Effects of Partial Spinal Cord Injuries on the Functional Connectivity of the Primate Brain PDF Download
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Author: John Thomas
Publisher: Mohammed Abdul Sattar
ISBN:
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
The somatosensory system, one of the five main sensory systems in our body enables perception through touch, to help decipher the shape and texture of the objects, and know about the relative position of our body parts. It also helps avoid noxious stimuli by analysing the information about temperature and pain. The system comprises of three major ascending sensory pathways: the anterolateral or spinothalamic system (ALS), the dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway (DCML), and the somatosensory pathways to cerebellum. These sensory pathways differ in the functional component of the mechanosensory information from the cutaneous and deep mechanoreceptors that is conveyed. The anterolateral system is further subdivided into two components, the lateral pathway that conveys pain and temperature information, and anterior tracts that convey crude touch and pressure. The DCML system carries inputs that enable sensations of fine touch, vibration, two point discrimination and proprioceptive information about joint position and movement. The spinocerebellar pathways carry proprioceptive inputs, pain and pressure information. These ascending pathways convey the tactile and other somatosensory information to multiple nuclei in the brainstem and thalamus, which further ascends to the primary sensory areas in the post central gyrus, and further to the higher order association cortices in the parietal lobe and upper bank of the lateral sulci. Sensory transduction is the conversion of mechanical stimulus energy into an electrical signal and is the first step in sensory processing. This is mediated by receptors whose location and properties decide the quality and strength of the stimulus conveyed. Based on the function, these sensory receptors can be grouped as: mechanoreceptors (touch and movement), nociceptors (pain) and thermoceptors (temperature). The functional importance of a body part in discriminative touch for a species correlates with the density of the mechanoreceptors on the skin. In primates, the digit tips have the maximum receptor density, closely followed by sensitive areas of the lips and face. In rodents, the primary sensory organs are the whiskers on the face. The information from the mechanoreceptors flows through the peripheral nerve afferents whose cell bodies lie in the dorsal root ganglia or cranial nerve ganglia to reach the spinal cord and brain stem. The afferents bifurcate into long ascending and short descending fibers upon entering the posterior funiculus of the spinal cord.
Author: John Thomas
Publisher: Mohammed Abdul Sattar
ISBN:
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
The somatosensory system, one of the five main sensory systems in our body enables perception through touch, to help decipher the shape and texture of the objects, and know about the relative position of our body parts. It also helps avoid noxious stimuli by analysing the information about temperature and pain. The system comprises of three major ascending sensory pathways: the anterolateral or spinothalamic system (ALS), the dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway (DCML), and the somatosensory pathways to cerebellum. These sensory pathways differ in the functional component of the mechanosensory information from the cutaneous and deep mechanoreceptors that is conveyed. The anterolateral system is further subdivided into two components, the lateral pathway that conveys pain and temperature information, and anterior tracts that convey crude touch and pressure. The DCML system carries inputs that enable sensations of fine touch, vibration, two point discrimination and proprioceptive information about joint position and movement. The spinocerebellar pathways carry proprioceptive inputs, pain and pressure information. These ascending pathways convey the tactile and other somatosensory information to multiple nuclei in the brainstem and thalamus, which further ascends to the primary sensory areas in the post central gyrus, and further to the higher order association cortices in the parietal lobe and upper bank of the lateral sulci. Sensory transduction is the conversion of mechanical stimulus energy into an electrical signal and is the first step in sensory processing. This is mediated by receptors whose location and properties decide the quality and strength of the stimulus conveyed. Based on the function, these sensory receptors can be grouped as: mechanoreceptors (touch and movement), nociceptors (pain) and thermoceptors (temperature). The functional importance of a body part in discriminative touch for a species correlates with the density of the mechanoreceptors on the skin. In primates, the digit tips have the maximum receptor density, closely followed by sensitive areas of the lips and face. In rodents, the primary sensory organs are the whiskers on the face. The information from the mechanoreceptors flows through the peripheral nerve afferents whose cell bodies lie in the dorsal root ganglia or cranial nerve ganglia to reach the spinal cord and brain stem. The afferents bifurcate into long ascending and short descending fibers upon entering the posterior funiculus of the spinal cord.
Author: John Thomas
Publisher: Independent Author
ISBN: 9785864909126
Category : Health & Fitness
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Sensation in living beings is enabled through various stimulus detection systems which have evolved to facilitate the survival of the species. One such exquisite system is the somatosensory system, which mediates exploration of the immediate environment with respect to one's own body using the sense of touch. This system contains dynamic representations of tactile inputs and interacts with other effector systems to enable the organism to interact and adapt to the ever-changing environment. The tactile inputs from the entire skin surface and the kinaesthetic inputs from the joints are transmitted via sensory pathways through the spinal cord, brainstem, and thalamus to the somatosensory cortex. Specifically, one of the pathways, referred to as the dorsal column medial lemniscal (DCML) system enables fine tactile discrimination and movements of our body joints. The primary somatosensory cortex has a systematic representation of the body parts from head to foot in a lateral to medial order. Similar maps of the body surface are also present subcortically in the thalamic and brainstem somatosensory nuclei. Further, somatosensory neurons work in tandem with the neurons in the motor cortex to produce the motor output.
Author: Daniel Laskowitz
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1498766579
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 388
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Book Description
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a significant source of death and permanent disability, contributing to nearly one-third of all injury related deaths in the United States and exacting a profound personal and economic toll. Despite the increased resources that have recently been brought to bear to improve our understanding of TBI, the developme
Author: Cristina Morganti-Kossmann
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1107007437
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 361
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Book Description
Presents the most up-to-date clinical and experimental research in neurotrauma in an illustrated, accessible, comprehensive volume.
Author: Julien Cohen-Adad
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0123972825
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 331
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Book Description
Quantitative MRI of the Spinal Cord is the first book focused on quantitative MRI techniques with specific application to the human spinal cord. This work includes coverage of diffusion-weighted imaging, magnetization transfer imaging, relaxometry, functional MRI, and spectroscopy. Although these methods have been successfully used in the brain for the past 20 years, their application in the spinal cord remains problematic due to important acquisition challenges (such as small cross-sectional size, motion, and susceptibility artifacts). To date, there is no consensus on how to apply these techniques; this book reviews and synthesizes state-of-the-art methods so users can successfully apply them to the spinal cord. Quantitative MRI of the Spinal Cord introduces the theory behind each quantitative technique, reviews each theory's applications in the human spinal cord and describes its pros and cons, and suggests a simple protocol for applying each quantitative technique to the spinal cord. - Chapters authored by international experts in the field of MRI of the spinal cord - Contains "cooking recipes—examples of imaging parameters for each quantitative technique—designed to aid researchers and clinicians in using them in practice - Ideal for clinical settings
Author: Charles Watson
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0080921388
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 408
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Book Description
Many hundreds of thousands suffer spinal cord injuries leading to loss of sensation and motor function in the body below the point of injury. Spinal cord research has made some significant strides towards new treatment methods, and is a focus of many laboratories worldwide. In addition, research on the involvement of the spinal cord in pain and the abilities of nervous tissue in the spine to regenerate has increasingly been on the forefront of biomedical research in the past years. The Spinal Cord, a collaboration with the Christopher and Dana Reeve Foundation, is the first comprehensive book on the anatomy of the mammalian spinal cord. Tens of thousands of articles and dozens of books are published on this subject each year, and a great deal of experimental work has been carried out on the rat spinal cord. Despite this, there is no comprehensive and authoritative atlas of the mammalian spinal cord. Almost all of the fine details of spinal cord anatomy must be searched for in journal articles on particular subjects. This book addresses this need by providing both a comprehensive reference on the mammalian spinal cord and a comparative atlas of both rat and mouse spinal cords in one convenient source. The book provides a descriptive survey of the details of mammalian spinal cord anatomy, focusing on the rat with many illustrations from the leading experts in the field and atlases of the rat and the mouse spinal cord. The rat and mouse spinal cord atlas chapters include photographs of Nissl stained transverse sections from each of the spinal cord segments (obtained from a single unfixed spinal cord), detailed diagrams of each of the spinal cord segments pictured, delineating the laminae of Rexed and all other significant neuronal groupings at each level and photographs of additional sections displaying markers such as acetylcholinesterase (AChE), calbindin, calretinin, choline acetlytransferase, neurofilament protein (SMI 32), enkephalin, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and neuronal nuclear protein (NeuN). - The text provides a detailed account of the anatomy of the mammalian spinal cord and surrounding musculoskeletal elements - The major topics addressed are: development of the spinal cord; the gross anatomy of the spinal cord and its meninges; spinal nerves, nerve roots, and dorsal root ganglia; the vertebral column, vertebral joints, and vertebral muscles; blood supply of the spinal cord; cytoarchitecture and chemoarchitecture of the spinal gray matter; musculotopic anatomy of motoneuron groups; tracts connecting the brain and spinal cord; spinospinal pathways; sympathetic and parasympathetic elements in the spinal cord; neuronal groups and pathways that control micturition; the anatomy of spinal cord injury in experimental animals - The atlas of the rat and mouse spinal cord has the following features: Photographs of Nissl stained transverse sections from each of 34 spinal segments for the rat and mouse; Detailed diagrams of each of the 34 spinal segments for rat and mouse, delineating the laminae of Rexed and all other significant neuronal groupings at each level. ; Alongside each of the 34 Nissl stained segments, there are additional sections displaying markers such as acetylcholinesterase, calbindin, calretinin, choline acetlytransferase, neurofilament protein (SMI 32), and neuronal nuclear protein (NeuN) - All the major motoneuron clusters are identified in relation to the individual muscles or muscle groups they supply
Author: S. Murray Sherman
Publisher: MIT Press (MA)
ISBN: 9780262195324
Category : Higher nervous activity
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
The thalamus plays a critical role in perceptual processing, but many questions remain about what thalamic activities contribute to sensory and motor functions. In this book, two pioneers in research on the thalamus examine the close two-way relationships between thalamus and cerebral cortex and look at the distinctive functions of the links between the thalamus and the rest of the brain. Countering the dominant "corticocentric" approach to understanding the cerebral cortex—which does not recognize that all neocortical areas receive important inputs from the thalamus and send outputs to lower motor centers—S. Murray Sherman and R. W. Guillery argue for a reappraisal of the way we think about the cortex and its interactions with the rest of the brain. The book defines some of the functional categories critical to understanding thalamic functions, including the distinctions between drivers (pathways that carry messages to the cortex) and modulators (which can change the pattern of transmission) and between first-order and higher-order thalamic relays—the former receiving ascending drivers and the latter receiving cortical drivers. This second edition further develops these distinctions with expanded emphasis throughout the book on the role of the thalamus in cortical function. An important new chapter suggests a structural basis for linking perception and action, supplying supporting evidence for a link often overlooked in current views of perceptual processing.
Author: Giuseppe Perale
Publisher: Woodhead Publishing
ISBN: 0081028083
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 348
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Book Description
Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) Repair Strategies provides researchers the latest information on potential regenerative approaches to spinal cord injury, specifically focusing on therapeutic approaches that target regeneration, including cell therapies, controlled drug delivery systems, and biomaterials. Dr. Giuseppe Perale and Dr. Filippo Rossi lead a team of authoritative authors in academia and industry in this innovative reference on the field of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. This book presents all the information readers need to understand the current and potential array of techniques, materials, applications and their benefits for spinal cord repair. - Covers current and future repair strategies for spinal cord injury repair - Focuses on key research trends, clinics, biology and engineering - Provides fundamentals on regenerative engineering and tissue engineering
Author: Michael M. Patterson
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1461514371
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 328
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Book Description
The area of spinal cord plasticity has become a very actively researched field. The spinal cord has long been known to organize reflex patterns and serve as the major transmission pathway for sensory and motor nerve impulses. However, the role of the spinal cord in information processing and in experience driven alterations is generally not recognized. With recent advances in neural recording techniques, behavioral technologies and neural tracing and imaging methods has come the ability to better assess the role of the spinal cord in behavioral control and alteration. The discoveries in recent years have been revolutionary. Alterations due to nociceptive inputs, simple learning paradigms and repetitive inputs have now been documented and their mechanisms are being elucidated. These findings have important clinical implications. The development of pathological pain after a spinal cord injury likely depends on the sensitization of neurons within the spinal cord. The capacity of the spinal cord to change as a function of experience, and adapt to new environmental relations, also affects the recovery locomotive function after a spinal cord injury. Mechanisms within the spinal cord can support stepping and the capacity for this behavior depends on behavioral training. By taking advantage of the plasticity inherent within the spinal cord, rehabilitative procedures may foster the recovery of function.
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309288037
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 215
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Book Description
In the past decade, few subjects at the intersection of medicine and sports have generated as much public interest as sports-related concussions - especially among youth. Despite growing awareness of sports-related concussions and campaigns to educate athletes, coaches, physicians, and parents of young athletes about concussion recognition and management, confusion and controversy persist in many areas. Currently, diagnosis is based primarily on the symptoms reported by the individual rather than on objective diagnostic markers, and there is little empirical evidence for the optimal degree and duration of physical rest needed to promote recovery or the best timing and approach for returning to full physical activity. Sports-Related Concussions in Youth: Improving the Science, Changing the Culture reviews the science of sports-related concussions in youth from elementary school through young adulthood, as well as in military personnel and their dependents. This report recommends actions that can be taken by a range of audiences - including research funding agencies, legislatures, state and school superintendents and athletic directors, military organizations, and equipment manufacturers, as well as youth who participate in sports and their parents - to improve what is known about concussions and to reduce their occurrence. Sports-Related Concussions in Youth finds that while some studies provide useful information, much remains unknown about the extent of concussions in youth; how to diagnose, manage, and prevent concussions; and the short- and long-term consequences of concussions as well as repetitive head impacts that do not result in concussion symptoms. The culture of sports negatively influences athletes' self-reporting of concussion symptoms and their adherence to return-to-play guidance. Athletes, their teammates, and, in some cases, coaches and parents may not fully appreciate the health threats posed by concussions. Similarly, military recruits are immersed in a culture that includes devotion to duty and service before self, and the critical nature of concussions may often go unheeded. According to Sports-Related Concussions in Youth, if the youth sports community can adopt the belief that concussions are serious injuries and emphasize care for players with concussions until they are fully recovered, then the culture in which these athletes perform and compete will become much safer. Improving understanding of the extent, causes, effects, and prevention of sports-related concussions is vitally important for the health and well-being of youth athletes. The findings and recommendations in this report set a direction for research to reach this goal.
