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Author: Olufemi Olusegun Fatunmbi
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 380
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Book Description
Author: Olufemi Olusegun Fatunmbi
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 380
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Book Description
Author: Erica Spackman
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1588299392
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 147
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Book Description
With the growing global fear of a major pandemic, avian influenza (AI) virus research has greatly increased in importance. In Avian Influenza Virus, an expert team of researchers and diagnosticians examine the fundamental, yet essential, virological methods for AI virus research and diagnostics as well as some of the newest molecular procedures currently used for basic and applied research. They present exciting, cutting-edge new methods that focus both on studying the virus itself and on work with avian hosts, an area greatly lacking in research.
Author: Richard W Compans
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3540921656
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 514
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Book Description
Recent years have seen unprecedented outbreaks of avian influenza A viruses. In particular, highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses have not only resulted in widespread outbreaks in domestic poultry, but have been transmitted to humans, resulting in numerous fatalities. The rapid expansion in their geographic distribution and the possibility that these viruses could acquire the ability to spread from person to person raises the risk that such a virus could cause a global pandemic with high morbidity and mortality. An effective influenza vaccine represents the best approach to prevent and control such an emerging pandemic. However, current influenza vaccines are directed at existing seasonal influenza viruses, which have little or no antigenic relationship to the highly pathogenic H5N1 strains. Concerns about pandemic preparedness have greatly stimulated research activities to develop eff- tive vaccines for pandemic influenza viruses, and to overcome the limitations inh- ent in current approaches to vaccine production and distribution. These limitations include the use of embryonated chicken eggs as the substrate for vaccine prod- tion, which is time-consuming and could involve potential biohazards in growth of new virus strains. Other limitations include the requirement that the current inac- vated influenza vaccines be administered using needles and syringes, requiring trained personnel, which could be a bottleneck when attempting to vaccinate large populations in mass campaigns. In addition, the current inactivated vaccines that are delivered by injection elicit limited protective immunity in the upper respiratory tract where the infection process is initiated.
Author: Atsushi Yasuda
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Medicine
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Avian influenza (AI) remains a major threat to public health as well as to the poultry industry. AI vaccines are considered a suitable tool to support AI control programs in combination with other control measures such as good biosecurity and monitoring programs. We constructed recombinant turkey herpesvirus (HVT) vector vaccines expressing the hemagglutinin gene of AI virus H5 subtype (rHVT-H5) and evaluated their characteristics and efficacy against AI. We found that the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter is the most suitable for expression of the hemagglutinin gene among three promoters we evaluated. The rHVT-H5 vaccine did not cause any adverse reactions and did not revert to virulence after passages in chicken. Finally, efficacy of the rHVT-H5 vaccine was evaluated. We demonstrated that it provided protection against diverse AI H5 viruses belonging to different clades and reduced virus shedding from the challenged chicken. We also proved that efficacy provided by the rHVT-H5 vaccine was not significantly affected by presence of maternally derived antibodies (MDA) against AI virus. Furthermore, the rHVT-H5 vaccine could be applicable to the differentiating infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) strategy. In summary, we successfully developed a HVT vector AI vaccine that possesses features that could be beneficial to AI control.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 128
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Book Description
Hemagglutinin; neuraminidase; highly pathogenic avian influenza virus; tobacco plants; Elastin-like polypeptides (ELP); membrane-based Inverse Transition Cycling (mITC); neutralizing antibody
Author: Elvira Escolastica Diaz
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 90
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Book Description
Author: Leyi Wang
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Abstract: In this study, several strategies have been explored for the development of live attenuated and killed DIVA influenza vaccines. The NS1 protein of influenza A viruses, a virulence marker, is a good target to attenuate viruses in developing a live attenuated vaccine. Through passage in eggs, we found that several different NS1 truncation variants were generated from a parental non-stable virus strain, A/turkey/Oregon/71-delNS1 (H7N3). Based on the results from both in vitro and in vivo studies, naturally selected NS1 truncation variants are potentially live attenuated influenza vaccine candidates in poultry. With a large deletion in NS genes, those NS1 truncation variants have a low possibility to revert back to virulent viruses. We then checked feasibility of those NS1 truncation variants to be used for in ovo vaccination, and hatchability of vaccinated groups was significantly lower than that of PBS control group, indicating that NS1 truncation variants were not attenuated enough to be used for in ovo vaccination and there was a need for further attenuation. To improve hatchability of NS1 truncation variant vaccinated eggs, temperature sensitive (ts) mutation and HA substitution strategies were utilized. NS1 truncation variants containing ts mutations exhibited ts phenotype in vitro, but were not attenuated enough to improve hatchability of in ovo vaccination. We showed that HA substitution had different effect on hatchability of in ovo vaccination, and the hatchability of eggs inoculated with NS1 truncation variants of different HA subtypes was still significantly lower than PBS control group. Therefore, we explored a strategy of targeting non-conserved parts of non-coding regions (NCR) to attenuate NS1 truncation variant viruses. In vitro studies illustrated that even single nucleotide change in NCR of PA or PB1 segments could affect protein expression. In addition, it was found that mutations in NCR of PA segment alone or PA and PB1 combination affect virus replication. With more understanding of the role of NCR in virus replication cycle, we speculate targeting non-conserved parts of NCR to further attenuate NS1 truncation variants is feasible. Further study is needed to introduce those mutations involved in decreased virus replication into NS1 truncation variants for further attenuation. In the case of development of killed DIVA avian influenza vaccines, two strategies, NS1 protein and heterologous NA, were utilized to generate DIVA vaccines. In vivo study showed that both kinds of DIVA vaccines significantly reduced challenge virus shedding in the oviduct of breeder turkeys as well as trachea and cloaca of young and breeder turkeys compared to the non-vaccinated control group, which suggests proper vaccination could effectively prevent egg production drop and potential viral contamination of eggs in infected turkeys. In combination with DIVA serological tests, we expect the developed vaccines will be useful to control turkey H3N2 influenza.
Author: Albert John Surendran Abraham
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Influenza viruses
Languages : en
Pages : 300
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Book Description
Author: Celso Castillo Penaredondo
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 308
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Book Description
Author: Chen Qiu
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 9789811614316
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 190
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Book Description
Some avian influenza viruses can infect humans, cause disease, and even result in deaths. This book comprehensively and systematically presents the theory, diagnosis and clinical treatment of typical avian influenza viruses in human. The first chapters introduce the ethiology, epidemiology, clinical diagnosis and treatment of human avian influenza and complications. The following chapters include overview, extensive images, differential diagnosis and clinical cases of H7N9, H5N1, H5N6, H10N8, H9N2 and H7N4 avian influenza. Written by practitioners directly involved in the prevention and clinical treatment of human avian influenza, it will be an invaluable aid for practitioners in centers for infectious disease control and prevention, hospitals, and academic institutions to improve prevention, diagnosis and treatment of avian influenza in human.
