Do Environmental Regulations Disproportionately Affect Small Businesses? Evidence from the Pollution Abatement Costs and Expenditures Survey PDF Download
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Author: Randy A. Becker
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
It remains an open question whether the impact of environmental regulations differs by the size of the business. Such differences might be expected because of statutory, enforcement, and/or compliance asymmetries. Here, we consider the net effect of these three asymmetries, by estimating the relationship between plant size and pollution abatement expenditures, using establishment-level data on U.S. manufacturers from the Census Bureau's Pollution Abatement Costs and Expenditures (PACE) surveys of 1974-1982, 1984-1986, 1988-1994, 1999, and 2005, combined with data from the Annual Survey of Manufactures and Census of Manufactures. We model establishments' PAOC intensity - that is, their pollution abatement operating costs per unit of economic activity - as a function of establishment size, industry, and year. Our results show that PAOC intensity increases with establishment size. We also find that larger firms spend more per unit of output than do smaller firms.
Author: Randy A. Becker
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
It remains an open question whether the impact of environmental regulations differs by the size of the business. Such differences might be expected because of statutory, enforcement, and/or compliance asymmetries. Here, we consider the net effect of these three asymmetries, by estimating the relationship between plant size and pollution abatement expenditures, using establishment-level data on U.S. manufacturers from the Census Bureau's Pollution Abatement Costs and Expenditures (PACE) surveys of 1974-1982, 1984-1986, 1988-1994, 1999, and 2005, combined with data from the Annual Survey of Manufactures and Census of Manufactures. We model establishments' PAOC intensity - that is, their pollution abatement operating costs per unit of economic activity - as a function of establishment size, industry, and year. Our results show that PAOC intensity increases with establishment size. We also find that larger firms spend more per unit of output than do smaller firms.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Environmental law
Languages : en
Pages : 184
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Book Description
Author: Wayne B Gray
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
ISBN: 1351741837
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 482
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Book Description
This title was first published in 2002. How expensive is environmental regulation and how does it affect the economy? A proper understanding of the costs imposed by environmental regulation is important for policy-makers and others concerned with regulatory design. This book focuses on empirical studies of the impact of environmental regulation on the economy, exposing the reader to a variety of estimation methodologies and datasets that have been used in this area. Three basic sources provide information on the costs of environmental regulation: surveys; engineering studies; and econometric analysis. This text draws on all three in its investigation.
Author: United States. Congress. Joint Economic Committee
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Environmental policy
Languages : en
Pages : 232
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Book Description
Author: Nicole V. Crain
Publisher: DIANE Publishing
ISBN: 1437940617
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 95
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Book Description
This is a print on demand edition of a hard to find publication. The annual cost of federal regulations in the U.S. increased to more than $1.75 trillion in 2008. Had every U.S. household paid an equal share of the federal regulatory burden, each would have owed $15,586 in 2008. While all citizens and businesses pay some portion of these costs, the distribution of the burden of regulations is quite uneven. The portion of regulatory costs that falls initially on businesses was $8,086 per employee in 2008. Small businesses, defined as firms employing fewer than 20 employees, bear the largest burden of federal regulations. This report shows that as of 2008, small businesses face an annual regulatory cost of $10,585 per employee, which is 36% higher than the regulatory cost facing large firms (500+ employees). Ill.
Author: Tongmo Suh
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 176
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Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Small Business
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 186
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Author: United States. Department of Commerce
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Commerce
Languages : en
Pages : 134
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Author: United States. Congress. House. Permanent Select Committee on Small Business. Subcommittee on Environmental Problems Affecting Small Business
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Environmental law
Languages : en
Pages : 220
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Book Description
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Environmental law
Languages : en
Pages : 142
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Book Description
