EBOOK: The Student's Guide To Research Ethics PDF Download
Are you looking for read ebook online? Search for your book and save it on your Kindle device, PC, phones or tablets. Download EBOOK: The Student's Guide To Research Ethics PDF full book. Access full book title EBOOK: The Student's Guide To Research Ethics by Paul Oliver. Download full books in PDF and EPUB format.
Author: Paul Oliver
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education (UK)
ISBN: 033524016X
Category : Study Aids
Languages : en
Pages : 224
Get Book Here
Book Description
Why should every researcher consider the ethical implications of their work? What constitutes ethical research? How can best practice be maintained throughout a research project? This reader-friendly book examines the ethical issues and questions that occur in university and professional research and will help both beginning and experienced researchers to identify ethical issues when they are conducting research. The book thoroughly examines the broader ethical issues that arise throughout research, from the design stage through to data collection and analysis. It also investigates topical issues such as content, confidentiality and ethical questions in the dissemination of research. There are also discussions of ethical theories as well as case studies that highlight dilemmas and how they can be avoided or resolved. This new edition is thoroughly updated to reflect the greater emphasis researchers must now place on ethics and includes information on: Ethical concerns of the internet and technology Regulatory frameworks and research governance Ethical requirements of funding bodies The involvement of research participants in research design Codes of ethics within different disciplines 'Ethical Dialogue' and 'Ethical Dilemmas' boxes feature throughout the book in order to highlight key issues. There are also further reading sections at the end of each chapter as well as expanded coverage of plagiarism. The Student's Guide to Research Ethics is an invaluable tool for both undergraduate and postgraduate students as well as professionals who research as part of their jobs.
Author: Paul Oliver
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education (UK)
ISBN: 033524016X
Category : Study Aids
Languages : en
Pages : 224
Get Book Here
Book Description
Why should every researcher consider the ethical implications of their work? What constitutes ethical research? How can best practice be maintained throughout a research project? This reader-friendly book examines the ethical issues and questions that occur in university and professional research and will help both beginning and experienced researchers to identify ethical issues when they are conducting research. The book thoroughly examines the broader ethical issues that arise throughout research, from the design stage through to data collection and analysis. It also investigates topical issues such as content, confidentiality and ethical questions in the dissemination of research. There are also discussions of ethical theories as well as case studies that highlight dilemmas and how they can be avoided or resolved. This new edition is thoroughly updated to reflect the greater emphasis researchers must now place on ethics and includes information on: Ethical concerns of the internet and technology Regulatory frameworks and research governance Ethical requirements of funding bodies The involvement of research participants in research design Codes of ethics within different disciplines 'Ethical Dialogue' and 'Ethical Dilemmas' boxes feature throughout the book in order to highlight key issues. There are also further reading sections at the end of each chapter as well as expanded coverage of plagiarism. The Student's Guide to Research Ethics is an invaluable tool for both undergraduate and postgraduate students as well as professionals who research as part of their jobs.
Author: Judith Bell
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education (UK)
ISBN: 0335243398
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 363
Get Book Here
Book Description
*Interested in purchasing Doing Your Research Project as a SmartBook? Visit https://connect2.mheducation.com/join/?c=bellwaters7e to register for access today* Step-by-step advice on completing an outstanding research project. This is the market-leading book for anyone conducting a research project, whether for the first time or as an experienced researcher honing their skills. Clear, concise and readable, this bestselling resource provides a practical, step-by-step guide from initial concept to completion of your research report. Thoroughly updated but retaining its well-loved style, this seventh edition provides: • A brand new first chapter outlining what it means to carry out research, the responsibilities of the researcher, the research journey, and the 'intentional' and 'unintentional' roles of a researcher. • An extensive update to chapter nine on using social media in research, to include ethical considerations and how the researcher can use and reference information collected via these platforms and create collaborative connections. • An online review of the latest tools for collecting and analysing both quantitative and qualitative data gathered from social media sites, such as Survey Monkey and Google Forms. • Further coverage on how to protect research participants, including advice from the NHS on how to conduct research in health-based settings. • More detailed coverage of how to conduct effective online literature searches, not only using Google but also other research-based search engines such as PubMed and professionally-focussed sites. • To support your learning, questions at the end of each chapter, which prompt you to reflect on your research journey. This practical, no-nonsense guide is vital reading for all those embarking on undergraduate or postgraduate study, irrespective of discipline, and for professionals in such fields as social science, education and health. 'The latest edition provides extensive coverage of all that a research student might need to know. The expanse of the topics covered enables this book to be indispensable to a great range of students, not only at different levels of study but also in a variety of disciplines. Bell and Waters present an honest and practical look at a daunting academic undertaking and provide the student with a resource that is currently has no parallel. This new edition brings the text up to date with a look at some of the more creative approaches the research project might take and challenges students to think before making research decisions.' Dr Susan Schutz PhD, MSc, RNT, RGN, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, UK
Author: WATERS
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education (UK)
ISBN: 0335252435
Category : Study Aids
Languages : en
Pages : 393
Get Book Here
Book Description
"This new edition retains the excellent structure and tone of previous editions whilst bringing the text and examples up to date, reflecting the changing and dynamic social world we live and research in." Dr Steven Gascoigne, Assistant Professor, Centre for Lifelong Learning, University of Warwick, UK "This book combines theoretical knowledge and practical skills with case studies, examples, and reflections in one easy-to-read book... A must for novice researchers." Dr Christina Cooper, Assistant Professor in Community Wellbeing, Northumbria University, UK Now on its eighth edition, Doing Your Research Project remains the authoritative guide to conducting an outstanding research project. Guiding readers through each stage of the research journey, this book gives students the confidence to successfully conceptualise and complete their research. Written in its trademark, student-friendly style, each chapter includes reflective questions to help students apply the advice to their own work. The authors cover a range of disciplines and methodologies, empowering students to make an informed choice about what best suits their research. While retaining its most-loved features from previous editions, the latest edition: Provides updated coverage of digital research techniques Examines the nature of research and the roles that researchers occupy Expands the discussion of research methods This bestselling resource is the ultimate companion to any research project, whether you are a first-time or experienced researcher. Practical, clear and concise, Doing Your Research Project is vital reading for anyone embarking on a research project.
Author: Martyn Denscombe
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education (UK)
ISBN: 0335226876
Category : Literary Collections
Languages : en
Pages : 418
Get Book Here
Book Description
This bestselling introductory book offers practical and straightforward guidance on the basics of social research, ideal for anyone who needs to conduct small-scale research projects as part of their undergraduate, postgraduate or professional studies. The book provides: • A clear, straightforward introduction to data collection methods and data analysis • Jargon-free coverage of the key issues • Checklists to guide good practice The sixth edition has been extensively updated and includes features such as: • A new chapter on the Life Course Perspective • A new chapter on Literature Reviews • New material on the Delphi Technique • An updated and expanded chapter on the analysis of Quantitative Data • New examples and illustrations throughout The Good Research Guide, 6th edition is a valuable resource for anyone conducting social research including those in applied areas such as business studies, health studies, nursing, education, social work, policy studies, marketing, media studies and criminology. "Denscombe's The Good Research Guide, now in its 6th edition, continues to be one of the leading books in the field. It covers the topics a student or practitioner doing a research project needs to know from project design, theoretical underpinnings of research, data collection and analysis to writing up your research. Its accessible and practical approach means that it is an excellent resource for those new to undertaking independent research." Liam Foster, Senior Lecturer in Social Policy and Social Work, Sheffield University, UK "Martyn Denscombe's text continues to remain core reading for those undertaking small pieces of research and those who need to gain a firm grounding in the principles of research theory and practice. From deciding on a research approach to the process of writing up, this finely balanced edition offers a comprehensive and detailed guide to the research cycle. Pragmatic, and with the needs of the researcher always in mind, it makes social science research accessible, undaunting, and, what's more, a completely possible, stimulating, and enjoyable endeavour." Yunis Alam, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Bradford, UK "The Good Research Guide provides a comprehensive view of the complex strategies and approaches of conducting social research, explained in simple terms. Relevant examples and check lists provided in each section not only helps to gain better understanding but also reflect on one’s own research. This book has tremendously helped me to gain knowledge and understanding of complex research strategies. It will provide clear guidance and direction for students and researchers in their research journey to achieve success." Deborah Ebenezer, Research Student "I think the book has a very good précis of areas relevant to the title. It outlines very well in a logical order the elements pertinent to 'social research'. Each chapter is relatively comprehensive and deals with subject material that is important, in a language that is accessible throughout. It does what it says on the tin and provides practical information and guidance as a 'how to' text' for those needing help with this type of research project. In particular I think the checklists are an excellent chapter ending to help plan and bring into sharp focus what is needed for any particular approach. The within chapter examples are excellent and help to further inform the reader what the author is trying to convey. Chapter links help further embed concepts and show how the various research elements may be associated. Overall an excellent introductory text that embodies a no-nonsense approach to a subject that can be at times complex. By breaking down topic areas and giving simple examples the subject is eminently accessible to the reader. Well done!" Stephen Pearson, Senior Lecturer in Human and Applied Physiology, School of Health Sciences, University of Salford, UK "This new edition provides comprehensive guidance to those undertaking small-scale social research projects including dissertations in business and management and the social sciences and I would recommend its use for all those new to research and also to refresh the thinking of those with prior research experience. Part 1 addresses a range of strategies for social research including surveys, sampling, case studies, experiments, ethnography, the life course perspective, grounded theory, action research, phenomenology, systematic review and mixed methods. There are few texts which address research strategies in such a comprehensive manner. The text develops in Part 2 by providing clear guidance on the selection and use of appropriate methods of data collection such as questionnaires, interviews, observation and documentary analysis, taking into account the aims and objective of the research project. Part 4 considers both quantitative and qualitative data analysis with Part 4 providing essential information on research ethics, the reporting of research and on the conduct and presentation of the literature review essential to all research projects. I have no hesitation in commending this text for use by undergraduate and post-graduate students as well as those undertaking research projects independent of an academic programme." Dr. Bobby Mackie, Senior Lecturer, School of Business and Enterprise, University of the West of Scotland, UK
Author: Christine Talbot
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education (UK)
ISBN: 033523805X
Category : Juvenile Nonfiction
Languages : en
Pages : 241
Get Book Here
Book Description
"This book is invaluable for the first time, or even the long term, distance learner. Areas covered include motivation for studying, the learning process, note taking, tips on e-learning, in fact everything up to, and including, preparing for exams. Excellent for dipping into when you hit an obstacle to your studies. Highly recommended." ***** Review of the second edition from Amazon.co.uk This essential guide provides practical help and support for those who have not previously studied at a distance and is ideal for students returning to study after a break. It covers fundamental issues such as motivation, goal setting, time management and coping strategies. Additional coverage in the third edition includes:Specific information on the use of new technologies in distance learningDetailed coverage of referencing, citation and plagiarismDescription of using mind maps and other techniques for planning and writing essays or reportsSupport for disabled students, particularly those with dyslexiaAn expanded further resources sectionHallmark features of this book are the comments and advice offered by distance learning students and tutors. It also includes a comprehensive exploration of developments in e-learning as well as self-study activities that highlight the element of active learning that is crucial to successful studying at a distance. Studying at a Distance is a key resource for undergraduates and postgraduates in all open and distance learning or e-learning courses.
Author: Boris Blumberg
Publisher: McGraw Hill
ISBN: 1526849763
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 376
Get Book Here
Book Description
This book is a one stop guide to all your research methods needs. It is tailored specifically towards business and management courses, and central to this edition is the balanced coverage of qualitative and quantitative methods to clearly and concisely lead students through the research process, whatever their project may be. Now in its much anticipated fifth edition, Business Research Methods has been revised and updated to reflect all the latest trends in research methodology. The integration of statistical issues, as well as coverage of web-based surveys, qualitative interviews, big data, and content analysis of social media, aims to support the current student experience. A Running Case Study charts the progression of two student research projects - one qualitative and one quantitative - and shows how the content of each chapter can be used to develop their projects. Thought provoking questions are included to help students consider the issues and decisions involved, and how these might be applied to their own project. Deeper Insight into Research Methods boxes delve further into particular research issues, offering a detailed description to increase understanding of these areas, whilst Real Life examples put research methods into context, by showing how they have been applied in real world situations. New pedagogy features include: Research in Practice boxes provide an insight into situations and research decisions that students may encounter in real life projects. They contain hints, tips and sometimes questions to help think through a project. Theory Explained highlights key theories and demonstrates how these can be applied in practical research examples. Statistics in Action provides practical alternatives to qualitative research methods and gives examples of how statistical data can be presented, analyzed and interpreted to improve students data insights skills. The Online Learning Centre contains a vast amount of extra resources to support lecturers and student, including power points, instructor manuals, and a question bank. New to this edition are short case studies with teaching notes covering current topics and key theories, and worked examples and videos with associated questions for further practical exercises and real world examples. Boris F. Blumberg is Senior Lecturer and Executive Director of UMIO, the postgraduate unit at the Maastricht University School of Business and Economics, the Netherlands. Boris has supervised hundreds of dissertations and teaches courses in strategic management, entrepreneurship and innovation. His research focuses mainly on entrepreneurship, networks and methodology. Claire MacRae is Senior Lecturer in Public Policy at the Centre for Public Policy, University of Glasgow. Claire has taught courses on research methods for undergraduate, masters and Professional Doctorate students. Her research focuses mainly on policymaking, risk and resilience, and the impact of policy design and implementation on society.
Author: Boris Blumberg
Publisher: McGraw Hill
ISBN: 0077157494
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 750
Get Book Here
Book Description
Are you about to begin your dissertation or a research project, but don’t know what topic to choose?Are you unsure of what research methods to use and how they should be applied to your project?Are you worried about how to write up your research project?Then this is the book for you! A balanced coverage of qualitative and quantitative methods means that no matter what approach you choose to use for your project, there are examples and case studies to help guide you through the process. Student Research boxes provide an insight into situations and research decisions that students have encountered in real life projects. They contain hints, tips and sometimes questions to help you think through your own project. A Running Case Study charts the progression of two student research projects - one qualitative and one quantitative - and shows how the content of each chapter can be used to develop their projects. Thought provoking questions are included in order to help you consider the issues and decisions involved, which you can then apply to your own project. Deeper Insight boxes delve further into particular research issues, offering you a detailed description to increase your understanding of these areas, whilst Real Life examples put research methods into context, by showing you how they have been applied in real world situations. The Online Learning Centre contains a vast amount of extra resources to help you create a superior project: Six statistical chapters are available to help you prepare, test and analyse your hypotheses and data. Extra cases, appendices and dataset exercises help you to take your study further. Check out the Research Skills Centre for free chapters of Study Skills books, examples of good and bad proposals, and templates for questionnaires and surveys. All of this and more can be found at www.mcgraw-hill.co.uk/textbooks/blumberg
Author: Carol Brown
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education (UK)
ISBN: 0335251331
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 206
Get Book Here
Book Description
“Ethical Dilemmas in Educational Research is a valuable resource for both researchers and supervisors. Having myself sat on a university ethics committee, I appreciate not only the considerations needed when approving applications but also the controversy around what could be viewed as undue restrictions on research. The real-life and hypothetical dilemmas presented in this book should help guide researchers towards effective but ethically sensitive designs." Dr Katy Smart CPsychol AFBPsS, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, UK Ethical Dilemmas in Educational Research is an invaluable guide for educational researchers around the world, helping to develop best practices and make informed decisions. This book demonstrates how a careful balance must be struck between the needs of participants, increasing regulatory guidelines and the academic freedom of the educational researcher. The authors discuss an array of issues arising in the field of educational research, including: ethical dilemmas in action, issues of agency and privacy, and researcher reflexivity. With a foreword by Professor Ian Menter, this book goes beyond the guidelines and focuses on the specific dilemmas that educational researchers face, illustrated with real-life and inclusive examples. The book: ● Focuses on the resolution of ethical dilemmas in educational research, and not just the dilemmas themselves ● Highlights the role of committees and guidelines, with an emphasis on misunderstandings and common purposes ● Is written by academics from differing theoretical and methodological perspectives and disciplines across the spectrum of educational research ● Presents specific dilemmas encountered during research in the early years, schools and universities The authors use these ideas to build on the foundations of an ethical approach and find new ways of working together and learning from one another, to ensure best practice in the educational research field and forge a more united forward path. Carol Brown is a Senior Lecturer in Psychology and Education Faculty Research Ethics Officer at Oxford Brookes University, UK. Mary Wild is Professor in Education and former Head of the School of Education at Oxford Brookes University, UK.
Author: John Biggam
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education (UK)
ISBN: 0335243223
Category : Study Aids
Languages : en
Pages : 378
Get Book Here
Book Description
What do I need to do to write a literature, context or systematic review? How do I explain my research methods and write up my findings? Help! How do I prepare for a viva? This essential handbook carefully guides the student through the entire dissertation process from start to finish, offering clear, straightforward and practical advice. Biggam uses clear illustrations of what students should do- or not do - to reach their full potential, helping them to succeed with their dissertation and avoid common pitfalls along the way. Thoroughly updated, this popular book takes the student from research proposal, through literature reviews, research methods, and writing up, referencing and avoiding plagiarism, through to submission and marking, featuring: • New chapter on ‘Introducing the Master’s Dissertation’ focusing on the skills you need to succeed • New material on Contextual Review for computer science, art and performance art students • Updated material on the benefits of using university library databases and social media in research • Expanded advice on the emotional journey and where to find assistance and support • New Research Methods chapter for art, drama and computer science students This is key reading for any social science, business, humanities or healthcare student required to complete a dissertation as part of their studies. It will also prove useful for undergraduate students considering postgraduate studies and for supervisors facilitating dissertation supervision. "This book is a really excellent and friendly guide through the Master’s dissertation process. It is clearly and engagingly written and easily understandable to a student. It also guides students gently from a general understanding in the first chapter, down to a significant level of detail in each subsequent chapter with worked examples and relevant practical tips. It also usefully highlights common mistakes. The book presents a realistic view of undertaking a Master’s degree, presenting the generic skills needed for success and acknowledging that life outside the dissertation is complex, messy, and can sometimes get in the way! It is particularly useful and relevant to my students as, unlike many other books on this topic, it does not ignore practice-based forms of research, in fact the book includes a substantial chapter on practice-as-research in the creative disciplines. This chapter includes software alongside creative arts and is therefore particularly suitable for inter- or multi-disciplinary postgraduates using technology to enhance their existing understanding of a subject (or their practice) through research. I also really like the fact that the chapter on Abstracts is at the end (where it belongs!) and that students are explicitly told to write it last – no matter how many times I tell my students this, it is a common and recurring mistake!" Daisy Abbott, School of Simulation and Visualisation, The Glasgow School of Art, UK "The dissertation component of a Master’s programme can be very daunting for students. In this book John Biggam demystifies both the concept, and process of a dissertation. Biggam clearly explains the different parts of a dissertation, and offers a pragmatic structure which can be used by students to help frame their ideas. Also, the guidance given in the book is written in a reassuring tone which is never patronising. The summary on good practise in dissertation writing should be particularly useful during the planning stage, and as a final check for students." Dr Donna Murray SFHEA, Head of Taught Student Development, Institute for Academic Development, The University of Edinburgh, UK
Author: Nina Hallowell
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education (UK)
ISBN: 0335225667
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 174
Get Book Here
Book Description
·What is it really like to do social science research? ·In what ways can research go wrong and what can you do to put it right again? ·How do research methods and research ethics relate in practice? This is a ‘how it went’ rather than a ‘how to do’ research methods book. It is based upon the reflections and experiences of a wide range of established social researchers, the majority of whom undertake research in the field of health care. By drawing upon anecdotal accounts of setting up research projects, negotiating access, gathering data and disseminating findings, the book highlights the practical and ethical complexities involved in the conduct of empirically based research. By focussing upon the real-life experiences of social science researchers Reflections on Research provides insight into the day-to-day realities of conducting research – the pleasures and the pitfalls. As such, it is essential reading for all students and researchers in the social sciences as well as academics and professionals interested in research and research ethics. Contributors Priscilla Alderson, Professor of Childhood Studies at the Institute of Education; Kathryn Backett-Milburn, Senior Research Fellow at the Research Unit in Health, Behaviour and Change and Co-Director of the Centre for Research on Families and Relationships, University of Edinburgh; Rosaline Barbour, Professor of Health and Social Care at the University of Dundee; Hannah Bradby, Lecturer in Medical Sociology at Warwick University; Elizabeth Chapman, Research Associate at the Centre for Family Research, University of Cambridge; Susan Cox, Assistant Professor and Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research Scholar at The W. Maurice Young Centre for Applied Ethics, University of British Columbia; Sarah Cunningham-Burley, Reader in Public Health Sciences and Co-Director of the Centre for Research on Families and Relationships at the University of Edinburgh; Gill Dunne, Senior Lecturer in the Department of Sociology at the University of Plymouth; Susan Eley, Lecturer at the Department of Applied Social Science, University of Stirling; Elizabeth Ettorre, Professor of Sociology, University of Plymouth; Catherine Exley, Lecturer in Medical Sociology in the Centre for Health Services Research, University of Newcastle upon Tyne; Calliope (Bobbie) Farsides, Senior Lecturer in Medical Ethics at the Centre of Medical Law and Ethics, King's College London; Claire Foster, Chartered Health Psychologist and Senior Research Fellow at The Institute of Cancer Research ; Jonathan Gabe, Reader in Sociology in the Department of Social and Political Science at Royal Holloway, University of London; Wendy Gnich, Research Fellow at the Research Unit in Health, Behaviour and Change, University of Edinburgh; Trudy Goodenough, Research Assistant working at the Centre for Ethics in Medicine, University of Bristol; Susan Gregory, Research Fellow at the Research Unit in Health, Behaviour and Change, the University of Edinburgh; Rachel Grellier, Assistant Health & Social Development Specialist at Options Consultancy Service; Nina Hallowell, teaches Social Science and Ethics in the department of Public Health Sciences, the Medical School, University of Edinburgh; Khim Horton, Lecturer (clinical) at the European Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey; Julie Kent, Senior Lecturer in Sociology at the University of West of England; Julia Lawton, Research Fellow at the Research Unit in Health, Behaviour and Change, the University of Edinburgh; Abby Lippman, Professor in the Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics at McGill University; Liz Lobb, Researcher in familial cancer and palliative care at Edith Cowan University in Perth.Lesley Lockyer, Senior Lecturer in the Faculty of Health and Social Care, University of the West of England; Alice Lovell, teaches Psychology at Birkbeck College, Faculty of Continuing Education; Marion McAllister, Macmillan Genetic Counsellor and Honorary Lecturer at the North West Genetics Knowledge Park (Nowgen) and Regional Genetics Service/Academic Unit of Medical Genetics, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester; Richard Mitchell, Research Fellow in the Research Unit in Health, Behaviour and Change (RUHBC), University of Edinburgh; Virginia Morrow, Research Lecturer at the Child-Focused Research Centre, Department of Health & Social Care, Brunel University, London; Melissa Nash, University College London; Odette Parry, Professor of Social Welfare & Community Justice and head of the Social Inclusion Research Unit (SIRU) at NEWI, The University of Wales; Stephen Platt, Director of the Research Unit in Health, Behaviour and Change, University of Edinburgh; Laura Potts, Senior Lecturer in the School of Management, Community and Communication at York St John College, York; Shirley Prendergast, Reader in Research at Anglia Polytechnic University, Cambridge; Martin Richards, Director of the Centre for Family Research, University of Cambridge; Deborah RitchieSenior Lecturer in Health Promotion at Queen Margaret University College; Ann Robertson, Associate Professor in the Department of Public Health Sciences at the University of Toronto; Susan Robinson, Research Associate in the Department of General Practice at King's College, London; Tom Shakespeare, Director of Outreach at PEALS, a University of Newcastle-based research centre ; Hilary Thomas, Senior Lecturer in the Department of Sociology, University of Surrey; Stefan Timmermans, Associate Professor at Brandeis University; Kay Tisdall, Senior Lecturer in Social Policy at the University of Edinburgh; Jonathan Tritter, Research Director of the Institute of Governance and Public Management, University of Warwick; Julia Twigg, Professor of Social Policy and Sociology at the University of Kent; Clare Williams, Research Fellow in the Department of Midwifery and Women's Health, King's College London; Emma Williamson, Wellcome Trust Research Fellow for the EPEG Project, Centre for Ethics in Medicine, University of Bristol .
