Author: James S. Catterall
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 46

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Author: Paul Louis Melendez
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 292

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In 1997 the Arizona legislature passed a public education tax credit bill that allowed state income tax payers a dollar-for-dollar tax credit for donations to public schools for extracurricular activities and character education programs. In the haste to get the bill passed there was no time for legislative review, staff analysis, or public scrutiny on the potential impact of the proposed bill. There should have been concern raised on whether the public education tax credit bill would result in an equitable distribution funds given that it was unlikely low-income families would participate, there was no guarantee that middle and upper-income families would designate their contributions to the neediest schools, and state law prohibited any redistribution of funds by school districts. This study quantitatively examined the distribution of education tax credit revenues in terms of student poverty/wealth among unified public school districts in Arizona over a three year time span. The relationship between per pupil education tax credit revenues and the percentage of students eligible for the free/reduced meal program was tested and measured among 92 unified public school districts using correlation and regression analysis for 2005, 2006, and 2007. By statistically examining the distribution of per pupil education tax credit revenues in terms of student poverty/wealth among unified public school districts in a time-series manner, the study aimed to determine if the public education tax credit program in Arizona had resulted in an equitable distribution of funds. The results of the study yielded the following findings. One, there was a strong negative association between the two variables of interest (r = -.58, p

Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :

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Author: United States. President's Commission on School Finance
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Federal aid to education
Languages : en
Pages : 76

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Author: R. Shep Melnick
Publisher: Brookings Institution Press
ISBN: 0815732406
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 337

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One civil rights-era law has reshaped American society—and contributed to the country's ongoing culture wars Few laws have had such far-reaching impact as Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972. Intended to give girls and women greater access to sports programs and other courses of study in schools and colleges, the law has since been used by judges and agencies to expand a wide range of antidiscrimination policies—most recently the Obama administration’s 2016 mandates on sexual harassment and transgender rights. In this comprehensive review of how Title IX has been implemented, Boston College political science professor R. Shep Melnick analyzes how interpretations of "equal educational opportunity" have changed over the years. In terms accessible to non-lawyers, Melnick examines how Title IX has become a central part of legal and political campaigns to correct gender stereotypes, not only in academic settings but in society at large. Title IX thus has become a major factor in America's culture wars—and almost certainly will remain so for years to come.

Author: James S. Catterall
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Tuition tax credits
Languages : en
Pages : 32

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Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0

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Education tax credits, the Hope Credit and the Lifetime Learning Credit, were introduced as new subsidies for higher education in 1997 and have cost, on average, $4.6 billion a year in lost tax revenue since their enactment. The introduction of the credits marked a dramatic increase in education spending through tax expenditures. Prior to 1997, tax incentives for higher education expenses totaled less than $2 billion in estimated lost revenue. The introduction of education tax credits expanded the number of federal agencies involved in education policy making and increased the complexity and cost of administering the income tax system. This report provides analysis of the education tax credit program. The report begins with a review of the economic rationale for subsidizing education, then describes federal subsidies for education in general and education tax credits in particular. An analysis of the education credits follows, and the report concludes with a discussion of education tax credit policy options. Economists believe that education causes positive externalities since it generates both private benefits for individuals and social benefits for the public at large. Such social benefits may include better citizenship, higher degrees of compliance with public laws, increased productivity, and intergenerational transfers of knowledge. The individual does not capture these social benefits in decision making about his or her level of educational investment and, thus, underinvests in education. Government subsidies to finance education can stimulate private demand for education in order to attain more optimal levels of education production that achieve market equilibrium outcomes. Government subsidies for higher education include indirect spending through the tax code and direct program spending. Most programs grant aid to education institutions and provide assistance directly to students and their families, as in the case of the education tax credits. The Higher Education Act (HEA), which was scheduled to expire in the 109th Congress and was extended through June 2007, authorizes many student aid programs which provide grants, loans, and work-study assistance. Tax credits for higher education, one form of government education subsidy, can be evaluated by looking at tax policy criteria of economic efficiency, equity, and simplicity. Tax credits are not proven to be efficient at increasing enrollment and thus improving social welfare. Tax credits can, however, be beneficial in making college costs more affordable. Higher income households are more able, and more likely, to benefit from education credits, which some view as detracting from equity in the tax code. Yet, the credits provide needed relief for the middle class, many of whom may not qualify for any other source of financial aid. Education credits add complexity and cost to the administration of income taxes, both for individuals and the federal government, but may offer a less-complicated alternative to traditional financial aid. This report will be updated as warranted by legislative events.

Author: OECD
Publisher: OECD Publishing
ISBN: 9264130853
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 170

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Across OECD countries, almost one in every five students does not reach a basic minimum level of skills. This book presents a series of policy recommendations for education systems to help all children succeed.

Author: Emily E. Robertson
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 198

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Author: James V. Koch
Publisher: Brookings Institution Press
ISBN: 0815732627
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 285

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Is the end in sight for college tuition hikes? Tuition and fees at public colleges and universities consistently have risen twice or even three times as fast as comparable increases in the Consumer Price Index in recent years. Since 2000 these costs have even grown 60 percent faster than health care costs. The results have been rapidly rising student debt (now $1.4 trillion nationally), rising delinquencies in debt repayment, and a dysfunctional stratification of public college student bodies on the basis of family incomes. This is a broken, unsustainable model for the majority of public colleges. Why has this occurred? The multiple causes include declining state support, the avaricious behavior of individual institutions, their reluctance to adopt productivity-increasing innovations, their cost-increasing competition for higher U.S. News ratings, and misdirected federal student financial aid policies. The key actors are the 50,000 members of the governing boards of public colleges, who too often forget that their primary responsibility is to citizens, taxpayers, and the 15 million students. Instead, board members are co-opted by clever administrators into approving tuition and fee increases well beyond what is needed to make up for declining state funding. Concerted, informed public pressure on governors, legislators, and board members is necessary to move institutions in more positive directions. Higher education funding and tuition and fee inflation are complicated matters that very few people understand well. The Impoverishment of the American College Student clarifies the central issues and provides plentiful data to support its key points. It is a must-read for anyone who believes that maintaining access to and the affordability of public colleges are vitally important to our society's future.