes the fundamentals and the state-of-the-art of powder diffraction and electron diffraction methods in materials characterisation, encompassing a diverse range of disciplines and materials stretching from archeometry to zeolites. As such, it is a comprehensive and valuable resource for those wishing to gain an understanding of the broad applicability of these two rapidly developing fields.
Author: Frank Joachim
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0080525814
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 361
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Book Description
Three-Dimensional Electron Microscopy of Macromolecular Assemblies is the first systematic introduction to single-particle methods of reconstruction. It covers correlation alignment, classification, 3D reconstruction, restoration, and interpretation of the resulting 3D images in macromolecular assemblies. It will be an indispensable resource for newcomers to the field and for all using or adopting these methods.Key Features* Presents methods that offer an alternative to crystallographic techniques for molecules that cannot be crystallized* Describes methods that have been instrumental in exploring the three-dimensional structure of* the nuclear pore complex* the calcium release channel;* the ribosome* chaperonins
