Author: Edward Lee Thorndike
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Educational psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 452

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Author: Edward L. Thorndike
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 420

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Author: Edward Lee Thorndike
Publisher: Horney Press
ISBN: 1443725706
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 424

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EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY VOLUME III MENTAL WORK AND FATIGUE AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES AND THEIR CAUSES COPYRIGHT 1914, BY EDWARD L. THORNDIKE PREFACE This third volume presents the results of psychological studies of mental work and fatigue in Part I, and of indi vidual differences and their causes in Part II. Part II is a revision of a book, Educational Psychology, which appeared in 1903 and, in revised form, in 1910. Part I is entirely new. The same procedure of introducing topics by means of re ports of typical investigations, presenting instructive evidence as well as conclusions, and discussing the important principles of quantitative treatment in each case adopted in the earlier volumes is maintained. Teachers College, Columbia University, November, 1913. CONTENTS PART I CHAITEX P AGB I. MENTAL WORK AND FATIGUE DEFINITIONS AND PROBLEMS i Mental Work versus Bodily Work Mental Work versus Play and Mere Activity The Concept of Mental Fatigue II. THE DECREASE IN EFFICIENCY OF A SINGLE FUNCTION UNDER CONTINUOUS EXERCISE 13 A Sample Experiment The Amount and Rate of Fatigue of a Single Function III. THE CURVE OF WORK 45 Initial Spurt End Spurt Spurt after Fatigue and Spurt after Disturbance Rhythm of Attention Other Rhythmical Fluctuations Warming Up Adaptation Summary Speculative Analyses of the Cunre of Work The Curve of Satisfyingness IV. THE INFLUENCE OF CONTINUOUS MENTAL WORK, SPECIAL OR GENERAL, UPON GENERAL ABILITY 79 Experimental Results The Symptoms of Mental Fatigue The Relations of Muscular Work and Fatigue to Mental Wprk and Fatigue Vlii CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE V. GENERAL THEORIES OF MENTAL WORK AND FATIGUE m Definitions Dodges Theory of Mental Work The Mechanical or EnergyTheory and the Biological or Response Theory VI. THE HYGIENE OF MENTAL WORK 126 Means of Increasing Mental Efficiency Means of Preventing Injury frqm Over-work PART II VII. INTRODUCTION TO PART II 142 The Problems of Individual Differences A Concrete Illustration of the Problems of Individual Differences VIH. THE MEASUREMENT OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 152 Simple and Compound Differences Units and Scales for Measuring Mental Differ ences The Variability of a Mental Measurement Tables of Frequency or Distribution IX. THE INFLUENCE OF SEX . 169 Sex Differences in Ability . Sex Differences in Variability Sex Differences in Traits Not Measured Ob jectively - X. THE INFLUENCE OF REMOTE ANCESTRY OR RACE 206 A Sample Study of Racial Differences The Results, of Measurements of Racial Mental Differences The Interpretation of - the Differences between One Race and Another in Achievement CONTENTS ix CHAPTBBL f PAGE XI. THE INFLUENCE OF IMMEDIATE ANCESTRY OR FAMILY 225 The Variability of Individuals, of the Same Sex and Ancestry Methods of Measuring Resemblance Measurements of Resemblance in Related In dividuals The Specialization of the Influence of Near Ancestry The Analysis erf Mental Inheritance THE INFLUENCE OF MATURITY 270 Changes in Mental Traits with Age The Difficulties in Inferring Changes in In dividuals with Age from Differences be tween Old and Young Individuals XIII. THE INFLUENCE OF THE ENVIRONMENT 281 Difficulties in Estimating the Amount of In fluence of the Environment Measurements of the Influence of the Environ ment The Method of Action of Differences in En vironment The Relative Importance of Original Nature and Environment XIV. THE NATURE AND AMOUNT OF INDIVIDUAL DIF FERENCES INSINGLE TRAITS 315 The Amounts of Difference in Different Traits The Continuity of Mental Variations The Relative Frequencies of Different Amounts of Difference The Chance or Probability Distribution in the case of Single Mental Traits X CONTENTS CXAPTX PAGB XV. THE RELATIONS BETWEEN THE AMOUNTS OF DIFFERENT TRAITS IN THE SAME INDIVIDUAL 347 The Measurement of Relations between Mental Traits The Relations between the Amounts of Dif ferent Traits in the Same Individual XVI...

Author: Robert Hockey
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1107244234
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 289

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Fatigue can have a major impact on an individual's performance and well-being, yet is poorly understood, even within the scientific community. There is no developed theory of its origins or functions, and different types of fatigue (mental, physical, sleepiness) are routinely confused. The widespread interpretation of fatigue as a negative consequence of work may be true only for externally imposed goals; meaningful or self-initiated work is rarely tiring and often invigorating. In the first book dedicated to the systematic treatment of fatigue for over sixty years, Robert Hockey examines its many aspects - social history, neuroscience, energetics, exercise physiology, sleep and clinical implications - and develops a new motivational control theory, in which fatigue is treated as an emotion having a fundamental adaptive role in the management of goals. He then uses this new perspective to explore the role of fatigue in relation to individual motivation, working life and well-being.

Author: Edward Lee Thorndike
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Educational psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 466

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Author: Granville Stanley Hall
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 642

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Author: E.L. Thorndike
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1136319255
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 458

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This is Volume VIII of thirty-two in a series on Developmental Psychology. Originally published in 1923, the author wites that our knowledge of human instincts and capacities, of the processes of learning and remembering, of mental work and fatigue, and of individual differences and their causes has been much increased in the past score of years. This Briefer Course represents a simpler treatment of the more fundamental subject matter of these volumes, organized as a text-book in Educational Psychology for students in colleges and schools.

Author: Daniel Starch
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Educational psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 592

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Book Description
Describes the physical characteristics and behavior of the white stork as it reproduces and raises its young on rooftop nests throughout the spring and summer seasons.

Author: Edward Lee Thorndike
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Educational psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 464

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Author: Thomas D. Fallace
Publisher: Teachers College Press
ISBN: 0807773778
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 388

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Book Description
This penetrating historical study traces the rise and fall of the theory of recapitulation and its enduring influence on American education. Inherently ethnocentric and racist, the theory of recapitulation was pervasive in the social sciences at the turn of the 20th century when early progressive educators uncritically adopted its basic tenets. The theory pointed to the West as the developmental endpoint of history and depicted people of color as ontologically less developed than their white counterparts. Building on cutting-edge scholarship, this is the first major study to trace the racial worldviews of key progressive thinkers, such as Colonel Francis W. Parker, John Dewey, Charles Judd, William Bagley, and many others. Chapter Summaries: “Roots” traces the intellectual context from which the new, child-centered education emerged.“Recapitulation” explains how racially segregated schools were justified and a differentiated curriculum was rationalized.“Reform” explores some of the most successful early progressive educational reforms, as well as the contents of children’s literature and popular textbooks.“Racism” documents the constancy of the idea of racial hierarchy among progressive educators, such as Edward Thorndike, G. Stanley Hall, and William Bagley.“Relativity” documents how scholars such as W. E. B. Du Bois, Carter Woodson, Horace Kallen, and Randolph Bourne outlined a new inclusive ideology of cultural pluralism, but overlooked the cultural relativism of anthropologist Franz Boas.“Refashioning,” examines the enduring effects of recapitulation on education, such as child-centered teaching and the deficit approach to students of color. “For American scholars, 'progressive education' is something of a talisman: we all give it ritual worship, but we rarely question its origins or premises. By contrast, race has become perhaps the dominant theme in contemporary educational studies. In this bold and brilliant study, Thomas Fallace uses our present-day racial lens to critique our historic dogmas about progressive education. We might not like what we see, but we should not look away.” —Jonathan Zimmerman, New York University “This is an important and provocative book. Fallace provides a thoughtful analysis of how race influenced the foundational ideas of progressive educators in America. He has made an important contribution to the history of curriculum and educational reform.” —William B. Stanley, Professor , Curriculum and Instruction, Monmouth University