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Author: Maggie Xiaoyang Chen
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Standards and technical regulations are an increasingly prominent part of the international trade policy debate. In particular, there has been considerable discussion of whether standards and regulations affect trade costs and export prospects for developing countries. In this paper the authors examine how meeting foreign standards affects firms' export performance, reflected in export propensity and market diversification. The analysis draws on the World Bank Technical Barriers to Trade Survey database of 619 firms in 17 developing countries. The results indicate that technical regulations in industrial countries adversely affect firms' propensity to export in developing countries. In particular, testing procedures and lengthy inspection procedures reduce exports by 9 percent and 3percent, respectively. Furthermore, in the model, the difference in standards across foreign countries causes diseconomy of scale for firms and affects decisions about whether to enter export markets. The empirical analysis presented here implies that standards impede exporters' market entry, reducing the likelihood of exporting to more than three markets by 7 percent. In addition, the authors find that firms that outsource components are more challenged by compliance with multiple standards.
Author: Maggie Xiaoyang Chen
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Standards and technical regulations are an increasingly prominent part of the international trade policy debate. In particular, there has been considerable discussion of whether standards and regulations affect trade costs and export prospects for developing countries. In this paper the authors examine how meeting foreign standards affects firms' export performance, reflected in export propensity and market diversification. The analysis draws on the World Bank Technical Barriers to Trade Survey database of 619 firms in 17 developing countries. The results indicate that technical regulations in industrial countries adversely affect firms' propensity to export in developing countries. In particular, testing procedures and lengthy inspection procedures reduce exports by 9 percent and 3percent, respectively. Furthermore, in the model, the difference in standards across foreign countries causes diseconomy of scale for firms and affects decisions about whether to enter export markets. The empirical analysis presented here implies that standards impede exporters' market entry, reducing the likelihood of exporting to more than three markets by 7 percent. In addition, the authors find that firms that outsource components are more challenged by compliance with multiple standards.
Author: Maggie Xiaoyang Chen
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN:
Category : Acceso a los mercados
Languages : en
Pages : 26
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Book Description
Standards and technical regulations are an increasingly prominent part of the international trade policy debate. In particular, there has been considerable discussion of whether standards and regulations affect trade costs and export prospects for developing countries. In this paper the authors examine how meeting foreign standards affects firms' export performance, reflected in export propensity and market diversification. The analysis draws on the World Bank Technical Barriers to Trade Survey database of 619 firms in 17 developing countries. The results indicate that technical regulations in industrial countries adversely affect firms' propensity to export in developing countries. In particular, testing procedures and lengthy inspection procedures reduce exports by 9 percent and 3 percent, respectively. Furthermore, in the model, the difference in standards across foreign countries causes diseconomy of scale for firms and affects decisions about whether to enter export markets. The empirical analysis presented here implies that standards impede exporters' market entry, reducing the likelihood of exporting to more than three markets by 7 percent. In addition, the authors find that firms that outsource components are more challenged by compliance with multiple standards.
Author: Nand Jee Singh
Publisher: EXIM Clinic
ISBN:
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 417
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Book Description
A COMPREHENSIVE & EASY-TO-FOLLOW TEXTBOOK-CUM-GUIDANCE COMPANION that understands the growing importance of export business & helps entrepreneurs & businesses understand the advantages & subtleties of this business to create a strong footprint globally. This book highlights critical, entry-point, & practical information of the export business with the best & authentic solutions that entrepreneurs & small-to-mid-sized enterprises need to start exporting their goods around the globe. Inside, readers will find the most up-to-date information on export trade regulations, export documentation, letter of credit, export pricing, INCOTERMS, finding winning products, finding target foreign markets, finding foreign buyers, sales agreements, solving export-related various problems & many more. In many educational institutions, international trade is now part of the curriculum, & students need to have good knowledge on this topic; this book becomes a valuable resource for them. ✓STEP-BY-STEP GUIDANCE WITH CASE STUDY– The book is specially designed to inculcate a deeper understanding of how to be successful in the export business. Inside, several case studies help the readers to make correlations with the real problems so that readers can easily understand how to solve the problems of export business. All the chapters are sequentially interlinked, allowing readers to manage the export business step-by-step. ✓STRATEGIES THAT WORKS FOR EXPORT– Who does not want to be successful in the export business? Did you know that 12 important steps can create a road map to achieve the desired results in the export business? Please read Chapter 4 very carefully to learn these effective 12 steps for successful export. ✓FINDING WINNING PRODUCTS– At first, buyers show interest in the product. And the truth is that every product is saleable, but no one can offer everything to a customer at once. Therefore, export sales success depends on offering the right product. This book guides you as to what are the products that you can choose to export from a developing or developed country. ✓FINDING TARGET FOREIGN MARKETS– Almonds cannot be exported to any country which holds the top position in the world in terms of its production. Finding an overseas market is a matter of developing a good marketing plan. This book helps to create a framework for developing a marketing plan. ✓FINDING FOREIGN CUSTOMERS– No business can be imagined without a buyer. This is the most challenging job of the business aspect. Finding overseas customers can be a cumbersome process without knowing the proper equipment. This book guides you in finding customers in two ways; Online and Offline. Read Chapter 8 with Case Studies. ✓COMPETITIVE EXPORT PRICING– Studies show that cost/pricing ranks fifth among the top 20 reasons startups fail. Take the help of this book to calculate the total export price. ✓INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS COMMUNICATION– The art of explaining your business message leads to getting an export order. Learn this art effectively in Chapter 10 of this book. ✓FEARLESS RELEASING THE FIRST EXPORT SHIPMENT– The first export shipment is like a dream come true. Sometimes, even many professionals do not know the exact process of releasing the first export shipment. Chapter 10 has been specially prepared to solve this problem. ✓PAYMENT RISK MANAGEMENT & HANDLING VARIOUS EXPORT PROBLEMS– Every business works to earn money & profit. What if the payment for an export shipment gets stuck. This may ruin the entire business of a startup. Chapter 14 explains the different types of International Business Risk Management. Read Chapter 15 to learn how to deal with various export problems of FTP, Customs, FEMA, etc. ✓TEST YOUR EXPORT KNOWLEDGE–Appendix-I helps build confidence to take the first step towards success.
Author: James J. Nedumpara
Publisher: Kluwer Law International B.V.
ISBN: 9403534141
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 315
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Book Description
Global Trade Law Series, Volume 55 India, one of the world’s foremost trading nations, exhibits a particularly complex regulatory landscape with a variety of standard-setting bodies, regulators, accreditation and certification bodies, inspection agencies, as well as several state-level regulators. This is the first book to extensively describe the nature of standard-setting processes in India and the key agencies involved with this task, greatly clarifying the scope of market opportunities in the country. Lucid contributions from experienced practitioners and regulators with first-hand experience in formulating and advising on standards-related issues in international trade help disentangle the web of laws, regulations, operations, and functions of India’s standard setters in governmental, non-governmental, and industry contexts. The chapters describe how standards apply to such crucial trade aspects as the following: conformity assessment practice and procedure; environmental, ethical, social, and safety issues; import bans and import licensing; certification and labelling measures; mutual recognition agreements; food safety; and standardisation of the digital economy. The book is drafted throughout in an easy-to-read style, with numerous tables, flowcharts, and figures illustrating step-by-step compliance procedures. Informative annexes guide the reader to relevant agencies and identify their roles and responsibilities. This book provides a clear and concise guide to the operations, functions, and compliance and documentation requirements of India’s standard-setting and regulatory bodies across all sectors and products, and thus will serve as an unmatched guide for manufacturers, traders, and exporters operating in the Indian market or seeking to export to India. It will also serve as a useful Handbook to policymakers, academics, and researchers interested in understanding the role of standard-setting bodies in the field of international trade.
Author: Harry G. Broadman
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN: 0821368362
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 422
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Book Description
China and India's new-found interest in trade and investment with Africa - home to 300 million of the globe's poorest people and the world's most formidable development challenge - presents a significant opportunity for growth and integration of theSub-Saharan continent into the global economy. Africa's Silk Road finds that China and India's South-South commerce with Africa isabout far more than natural resources, opening the way for Africato become a processor of commodities and a competitive supplier of goods and services to these countries - a major departure from its long established relations with the North. A growing number of Chinese and Indian businesses active in Africa operate on a global scale, work with world-class technologies, produce products and services according to the most demanding standards, and foster the integration of African businesses into advanced markets.There are significant imbalances, however, in these emerging commercial relationships. These can be addressed through a series of reforms in all countries: 'At-the-border' reforms, such as elimination of China and India's escalating tariffs on Africa's leading exports, and elimination ofAfrica's tariffs on certain inputs that make exports uncompetitive 'Behind-the-border' reforms in Africa, to unleash competitive market forces and strengthen its basic market institutions 'Between-the-border' improvements in trade facilitation mechanisms to decrease transactions costs Reforms that leverage linkages between investment and trade, toallow African businesses to participate in global productionnetworks that investments by Chinese and Indian firms can generate.
Author: John S. Wilson
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 34
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Book Description
How to address the link between environmental regulation and trade was an important part of discussions at the World Trade Organization Ministerial in Doha, Qatar in November 2001. Trade ministers agreed to launch negotiations on trade and the environment, specifically clarification of WTO rules.Wilson, Otsuki, and Sewadeh address an important part of the background context for deciding whether or how to link trade agreements to the environment from a developing country perspective. The authors ask whether environmental regulations affect exports of pollution-intensive or quot;dirtyquot; goods in 24 countries between 1994 and 1998. Based on a Heckscher-Ohlin-Vanek (HOV) model, net exports in five pollution-intensive industries are regressed on factor endowments and measures of environmental standards (legislation in force). The results suggest that, if country heterogeneity such as enforcement of environmental regulations is controlled for, more stringent environmental standards imply lower net exports of metal mining, nonferrous metals, iron, and steel and chemicals. The authors find that a trade agreement on a common environmental standard will cost a non-OECD country substantially more than an OECD country. Developing countries will, on average, reduce exports of the five pollution-intensive products by 0.37 percent of GNP. This represents 11 percent of annual exports of these products from the 24 studied countries.This paper - a product of Trade, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to explore the link between standards, development, and trade. The authors may be contacted at
[email protected],
[email protected], or
[email protected].
Author: OECD
Publisher: OECD Publishing
ISBN: 9264200460
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 160
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Book Description
The world is becoming increasingly global. This raises challenges for regulatory processes which still largely emanate from domestic jurisdictions. Governments increasingly seek to better articulate regulations across borders and to ensure greater enforcement of rules.
Author: David Olusanya Ajakaiye
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1136595759
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 386
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Book Description
There is growing consensus in the literature that trade and trade policy matter for a pro-poor growth and development strategy. Therefore, policies that are consistent with this strategy feature increasingly in many African countries where poverty is endemic and rapid and where sustainable economic growth is viewed as the major vehicle for poverty reduction. Key elements of these polices include measures that promote the expansion and diversification of production and trade in Africa. This book is aimed at articulating appropriate structural and policy measures for eliminating the constraints that African countries face and thus ensuring that they can derive maximum benefits from all available market access opportunities. There is evidence that most African countries face external market access barriers in their major export destinations which are generally less constraining than those confronting countries in other developing country regions. Yet, they have generally not been able to take full advantage of the special (preferential) market access opportunities available to them. This suggests that improved external market access, whether reciprocal or preferential, would not, by itself, be sufficient for strengthening African export performance. In this collection, export supply response capacity takes external (beyond-the-border) factors as given and concentrates primarily on the internal (behind-the-border) factors that influence production and distribution costs and, thus, competitiveness. The central working hypothesis of this book is that the inability of domestic producers and exporters in Africa to respond quickly, effectively and efficiently to external market access opportunities is caused by various limitations of their internal supply capacity and that this, in turn, is largely responsible for the lacklustre export performance of many African countries. This comprehensive study should be of interest to students and researchers of international trade and development economics as well as African studies.
Author:
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN: 0821374060
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 286
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Book Description
This pocket-sized reference on key environmental data for over 200 countries includes key indicators on agriculture, forestry, biodiversity, energy, emission and pollution, and water and sanitation. The volume helps establish a sound base of information to help set priorities and measure progress toward environmental sustainability goals.
Author: Daniel Lederman
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN: 0821384910
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 153
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Book Description
Does what economies export matter for development? If so, can industrial policies improve on the export basket generated by the market? This book approaches these questions from a variety of conceptual and policy viewpoints. Reviewing the theoretical arguments in favor of industrial policies, the authors first ask whether existing indicators allow policy makers to identify growth-promoting sectors with confidence. To this end, they assess, and ultimately cast doubt upon, the reliability of many popular indicators advocated by proponents of industrial policy. Second, and central to their critique, the authors document extraordinary differences in the performance of countries exporting seemingly identical products, be they natural resources or 'high-tech' goods. Further, they argue that globalization has so fragmented the production process that even talking about exported goods as opposed to tasks may be misleading. Reviewing evidence from history and from around the world, the authors conclude that policy makers should focus less on what is produced, and more on how it is produced. They analyze alternative approaches to picking winners but conclude by favoring 'horizontal-ish' policies--for instance, those that build human capital or foment innovation in existing and future products—that only incidentally favor some sectors over others.
