Author: Richard L. Kradin
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 0323508677
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 715
Book Description
Comprehensive and up to date, the Second Edition of Diagnostic Pathology: Infectious Disease, by Dr. Richard Kradin, is an invaluable tool for the accurate diagnosis of any infectious disease―from the common to the most challenging. The organ-based format makes it an especially useful tool for surgical pathologists' daily diagnostic and management issues. High-quality, full-color illustrations and differential diagnosis tables accompany each lesion, clearly depicting how to recognize the morphology of organisms and the spectrum of histological responses that they may cause. - Addresses the most difficult diagnostic issues that practicing or trainee surgical pathologists face when handling infectious disease tissue specimens. - Highlights morphological characteristics and landmarks of tissue samples for easy access to information necessary for signing out a specimen. - Emphasizes the host responses critical in differential diagnosis to serve as a second opinion when non-infectious diagnoses mimic and confound the diagnosis of infection. - Completely revised with the latest diagnostic support and hot topics in the field: - A new chapter on novel techniques in microbiology - A new chapter on eye infections - New coverage of immunohistochemical staining and other molecular diagnostic techniques - New discussions of human papillomavirus, a critical tool in predictive cancer screening - New information on infections in the immunocompromised host and related special considerations - Expert Consult eBook version included with purchase. This enhanced eBook experience allows you to search all of the text, figures, images, videos (including video updates), glossary, and references from the book on a variety of devices.
Diagnostic Pathology of Infectious Disease E-Book
Author: Richard L. Kradin
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 0323508677
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 715
Book Description
Comprehensive and up to date, the Second Edition of Diagnostic Pathology: Infectious Disease, by Dr. Richard Kradin, is an invaluable tool for the accurate diagnosis of any infectious disease―from the common to the most challenging. The organ-based format makes it an especially useful tool for surgical pathologists' daily diagnostic and management issues. High-quality, full-color illustrations and differential diagnosis tables accompany each lesion, clearly depicting how to recognize the morphology of organisms and the spectrum of histological responses that they may cause. - Addresses the most difficult diagnostic issues that practicing or trainee surgical pathologists face when handling infectious disease tissue specimens. - Highlights morphological characteristics and landmarks of tissue samples for easy access to information necessary for signing out a specimen. - Emphasizes the host responses critical in differential diagnosis to serve as a second opinion when non-infectious diagnoses mimic and confound the diagnosis of infection. - Completely revised with the latest diagnostic support and hot topics in the field: - A new chapter on novel techniques in microbiology - A new chapter on eye infections - New coverage of immunohistochemical staining and other molecular diagnostic techniques - New discussions of human papillomavirus, a critical tool in predictive cancer screening - New information on infections in the immunocompromised host and related special considerations - Expert Consult eBook version included with purchase. This enhanced eBook experience allows you to search all of the text, figures, images, videos (including video updates), glossary, and references from the book on a variety of devices.
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 0323508677
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 715
Book Description
Comprehensive and up to date, the Second Edition of Diagnostic Pathology: Infectious Disease, by Dr. Richard Kradin, is an invaluable tool for the accurate diagnosis of any infectious disease―from the common to the most challenging. The organ-based format makes it an especially useful tool for surgical pathologists' daily diagnostic and management issues. High-quality, full-color illustrations and differential diagnosis tables accompany each lesion, clearly depicting how to recognize the morphology of organisms and the spectrum of histological responses that they may cause. - Addresses the most difficult diagnostic issues that practicing or trainee surgical pathologists face when handling infectious disease tissue specimens. - Highlights morphological characteristics and landmarks of tissue samples for easy access to information necessary for signing out a specimen. - Emphasizes the host responses critical in differential diagnosis to serve as a second opinion when non-infectious diagnoses mimic and confound the diagnosis of infection. - Completely revised with the latest diagnostic support and hot topics in the field: - A new chapter on novel techniques in microbiology - A new chapter on eye infections - New coverage of immunohistochemical staining and other molecular diagnostic techniques - New discussions of human papillomavirus, a critical tool in predictive cancer screening - New information on infections in the immunocompromised host and related special considerations - Expert Consult eBook version included with purchase. This enhanced eBook experience allows you to search all of the text, figures, images, videos (including video updates), glossary, and references from the book on a variety of devices.
Diagnostic Pathology: Infectious Diseases E-Book
Author: Isaac H. Solomon
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 0323611397
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 496
Book Description
Part of the highly regarded Diagnostic Pathology series and written by Danny A. Milner, Jr., MD, this updated volume covers all aspects of infectious disease pathology, including anatomic manifestations and how to ensure a complete and accurate sign out at the microscope. Concise, focused chapters, supported by thousands of high-quality images, make this second edition an excellent point-of-care resource for pathologists at all levels of experience and training—both as a quick reference and as an efficient review to improve knowledge and skills. - Provides essential information by organism type (virus, bacteria, fungi, and parasite), further divided by those organisms that can be diagnosed on histological appearance, to help you quickly and accurately identify what you see at the microscope - Contains new information on Zika virus, rhinosporidiosis, coenurosis, and more, as well as new material on approaching emerging infections with a biosafety/notification focus - Features additional figures and diagrams to help with rare organism identification, and new details on an algorithmic approach to identification - Includes coverage of iatrogenic immunosuppression and organism correlations, explanatory life cycles with emphasis on when pathology occurs, updated diagnostics sections on molecular testing, and diagrammatic correlations of viruses with accompanying electron microscope imagery - Contains time-saving features such as bulleted text, annotated images, reference tables, and more - Offers Key Facts that highlight the quick criteria needed for diagnosis or evaluation at the time of a procedure - Explains when and when not to use molecular diagnostics, and discusses histological limitations and how to address them at sign out
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 0323611397
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 496
Book Description
Part of the highly regarded Diagnostic Pathology series and written by Danny A. Milner, Jr., MD, this updated volume covers all aspects of infectious disease pathology, including anatomic manifestations and how to ensure a complete and accurate sign out at the microscope. Concise, focused chapters, supported by thousands of high-quality images, make this second edition an excellent point-of-care resource for pathologists at all levels of experience and training—both as a quick reference and as an efficient review to improve knowledge and skills. - Provides essential information by organism type (virus, bacteria, fungi, and parasite), further divided by those organisms that can be diagnosed on histological appearance, to help you quickly and accurately identify what you see at the microscope - Contains new information on Zika virus, rhinosporidiosis, coenurosis, and more, as well as new material on approaching emerging infections with a biosafety/notification focus - Features additional figures and diagrams to help with rare organism identification, and new details on an algorithmic approach to identification - Includes coverage of iatrogenic immunosuppression and organism correlations, explanatory life cycles with emphasis on when pathology occurs, updated diagnostics sections on molecular testing, and diagrammatic correlations of viruses with accompanying electron microscope imagery - Contains time-saving features such as bulleted text, annotated images, reference tables, and more - Offers Key Facts that highlight the quick criteria needed for diagnosis or evaluation at the time of a procedure - Explains when and when not to use molecular diagnostics, and discusses histological limitations and how to address them at sign out
Diagnostic Molecular Pathology
Author: William B. Coleman
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0128229934
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 846
Book Description
Diagnostic Molecular Pathology: A Guide to Applied Molecular Testing, Second Edition assembles a group of experts to discuss the molecular basis and mechanisms of major human diseases and disease processes and how the molecular features of disease can be harnessed to develop practical molecular tests for disease detection, diagnosis and prognosis. The book explains how molecular tests are utilized in the treatment of patients in personalized medicine, highlights new technologies and approaches of applied molecular pathology, and discusses how this discovery-based research yields new and useful biomarkers and tests. As it is essential to stay up-to-date on new molecular diagnostics in this changing field, this book covers critically important areas in the practice of personalized medicine and reflects our understanding of the pathology, pathogenesis and pathophysiology of human disease. - Includes new material on mass spectrometry for infectious diseases, microbiome, homology-directed repair for PARPi, whole genome sequencing for constitutional testing, and much more - Provides insights on the value of the molecular test in comparison to traditional methods, which include speed, precision, sensitivity and clinical impacts for the patient - Focuses on the menu of molecular diagnostic tests available in modern molecular pathology or clinical laboratories that can be applied to disease detection, diagnosis and classification in the clinical workup of a patient - Explains how molecular tests are utilized to guide the treatment of patients in personalized medicine (guided therapies) and for the prognostication of disease
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0128229934
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 846
Book Description
Diagnostic Molecular Pathology: A Guide to Applied Molecular Testing, Second Edition assembles a group of experts to discuss the molecular basis and mechanisms of major human diseases and disease processes and how the molecular features of disease can be harnessed to develop practical molecular tests for disease detection, diagnosis and prognosis. The book explains how molecular tests are utilized in the treatment of patients in personalized medicine, highlights new technologies and approaches of applied molecular pathology, and discusses how this discovery-based research yields new and useful biomarkers and tests. As it is essential to stay up-to-date on new molecular diagnostics in this changing field, this book covers critically important areas in the practice of personalized medicine and reflects our understanding of the pathology, pathogenesis and pathophysiology of human disease. - Includes new material on mass spectrometry for infectious diseases, microbiome, homology-directed repair for PARPi, whole genome sequencing for constitutional testing, and much more - Provides insights on the value of the molecular test in comparison to traditional methods, which include speed, precision, sensitivity and clinical impacts for the patient - Focuses on the menu of molecular diagnostic tests available in modern molecular pathology or clinical laboratories that can be applied to disease detection, diagnosis and classification in the clinical workup of a patient - Explains how molecular tests are utilized to guide the treatment of patients in personalized medicine (guided therapies) and for the prognostication of disease
Pathology of Infectious Diseases E-Book
Author: Gary W. Procop
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 145575384X
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 726
Book Description
Pathology of Infectious Diseases, by Gary W. Procop, MD, A Volume in the Foundations in Diagnostic Pathology Series, packs all of today's most essential information on infectious disease pathology into a compact, high-yield format! Well-organized and segmented by type of infectious organism, the book's pragmatic approach complemented by abundant full-color, high-quality photomicrographs and clinical photos, and at-a-glance tables makes it easy to access the information you need to quickly and accurately detect and identify pathogenic organisms. Chapters on immunohistochemical and molecular techniques as well as artifacts and pitfalls guide you to accurate detection and identifications. Quickly find the information you need thanks to a well-organized, user-friendly format with templated headings, detailed illustrations, at-a-glance tables, and segmentation by type of infectious organism—viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic. Avoid common problems that can lead to an incorrect diagnosis. A special section on artifacts and pitfalls shows you what to look for. Get superb visual guidance from an abundance of full-color, high-quality photomicrographs and clinical photos. Employ the latest diagnostic advancements including immunohistochemical and molecular techniques. Learn from one of the very best. Dr. Gary W. Procop, one of the most outstanding young clinical pathologists in medical microbiology in American medicine, shares his vision about how new technologies may be used to rapidly identify pathogenic organisms and detect resistance to treatment regimens. Recognized for distinguished research contributions to the discipline of clinical microbiology, he was the recipient of the 2007 American Society for Microbiology (ASM) BD Award for Research in Clinical Microbiology and elected to the American Academy of Microbiology in recognition of his scientific achievements. Implement proven diagnostic approaches such as real-time PCR assays and pepticnucleic acid probes with guidance from the pioneer of these techniques!
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 145575384X
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 726
Book Description
Pathology of Infectious Diseases, by Gary W. Procop, MD, A Volume in the Foundations in Diagnostic Pathology Series, packs all of today's most essential information on infectious disease pathology into a compact, high-yield format! Well-organized and segmented by type of infectious organism, the book's pragmatic approach complemented by abundant full-color, high-quality photomicrographs and clinical photos, and at-a-glance tables makes it easy to access the information you need to quickly and accurately detect and identify pathogenic organisms. Chapters on immunohistochemical and molecular techniques as well as artifacts and pitfalls guide you to accurate detection and identifications. Quickly find the information you need thanks to a well-organized, user-friendly format with templated headings, detailed illustrations, at-a-glance tables, and segmentation by type of infectious organism—viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic. Avoid common problems that can lead to an incorrect diagnosis. A special section on artifacts and pitfalls shows you what to look for. Get superb visual guidance from an abundance of full-color, high-quality photomicrographs and clinical photos. Employ the latest diagnostic advancements including immunohistochemical and molecular techniques. Learn from one of the very best. Dr. Gary W. Procop, one of the most outstanding young clinical pathologists in medical microbiology in American medicine, shares his vision about how new technologies may be used to rapidly identify pathogenic organisms and detect resistance to treatment regimens. Recognized for distinguished research contributions to the discipline of clinical microbiology, he was the recipient of the 2007 American Society for Microbiology (ASM) BD Award for Research in Clinical Microbiology and elected to the American Academy of Microbiology in recognition of his scientific achievements. Implement proven diagnostic approaches such as real-time PCR assays and pepticnucleic acid probes with guidance from the pioneer of these techniques!
Diagnostic Molecular Pathology in Practice
Author: Iris Schrijver
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3642196772
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 329
Book Description
This entirely case-based book covers a broad cross-section of the practical issues frequently encountered in the day-to-day activities of a molecular genetic pathologist. The book is divided into four sections on the principal areas addressed in molecular genetic pathology (MGP): inherited diseases, hematopathology, solid tumors, and infectious diseases. The topics covered by the cases in each section include test selection, qualitative and quantitative laboratory techniques, test interpretation, prognostic and therapeutic considerations, ethical considerations, technical troubleshooting, and result reporting. This book will be ideal for trainees in MGP and clinical molecular genetics who require a practice-based preparation for board examinations. It will also be very useful for residents and fellows in medical specialties to which MGP is pertinent, and for practicing pathologists who want to learn more about the current practice of molecular diagnostics.
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3642196772
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 329
Book Description
This entirely case-based book covers a broad cross-section of the practical issues frequently encountered in the day-to-day activities of a molecular genetic pathologist. The book is divided into four sections on the principal areas addressed in molecular genetic pathology (MGP): inherited diseases, hematopathology, solid tumors, and infectious diseases. The topics covered by the cases in each section include test selection, qualitative and quantitative laboratory techniques, test interpretation, prognostic and therapeutic considerations, ethical considerations, technical troubleshooting, and result reporting. This book will be ideal for trainees in MGP and clinical molecular genetics who require a practice-based preparation for board examinations. It will also be very useful for residents and fellows in medical specialties to which MGP is pertinent, and for practicing pathologists who want to learn more about the current practice of molecular diagnostics.
Diagnostic Pathology: Neuropathology E-Book
Author: B.K. Kleinschmidt-DeMasters
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 0323713319
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 1035
Book Description
Covering all aspects of neuropathology, this updated volume in the Diagnostic Pathology series is an excellent point-of-care resource for pathologists at all levels of experience and training—both as a quick reference and as an efficient review to improve knowledge and skills. The third edition is an easy-to-use, one-stop reference for the most recent clinical, pathological, histological, and molecular knowledge in the field. It offers complete information on lesions of the brain, sellar region, and peripheral nerves, as well as benign cysts and selected infectious, inflammatory, reactive, vascular, and cortical dysplastic lesions, enabling you to arrive at the correct diagnosis and prepare actionable, useful reports. - Incorporates new WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System, 5th Edition - Offers information on neoplasms of the brain, sellar region, and peripheral nerves, as well as benign cysts and selected infectious, inflammatory, reactive, and vascular lesions, aiding you in arriving at the correct diagnosis - Emphasizes surgical pathology but also provides significant content on nonneoplastic diseases that present with focal lesions, especially those that are potentially misinterpreted as neoplasms - Contains a detailed molecular diagnostics chapter with a section on methylation profiling, which has become indispensable as a method of tumor classification - Features new and updated chapters detailing several types of tumors that have been reclassified due to recent molecular driver information, cIMPACT-NOW recommendations, and the WHO Classification, 5th Edition
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 0323713319
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 1035
Book Description
Covering all aspects of neuropathology, this updated volume in the Diagnostic Pathology series is an excellent point-of-care resource for pathologists at all levels of experience and training—both as a quick reference and as an efficient review to improve knowledge and skills. The third edition is an easy-to-use, one-stop reference for the most recent clinical, pathological, histological, and molecular knowledge in the field. It offers complete information on lesions of the brain, sellar region, and peripheral nerves, as well as benign cysts and selected infectious, inflammatory, reactive, vascular, and cortical dysplastic lesions, enabling you to arrive at the correct diagnosis and prepare actionable, useful reports. - Incorporates new WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System, 5th Edition - Offers information on neoplasms of the brain, sellar region, and peripheral nerves, as well as benign cysts and selected infectious, inflammatory, reactive, and vascular lesions, aiding you in arriving at the correct diagnosis - Emphasizes surgical pathology but also provides significant content on nonneoplastic diseases that present with focal lesions, especially those that are potentially misinterpreted as neoplasms - Contains a detailed molecular diagnostics chapter with a section on methylation profiling, which has become indispensable as a method of tumor classification - Features new and updated chapters detailing several types of tumors that have been reclassified due to recent molecular driver information, cIMPACT-NOW recommendations, and the WHO Classification, 5th Edition
Diagnostic Pathology: Gastrointestinal E-Book
Author: Joel K Greenson
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 0323400396
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 730
Book Description
Part of the highly regarded Diagnostic Pathology series, this updated volume by Joel K. Greenson, MD, is a visually stunning, easy-to-use reference covering all aspects of gastrointestinal pathology. Outstanding images – including gross pathology, a wide range of pathology stains, and detailed medical illustrations – make this an invaluable diagnostic aid for every practicing pathologist, resident, or fellow. Time-saving reference features include bulleted text, a variety of test data tables, key facts in each chapter, annotated images, and an extensive index. Packed with even more high-resolution images than the previous edition – more than 2,500 in all – depicting virtually any GI specimen you’re likely to see. Thoroughly updated content, including new information on drug-induced GI diseases such as olmesartan enteropathy, molecular testing in GI cancers, familial cancer syndromes in the GI tract, and the molecular biology of GI tract tumors as it relates to precision medicine and targeted therapy.
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 0323400396
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 730
Book Description
Part of the highly regarded Diagnostic Pathology series, this updated volume by Joel K. Greenson, MD, is a visually stunning, easy-to-use reference covering all aspects of gastrointestinal pathology. Outstanding images – including gross pathology, a wide range of pathology stains, and detailed medical illustrations – make this an invaluable diagnostic aid for every practicing pathologist, resident, or fellow. Time-saving reference features include bulleted text, a variety of test data tables, key facts in each chapter, annotated images, and an extensive index. Packed with even more high-resolution images than the previous edition – more than 2,500 in all – depicting virtually any GI specimen you’re likely to see. Thoroughly updated content, including new information on drug-induced GI diseases such as olmesartan enteropathy, molecular testing in GI cancers, familial cancer syndromes in the GI tract, and the molecular biology of GI tract tumors as it relates to precision medicine and targeted therapy.
Diagnostic Pathology: Bone
Author: G. Petur Nielsen
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 0323509274
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 482
Book Description
Diagnostic Pathology: Bone was designed for practicing pathologists who need access to up-to-date, comprehensive, and concise bone pathology knowledge in one convenient place. It includes the latest diagnostic information in this challenging subspecialty, while its unique image collection serves as an exceptional educational aid. Authored and updated by experts in the field, Diagnostic Pathology: Bone will be an essential guide to understanding bone tumor pathology and diagnosis. Features quick-reference test data tables and diagnoses of various bone and cartilage tumor types Templated page layout, bulleted text, and a generous number of high-quality images for point-of-care clinical reference Stunning image collection includes gross pathology, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, FISH, and correlative radiologic imaging to serve as an exceptional educational aid Brand-new chapters covering Ewing-like sarcomas with specific translocations, other types of vascular tumors of bone (new entities), and tumors of the synovium Includes new molecular pathology diagnostic information for bone tumors and new immunohistochemical antigens to identify bone pathologies
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 0323509274
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 482
Book Description
Diagnostic Pathology: Bone was designed for practicing pathologists who need access to up-to-date, comprehensive, and concise bone pathology knowledge in one convenient place. It includes the latest diagnostic information in this challenging subspecialty, while its unique image collection serves as an exceptional educational aid. Authored and updated by experts in the field, Diagnostic Pathology: Bone will be an essential guide to understanding bone tumor pathology and diagnosis. Features quick-reference test data tables and diagnoses of various bone and cartilage tumor types Templated page layout, bulleted text, and a generous number of high-quality images for point-of-care clinical reference Stunning image collection includes gross pathology, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, FISH, and correlative radiologic imaging to serve as an exceptional educational aid Brand-new chapters covering Ewing-like sarcomas with specific translocations, other types of vascular tumors of bone (new entities), and tumors of the synovium Includes new molecular pathology diagnostic information for bone tumors and new immunohistochemical antigens to identify bone pathologies
Infectious Diseases of Wild Mammals
Author: Elizabeth S. Williams
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 0470344814
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 576
Book Description
Infectious Diseases of Wild Mammals, Third Edition presents the latest information on the diagnosis and treatment of infectious disease in both free-ranging and captive wild mammals. Editors Elizabeth Williams and Ian Barker have recruited 71 contributors, all noted experts in their fields, to update this new edition. This reference provides valuable information on each disease, including Etiology History Distribution Epidemiology Clinical signs Pathology Immunity Diagnosis Treatment Control This latest edition is a leading reference book for Wildlife biologists, managers, and rehabilitators Biology students Conservationists Public health workers
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 0470344814
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 576
Book Description
Infectious Diseases of Wild Mammals, Third Edition presents the latest information on the diagnosis and treatment of infectious disease in both free-ranging and captive wild mammals. Editors Elizabeth Williams and Ian Barker have recruited 71 contributors, all noted experts in their fields, to update this new edition. This reference provides valuable information on each disease, including Etiology History Distribution Epidemiology Clinical signs Pathology Immunity Diagnosis Treatment Control This latest edition is a leading reference book for Wildlife biologists, managers, and rehabilitators Biology students Conservationists Public health workers
Diagnostic Pathology of Parasitic Infections with Clinical Correlations
Author: Yezid Gutierrez
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780195121438
Category : Medical
Languages : fa
Pages : 810
Book Description
This book provides a comprehensive reference and diagnostic aid to the practicing pathologist or infectious disease specialist encountering a parasite in an examined tissue sample. Organized by phylogenetic group, the text facilitates diagnosis by discussing common characteristics and patterns of different parasites, and misleading artifacts that resemble parasites in tissue. This second edition includes molecular biology and immunologic aspects, and a more in-depth discussion of syndromes more prevalent due to increased world travel, immigration and the AIDS epidemic.
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780195121438
Category : Medical
Languages : fa
Pages : 810
Book Description
This book provides a comprehensive reference and diagnostic aid to the practicing pathologist or infectious disease specialist encountering a parasite in an examined tissue sample. Organized by phylogenetic group, the text facilitates diagnosis by discussing common characteristics and patterns of different parasites, and misleading artifacts that resemble parasites in tissue. This second edition includes molecular biology and immunologic aspects, and a more in-depth discussion of syndromes more prevalent due to increased world travel, immigration and the AIDS epidemic.