Author: Eric Chiang
Publisher: Worth
ISBN: 9781464186929
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
With this edition, Eric Chiang begins a new era for his acclaimed principles of economics textbook. Formerly CoreEconomics and now titled Economics: Principles for a Changing World, the new edition is thoroughly contemporary, fully integrated print/technology resource that adapts to the way you want to teach. As always, this concise book focuses on the topics most often covered in the principles course, but with this edition, it offers a stronger emphasis than ever on helping students apply an economic way of thinking to the overwhelming flow of data we face every day. Economics: Principles for a Changing World is fully informed by Eric Chiang’s experiences teaching thousands of students worldwide, both in person and online. Developing the text, art, media, homework, and ancillaries simultaneously, Chiang translates those experiences into a cohesive approach that embodies the book’s founding principles:To use technology as a tool for learning—before lectures, during class, when doing homework, and at exam timeTo help students harness the data literacy they’ll need as consumers of economic informationTo provide a truly global perspective, showing the different ways people around the world confront economic problems
Macroeconomics: Principles for a Changing World
Author: Eric Chiang
Publisher: Worth
ISBN: 9781464186929
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
With this edition, Eric Chiang begins a new era for his acclaimed principles of economics textbook. Formerly CoreEconomics and now titled Economics: Principles for a Changing World, the new edition is thoroughly contemporary, fully integrated print/technology resource that adapts to the way you want to teach. As always, this concise book focuses on the topics most often covered in the principles course, but with this edition, it offers a stronger emphasis than ever on helping students apply an economic way of thinking to the overwhelming flow of data we face every day. Economics: Principles for a Changing World is fully informed by Eric Chiang’s experiences teaching thousands of students worldwide, both in person and online. Developing the text, art, media, homework, and ancillaries simultaneously, Chiang translates those experiences into a cohesive approach that embodies the book’s founding principles:To use technology as a tool for learning—before lectures, during class, when doing homework, and at exam timeTo help students harness the data literacy they’ll need as consumers of economic informationTo provide a truly global perspective, showing the different ways people around the world confront economic problems
Publisher: Worth
ISBN: 9781464186929
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
With this edition, Eric Chiang begins a new era for his acclaimed principles of economics textbook. Formerly CoreEconomics and now titled Economics: Principles for a Changing World, the new edition is thoroughly contemporary, fully integrated print/technology resource that adapts to the way you want to teach. As always, this concise book focuses on the topics most often covered in the principles course, but with this edition, it offers a stronger emphasis than ever on helping students apply an economic way of thinking to the overwhelming flow of data we face every day. Economics: Principles for a Changing World is fully informed by Eric Chiang’s experiences teaching thousands of students worldwide, both in person and online. Developing the text, art, media, homework, and ancillaries simultaneously, Chiang translates those experiences into a cohesive approach that embodies the book’s founding principles:To use technology as a tool for learning—before lectures, during class, when doing homework, and at exam timeTo help students harness the data literacy they’ll need as consumers of economic informationTo provide a truly global perspective, showing the different ways people around the world confront economic problems
Microeconomics: Principles for a Changing World
Author: Eric Chiang
Publisher: Macmillan Higher Education
ISBN: 1319253725
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 1358
Book Description
With this edition, Eric Chiang continues to link economics concepts to topics of personal interest to students. The new edition is a thoroughly contemporary, fully integrated print/technology resource that adapts to the way you want to teach. As always, this concise book focuses on the topics most often covered in the principles course, but with this edition, it offers a stronger emphasis than ever on helping students apply an economic way of thinking to the overwhelming flow of data we face every day. Economics: Principles for a Changing World is fully informed by Eric Chiang’s experiences teaching thousands of students worldwide, both in person and online. Developing the text, art, media, homework, and ancillaries simultaneously, Chiang translates those experiences into a cohesive approach that embodies the book’s founding principles: To use technology as a tool for learning—before lectures, during class, when doing homework, and at exam time To help students harness the data literacy they’ll need as consumers of economic information
Publisher: Macmillan Higher Education
ISBN: 1319253725
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 1358
Book Description
With this edition, Eric Chiang continues to link economics concepts to topics of personal interest to students. The new edition is a thoroughly contemporary, fully integrated print/technology resource that adapts to the way you want to teach. As always, this concise book focuses on the topics most often covered in the principles course, but with this edition, it offers a stronger emphasis than ever on helping students apply an economic way of thinking to the overwhelming flow of data we face every day. Economics: Principles for a Changing World is fully informed by Eric Chiang’s experiences teaching thousands of students worldwide, both in person and online. Developing the text, art, media, homework, and ancillaries simultaneously, Chiang translates those experiences into a cohesive approach that embodies the book’s founding principles: To use technology as a tool for learning—before lectures, during class, when doing homework, and at exam time To help students harness the data literacy they’ll need as consumers of economic information
Macroeconomics
Author: Eric Chiang
Publisher: Macmillan Higher Education
ISBN: 1319253334
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 1268
Book Description
With this edition, Eric Chiang continues to link economics concepts to topics of personal interest to students. The new edition is a thoroughly contemporary, fully integrated print/technology resource that adapts to the way you want to teach. As always, this concise book focuses on the topics most often covered in the principles course, but with this edition, it offers a stronger emphasis than ever on helping students apply an economic way of thinking to the overwhelming flow of data we face every day. Economics: Principles for a Changing World is fully informed by Eric Chiang’s experiences teaching thousands of students worldwide, both in person and online. Developing the text, art, media, homework, and ancillaries simultaneously, Chiang translates these experiences into a cohesive approach that embodies the book’s founding principles: To use technology as a tool for learning—before lectures, during class, when doing homework, and at exam time. To help students harness the data literacy they’ll need as consumers of economic information.
Publisher: Macmillan Higher Education
ISBN: 1319253334
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 1268
Book Description
With this edition, Eric Chiang continues to link economics concepts to topics of personal interest to students. The new edition is a thoroughly contemporary, fully integrated print/technology resource that adapts to the way you want to teach. As always, this concise book focuses on the topics most often covered in the principles course, but with this edition, it offers a stronger emphasis than ever on helping students apply an economic way of thinking to the overwhelming flow of data we face every day. Economics: Principles for a Changing World is fully informed by Eric Chiang’s experiences teaching thousands of students worldwide, both in person and online. Developing the text, art, media, homework, and ancillaries simultaneously, Chiang translates these experiences into a cohesive approach that embodies the book’s founding principles: To use technology as a tool for learning—before lectures, during class, when doing homework, and at exam time. To help students harness the data literacy they’ll need as consumers of economic information.
Principles
Author: Ray Dalio
Publisher: Simon and Schuster
ISBN: 1982112387
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 560
Book Description
#1 New York Times Bestseller “Significant...The book is both instructive and surprisingly moving.” —The New York Times Ray Dalio, one of the world’s most successful investors and entrepreneurs, shares the unconventional principles that he’s developed, refined, and used over the past forty years to create unique results in both life and business—and which any person or organization can adopt to help achieve their goals. In 1975, Ray Dalio founded an investment firm, Bridgewater Associates, out of his two-bedroom apartment in New York City. Forty years later, Bridgewater has made more money for its clients than any other hedge fund in history and grown into the fifth most important private company in the United States, according to Fortune magazine. Dalio himself has been named to Time magazine’s list of the 100 most influential people in the world. Along the way, Dalio discovered a set of unique principles that have led to Bridgewater’s exceptionally effective culture, which he describes as “an idea meritocracy that strives to achieve meaningful work and meaningful relationships through radical transparency.” It is these principles, and not anything special about Dalio—who grew up an ordinary kid in a middle-class Long Island neighborhood—that he believes are the reason behind his success. In Principles, Dalio shares what he’s learned over the course of his remarkable career. He argues that life, management, economics, and investing can all be systemized into rules and understood like machines. The book’s hundreds of practical lessons, which are built around his cornerstones of “radical truth” and “radical transparency,” include Dalio laying out the most effective ways for individuals and organizations to make decisions, approach challenges, and build strong teams. He also describes the innovative tools the firm uses to bring an idea meritocracy to life, such as creating “baseball cards” for all employees that distill their strengths and weaknesses, and employing computerized decision-making systems to make believability-weighted decisions. While the book brims with novel ideas for organizations and institutions, Principles also offers a clear, straightforward approach to decision-making that Dalio believes anyone can apply, no matter what they’re seeking to achieve. Here, from a man who has been called both “the Steve Jobs of investing” and “the philosopher king of the financial universe” (CIO magazine), is a rare opportunity to gain proven advice unlike anything you’ll find in the conventional business press.
Publisher: Simon and Schuster
ISBN: 1982112387
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 560
Book Description
#1 New York Times Bestseller “Significant...The book is both instructive and surprisingly moving.” —The New York Times Ray Dalio, one of the world’s most successful investors and entrepreneurs, shares the unconventional principles that he’s developed, refined, and used over the past forty years to create unique results in both life and business—and which any person or organization can adopt to help achieve their goals. In 1975, Ray Dalio founded an investment firm, Bridgewater Associates, out of his two-bedroom apartment in New York City. Forty years later, Bridgewater has made more money for its clients than any other hedge fund in history and grown into the fifth most important private company in the United States, according to Fortune magazine. Dalio himself has been named to Time magazine’s list of the 100 most influential people in the world. Along the way, Dalio discovered a set of unique principles that have led to Bridgewater’s exceptionally effective culture, which he describes as “an idea meritocracy that strives to achieve meaningful work and meaningful relationships through radical transparency.” It is these principles, and not anything special about Dalio—who grew up an ordinary kid in a middle-class Long Island neighborhood—that he believes are the reason behind his success. In Principles, Dalio shares what he’s learned over the course of his remarkable career. He argues that life, management, economics, and investing can all be systemized into rules and understood like machines. The book’s hundreds of practical lessons, which are built around his cornerstones of “radical truth” and “radical transparency,” include Dalio laying out the most effective ways for individuals and organizations to make decisions, approach challenges, and build strong teams. He also describes the innovative tools the firm uses to bring an idea meritocracy to life, such as creating “baseball cards” for all employees that distill their strengths and weaknesses, and employing computerized decision-making systems to make believability-weighted decisions. While the book brims with novel ideas for organizations and institutions, Principles also offers a clear, straightforward approach to decision-making that Dalio believes anyone can apply, no matter what they’re seeking to achieve. Here, from a man who has been called both “the Steve Jobs of investing” and “the philosopher king of the financial universe” (CIO magazine), is a rare opportunity to gain proven advice unlike anything you’ll find in the conventional business press.
Summary: Principles for Dealing with the Changing World Order: Ray Dalio
Author: Quick Savant
Publisher: QUICK SAVANT
ISBN:
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 151
Book Description
NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER This lengthy summary begins with a Ray Dalio synopsis of Principles of Dealing with Changing World Order. A full analysis of his chapters on China follows. This book and the audiobook are meant to complement as study aids, not to replace the irreplaceable Ray Dalio’s work. “A provocative read...Few tomes coherently map such broad economic histories as well as Mr. Dalio’s. Perhaps more unusually, Mr. Dalio has managed to identify metrics from that history that can be applied to understand today.” —Andrew Ross Sorkin, The New York Times From legendary investor Ray Dalio, author of the #1 New York Times bestseller Principles, who has spent half a century studying global economies and markets, Principles for Dealing with the Changing World Order examines history’s most turbulent economic and political periods to reveal why the times ahead will likely be radically different from those we’ve experienced in our lifetimes—and to offer practical advice on how to navigate them well. Ray Dalio recognized a combination of political and economic situations that he had not seen before a few years ago. Huge debts and near-zero interest rates led to massive money printing in the world's three major reserve currencies; major political and social conflicts within countries, particularly the United States, due to the largest wealth, political, and values disparities in more than a century; and the rise of a world power to challenge the existing world order. Between 1930 and 1945, this confluence happened for the final time. Dalio was inspired by this discovery to look for the recurring patterns and cause-and-effect correlations that underpin all significant shifts in wealth and power over the previous 500 years. Dalio takes readers on a tour of the world's major empires, including the Dutch, British, and American empires, in this remarkable and timely addition to his Principles series, putting the "Big Cycle" that has driven the successes and failures of all the world's major countries throughout history into perspective. He unveils the timeless and universal forces for what is ahead. Humans are more likely to commit evil than good under legalism because they are only driven by self-interest and need rigorous regulations to restrain their urges.
Publisher: QUICK SAVANT
ISBN:
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 151
Book Description
NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER This lengthy summary begins with a Ray Dalio synopsis of Principles of Dealing with Changing World Order. A full analysis of his chapters on China follows. This book and the audiobook are meant to complement as study aids, not to replace the irreplaceable Ray Dalio’s work. “A provocative read...Few tomes coherently map such broad economic histories as well as Mr. Dalio’s. Perhaps more unusually, Mr. Dalio has managed to identify metrics from that history that can be applied to understand today.” —Andrew Ross Sorkin, The New York Times From legendary investor Ray Dalio, author of the #1 New York Times bestseller Principles, who has spent half a century studying global economies and markets, Principles for Dealing with the Changing World Order examines history’s most turbulent economic and political periods to reveal why the times ahead will likely be radically different from those we’ve experienced in our lifetimes—and to offer practical advice on how to navigate them well. Ray Dalio recognized a combination of political and economic situations that he had not seen before a few years ago. Huge debts and near-zero interest rates led to massive money printing in the world's three major reserve currencies; major political and social conflicts within countries, particularly the United States, due to the largest wealth, political, and values disparities in more than a century; and the rise of a world power to challenge the existing world order. Between 1930 and 1945, this confluence happened for the final time. Dalio was inspired by this discovery to look for the recurring patterns and cause-and-effect correlations that underpin all significant shifts in wealth and power over the previous 500 years. Dalio takes readers on a tour of the world's major empires, including the Dutch, British, and American empires, in this remarkable and timely addition to his Principles series, putting the "Big Cycle" that has driven the successes and failures of all the world's major countries throughout history into perspective. He unveils the timeless and universal forces for what is ahead. Humans are more likely to commit evil than good under legalism because they are only driven by self-interest and need rigorous regulations to restrain their urges.
Herman Daly’s Economics for a Full World
Author: Peter A. Victor
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1000454746
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 308
Book Description
As the first biography of Professor Herman Daly, this book provides an in-depth account of one of the leading thinkers and most widely read writers on economics, environment and sustainability. Herman Daly’s economics for a full world, based on his steady-state economics, has been widely acknowledged through numerous prestigious international awards and prizes. Drawing on extensive interviews with Daly and in-depth analysis of his publications and debates, Peter Victor presents a unique insight into Daly’s life from childhood to the present day, describing his intellectual development, inspirations and influence. Much of the book is devoted to a comprehensive account of Daly’s foundational contributions to ecological economics. It describes how his insights and proposals have been received by economists and non-economists and the extraordinary relevance of Daly’s full world economics to solving the economic problems of today and tomorrow. Innovative and timely, this book will be of great interest to students, scholars, researchers, activists and policy makers concerned with economics, environment and sustainability.
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1000454746
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 308
Book Description
As the first biography of Professor Herman Daly, this book provides an in-depth account of one of the leading thinkers and most widely read writers on economics, environment and sustainability. Herman Daly’s economics for a full world, based on his steady-state economics, has been widely acknowledged through numerous prestigious international awards and prizes. Drawing on extensive interviews with Daly and in-depth analysis of his publications and debates, Peter Victor presents a unique insight into Daly’s life from childhood to the present day, describing his intellectual development, inspirations and influence. Much of the book is devoted to a comprehensive account of Daly’s foundational contributions to ecological economics. It describes how his insights and proposals have been received by economists and non-economists and the extraordinary relevance of Daly’s full world economics to solving the economic problems of today and tomorrow. Innovative and timely, this book will be of great interest to students, scholars, researchers, activists and policy makers concerned with economics, environment and sustainability.
Economics in One Lesson
Author: Henry Hazlitt
Publisher: Crown Currency
ISBN: 0307760626
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 220
Book Description
With over a million copies sold, Economics in One Lesson is an essential guide to the basics of economic theory. A fundamental influence on modern libertarianism, Hazlitt defends capitalism and the free market from economic myths that persist to this day. Considered among the leading economic thinkers of the “Austrian School,” which includes Carl Menger, Ludwig von Mises, Friedrich (F.A.) Hayek, and others, Henry Hazlitt (1894-1993), was a libertarian philosopher, an economist, and a journalist. He was the founding vice-president of the Foundation for Economic Education and an early editor of The Freeman magazine, an influential libertarian publication. Hazlitt wrote Economics in One Lesson, his seminal work, in 1946. Concise and instructive, it is also deceptively prescient and far-reaching in its efforts to dissemble economic fallacies that are so prevalent they have almost become a new orthodoxy. Economic commentators across the political spectrum have credited Hazlitt with foreseeing the collapse of the global economy which occurred more than 50 years after the initial publication of Economics in One Lesson. Hazlitt’s focus on non-governmental solutions, strong — and strongly reasoned — anti-deficit position, and general emphasis on free markets, economic liberty of individuals, and the dangers of government intervention make Economics in One Lesson every bit as relevant and valuable today as it has been since publication.
Publisher: Crown Currency
ISBN: 0307760626
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 220
Book Description
With over a million copies sold, Economics in One Lesson is an essential guide to the basics of economic theory. A fundamental influence on modern libertarianism, Hazlitt defends capitalism and the free market from economic myths that persist to this day. Considered among the leading economic thinkers of the “Austrian School,” which includes Carl Menger, Ludwig von Mises, Friedrich (F.A.) Hayek, and others, Henry Hazlitt (1894-1993), was a libertarian philosopher, an economist, and a journalist. He was the founding vice-president of the Foundation for Economic Education and an early editor of The Freeman magazine, an influential libertarian publication. Hazlitt wrote Economics in One Lesson, his seminal work, in 1946. Concise and instructive, it is also deceptively prescient and far-reaching in its efforts to dissemble economic fallacies that are so prevalent they have almost become a new orthodoxy. Economic commentators across the political spectrum have credited Hazlitt with foreseeing the collapse of the global economy which occurred more than 50 years after the initial publication of Economics in One Lesson. Hazlitt’s focus on non-governmental solutions, strong — and strongly reasoned — anti-deficit position, and general emphasis on free markets, economic liberty of individuals, and the dangers of government intervention make Economics in One Lesson every bit as relevant and valuable today as it has been since publication.
The Economy
Author: The Core Team
Publisher: Core Economics Education
ISBN: 9781838165666
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
A complete introduction to economics and the economy taught in undergraduate economics and masters courses in public policy. CORE's approach to teaching economics is student-centred and motivated by real-world problems and real-world data. The only introductory economics text to equip students to address today's pressing problems by mastering the conceptual and quantitative tools of contemporary economics. THE ECONOMY: is a new approach that integrates recent developments in economics including contract theory, strategic interaction, behavioural economics, and financial instability; challenges students to address inequality, climate change, economic instability, wealth creation and innovation, and other problems; provides a unified treatment of micro- and macroeconomics; motivates all models and concepts by evidence and real-world applications.
Publisher: Core Economics Education
ISBN: 9781838165666
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
A complete introduction to economics and the economy taught in undergraduate economics and masters courses in public policy. CORE's approach to teaching economics is student-centred and motivated by real-world problems and real-world data. The only introductory economics text to equip students to address today's pressing problems by mastering the conceptual and quantitative tools of contemporary economics. THE ECONOMY: is a new approach that integrates recent developments in economics including contract theory, strategic interaction, behavioural economics, and financial instability; challenges students to address inequality, climate change, economic instability, wealth creation and innovation, and other problems; provides a unified treatment of micro- and macroeconomics; motivates all models and concepts by evidence and real-world applications.
Principles of Economics in Context
Author: Neva Goodwin
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1317462165
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 1195
Book Description
Principles of Economics in Context lays out the principles of micro- and macroeconomics in a manner that is thorough, up to date, and relevant to students, attuned to the economic realities of the world around them. It offers engaging treatment of important current topics such as new thinking in behavioral economics, financial instability and market bubbles, debt and deficits, and policy responses to the problems of unemployment, inequality, and environmental sustainability. This new, affordable edition combines the just-released new editions of Microeconomics in Context and Macroeconomics in Context to provide an integrated full-year text covering all aspects of both micro and macro analysis and application, with many up-to-date examples and extensive supporting web resources for instructors and students. Key features include: An eye-opening statistical portrait of the United States; Clear explanation of basic concepts and analytical tools, with advanced models presented in optional chapter appendices; Presentation of policy issues in historical, institutional, social, political, and ethical context--an approach that fosters critical evaluation of the standard microeconomic models, such as welfare analysis, labor markets, and market competition; Issues of human well-being, both domestic and global, are given central importance, enriching the topics and analytical tools to which students are introduced; The theme of sustainability--financial, social, and ecological--is thoroughly integrated in the book, with chapters on alternatives to standard GDP measurement, the environment, common property, public goods, and growth and sustainability in the twenty-first century; Full complement of instructor and student support materials online, including test banks and grading through Canvas.
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1317462165
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 1195
Book Description
Principles of Economics in Context lays out the principles of micro- and macroeconomics in a manner that is thorough, up to date, and relevant to students, attuned to the economic realities of the world around them. It offers engaging treatment of important current topics such as new thinking in behavioral economics, financial instability and market bubbles, debt and deficits, and policy responses to the problems of unemployment, inequality, and environmental sustainability. This new, affordable edition combines the just-released new editions of Microeconomics in Context and Macroeconomics in Context to provide an integrated full-year text covering all aspects of both micro and macro analysis and application, with many up-to-date examples and extensive supporting web resources for instructors and students. Key features include: An eye-opening statistical portrait of the United States; Clear explanation of basic concepts and analytical tools, with advanced models presented in optional chapter appendices; Presentation of policy issues in historical, institutional, social, political, and ethical context--an approach that fosters critical evaluation of the standard microeconomic models, such as welfare analysis, labor markets, and market competition; Issues of human well-being, both domestic and global, are given central importance, enriching the topics and analytical tools to which students are introduced; The theme of sustainability--financial, social, and ecological--is thoroughly integrated in the book, with chapters on alternatives to standard GDP measurement, the environment, common property, public goods, and growth and sustainability in the twenty-first century; Full complement of instructor and student support materials online, including test banks and grading through Canvas.
Principles of Macroeconomics
Author: Soumen Sikdar
Publisher: Oxford University Press
ISBN: 0190990848
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 272
Book Description
Principles of Macroeconomics is a lucid and concise introduction to the theoretical and practical aspects of macroeconomics. This revised and updated third edition covers key macroeconomic issues such as national income, investment, inflation, balance of payments, monetary and fiscal policies, economic growth and banking system. This book also explains the role of the government in guiding the economy along the path of stable prices, low unemployment, sustainable growth, and planned development through many India-centric examples. Special attention has been given to macroeconomic management in a country linked to the global economy. This reader-friendly book presents a wide coverage of relevant themes, updated statistics, chapter-end exercises, and summary points modelled on the Indian context. It will serve as an indispensable introductory resource for students and teachers of macroeconomics.
Publisher: Oxford University Press
ISBN: 0190990848
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 272
Book Description
Principles of Macroeconomics is a lucid and concise introduction to the theoretical and practical aspects of macroeconomics. This revised and updated third edition covers key macroeconomic issues such as national income, investment, inflation, balance of payments, monetary and fiscal policies, economic growth and banking system. This book also explains the role of the government in guiding the economy along the path of stable prices, low unemployment, sustainable growth, and planned development through many India-centric examples. Special attention has been given to macroeconomic management in a country linked to the global economy. This reader-friendly book presents a wide coverage of relevant themes, updated statistics, chapter-end exercises, and summary points modelled on the Indian context. It will serve as an indispensable introductory resource for students and teachers of macroeconomics.