Determining Growing-finishing Pig Lysine Requirements and the Effects of Potassium Bicarbonate and Crystalline Lysine Level on Finishing Pig Performance PDF Download
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Author: Rafe Quinnlan Royall
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Languages : en
Pages : 0
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This thesis involves two studies to determine the effects of standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) requirements of growing-finishing pigs from 18 to 128 kg of body weight (BW) as well as evaluating the effects of adding potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3) to diets with high or low crystalline lysine (L-Lys HCl) to influence dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD). Five experiments involving 2,903 pigs were conducted to determine the SID Lys requirement for maximum growth and economic return at five weight ranges throughout the growing and finishing phases. Using this data, we were able to create a pair of quadratic equations to estimate the SID Lys to Net Energy (NE) ratio required to achieve maximum growth potential and economic return throughout the growing-finishing phase. the quadratic equation of Lys:calorie ratio, g of SID Lys/Mcal of NE = 0.0002611 x BW2, in kg - 0.0711037 x BW, in kg, + 7.284 was developed to reflect requirement for maximal growth performance from 18 to 128 kg BW. Optimal IOFC is best described by the quadratic equation: Lys:calorie ratio, g of SID Lys/Mcal of NE = 0.0001558 x BW2, in kg, - 0.04030769 x BW + 5.410. Additionally, these results suggest that the most economical SID Lys level from 18 to 100 kg is below that for maximal growth rate. However, in 103 to 128 kg pigs, the SID Lys requirements for maximum growth performance and economic return are much more closely aligned. A second project utilized 1,944 pigs to determine if balancing DCAD levels, via added KHCO3, in diets containing low or high levels of L-Lys HCl influences finishing pig growth performance or carcass characteristics. Dietary cation-anion difference is a measure of the level of monovalent ions (Na+, K+, and Cl−) within the diet, which correlates to the acid-base balance within the animal. Extreme DCAD levels, both high and low, have been shown to negatively impact feed intake and growth in pigs, previous research shows that a wide range may optimize performance.
Author: Rafe Quinnlan Royall
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ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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This thesis involves two studies to determine the effects of standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) requirements of growing-finishing pigs from 18 to 128 kg of body weight (BW) as well as evaluating the effects of adding potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3) to diets with high or low crystalline lysine (L-Lys HCl) to influence dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD). Five experiments involving 2,903 pigs were conducted to determine the SID Lys requirement for maximum growth and economic return at five weight ranges throughout the growing and finishing phases. Using this data, we were able to create a pair of quadratic equations to estimate the SID Lys to Net Energy (NE) ratio required to achieve maximum growth potential and economic return throughout the growing-finishing phase. the quadratic equation of Lys:calorie ratio, g of SID Lys/Mcal of NE = 0.0002611 x BW2, in kg - 0.0711037 x BW, in kg, + 7.284 was developed to reflect requirement for maximal growth performance from 18 to 128 kg BW. Optimal IOFC is best described by the quadratic equation: Lys:calorie ratio, g of SID Lys/Mcal of NE = 0.0001558 x BW2, in kg, - 0.04030769 x BW + 5.410. Additionally, these results suggest that the most economical SID Lys level from 18 to 100 kg is below that for maximal growth rate. However, in 103 to 128 kg pigs, the SID Lys requirements for maximum growth performance and economic return are much more closely aligned. A second project utilized 1,944 pigs to determine if balancing DCAD levels, via added KHCO3, in diets containing low or high levels of L-Lys HCl influences finishing pig growth performance or carcass characteristics. Dietary cation-anion difference is a measure of the level of monovalent ions (Na+, K+, and Cl−) within the diet, which correlates to the acid-base balance within the animal. Extreme DCAD levels, both high and low, have been shown to negatively impact feed intake and growth in pigs, previous research shows that a wide range may optimize performance.
Author: Aidan B. G. Leek
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ISBN:
Category : Lysine in animal nutrition
Languages : en
Pages : 223
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Author: M. L. Lorschy
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ISBN:
Category : Lysine in animal nutrition
Languages : en
Pages : 216
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Author: James William II. Smith
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Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 350
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Author: Jill A. Kerber
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Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 114
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Author: Hayden Kerkaert Kerkaert
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Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Experiment 1 used a total of 1,200 pigs to determine the effects of added Val, Ile, and Trp in high Leu on growing-finishing pig growth performance and carcass characteristics in order to validate a prediction model. Experiments 2 and 3 used a total of 3,888 pigs to determine the effects of manganese source and level on growing-finishing pigs growth performance and carcass characteristics. Experiment 4 used a total of 1,944 pigs to determine the effects of increasing added xylanase in nutrient adequate diets on growing-finishing pigs growth performance and carcass characteristics. Experiment 1 determined that increasing Val or Ile in high Lys-HCl-DDGS-based diets improved growth performance and final BW compared with pigs fed diets containing high levels of Lys-HCl without added Val and Ile. The addition of Trp alone could not overcome the negative effects of growth performance of pigs fed high Leu diets. These results demonstrate that negative effects of high Leu concentrations in corn-DDGS-based diets can be reversed by increasing the ratios of Val and Ile to Lys. In Exp. 2 and 3, growth performance was improved when 8 and 32 mg/kg of Mn is supplemented compared to 16 mg/kg and when pharmacological levels of Cu are supplemented; pigs fed Mn hydroxychloride had improved growth performance. Also, as Mn concentration in the diet increased, regardless of source, total Mn concentration in the liver increased but increased less for pigs fed Mn hydroxychloride. In Exp. 4, when xylanase was added to nutrient adequate diets, there was improved carcass yield when intermediate levels were fed, however, there was no impact on growth performance or mortality.
Author: Jeremiah Eugene Nemechek
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Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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A total of 5,212 nursery pigs were used in 11 experiments to evaluate amino acids in nursery pig diets. Experiments 1 and 2 were conducted to determine whether the Lys level fed during one phase of the nursery influenced the response to Lys during subsequent phases. Experiment 1 tested a wide range of dietary Lys in 2 phases and reported that pigs fed high Lys during each period had increased growth performance; however, compensatory growth occurred for the pigs previously fed low Lys diets, resulting in no impact on overall ADG or final BW. Experiment 2 tested a narrow range of dietary Lys in 3 phases and found that marginally deficient diets can be fed in the early nursery phases without influencing final BW or the response to Lys levels in subsequent phases. Both experiments demonstrate that the low dietary Lys levels used in each can be fed in the early nursery phases with no negative impact on overall nursery growth rate provided that adequate levels are fed thereafter. Experiments 3 to 6 were conducted to determine the standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys requirement of nursery pigs from 7- to 14-kg. Data from all experiments were combined and break-point and quadratic broken-line analysis was used to determine the estimated SID Lys requirement. The SID Lys requirement for optimal growth was at least 1.30% for ADG and 1.37% for G:F, or at least 3.86 and 4.19 g SID Lys/Mcal ME, respectively. Experiments 7 to 11 were conducted to evaluate the effect of replacing specialty protein sources with crystalline AA and AA requirements for 7- to 12-kg pigs. Experiment 7 demonstrated that crystalline AA can be used to replace fish meal in diets with no negative effects on growth performance. Experiment 8 demonstrated that L-Trp, L-Val, and a source of non-essential AA were needed in low-CP, AA-fortified nursery diets to achieve maximum growth performance, whereas the addition of L-Ile was not required. Experiment 9 indicated that feeding greater than 7.35% total Lys:CP decreased growth performance and Exp. 10 indicated that a SID Val:Lys ratio of 65% was sufficient for optimal growth of early nursery pigs. Implementing the results from the previous experiments, Exp. 11 determined that crystalline AA in nursery pigs diets can replace high amounts of fish meal, meat and bone meal, and poultry meal when balanced for minimum AA ratios and maximum Lys:CP with no negative effect on growth performance.
Author: M. L. Lorschy
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ISBN:
Category : Lysine in animal nutrition
Languages : en
Pages : 70
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Author: Taiji Wang
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Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 142
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Dietary inclusion of sufficient lysine is very critical for optimizing pig’s growth performance. The objectives of this project were to study the effects of dietary lysine at different concentrations on (1) the growth performance and carcass characteristics, (2) the muscle gene expression profile and the possible alterations to the metabolic and signaling pathways, (3) the muscle fatty acid profile, and (4) the plasma concentrations of growth-related hormones of late-stage finishing pigs. Nine crossbred barrows were assigned to 3 dietary treatments (lysine-deficient, -adequate, and -excess diets) according to a completely randomized experimental design. During the 5-week feeding trial, pigs were allowed ad libitum access to experimental diets and water. All pigs and experimental diets were weighed individually each week during feeding trial to determine growth performance. After harvest, the carcass characteristics were determined and muscle samples were collected from longissimus dorsi for mRNA and fatty acid profiling, while the jugular vein blood was collected at the end of four weeks for analyses of three growth-related hormones. While the average daily gain showed a quadratic relationship, the dressing percentage and total lean cut weight both increased linearly with dietary lysine concentrations. Results of muscle gene expression data showed that dietary lysine deficiency may lead to decreased protein synthesis, increased protein degradation and lipid accumulation, while dietary lysine excess may lead to decreased protein degradation and increased lipid biosynthesis. Fatty acid (FA) composition data showed that different dietary lysine concentrations altered the intramuscular fat (IMF) content and FA composition, especially the unsaturated FAs. In particular, dietary lysine deficiency increased the IMF content and the proportion of mono-unsaturated FAs. Hormone analyses showed that the plasma concentrations of insulin and growth hormone were not affected by dietary lysine, whereas the concentration of insulin-like growth factor 1 was decreased by either dietary lysine deficiency or excess. Collectively, lysine may function as a signaling molecule to regulate the expression of genes related to protein turnover and lipid metabolism in the muscle of finishing pigs, causing differences in growth performance, carcass characteristics, and FA composition. IGF-1 may be a controlling growth factor that is sensitive to dietary lysine.
Author: Robert Frank Klay
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ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 186
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