Determination of the Rheological Properties and Start-up Pipeline Flow Charts Flow Characteristics of Waxy Crude and Fuel Oils PDF Download
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Author: Institute of Petroleum
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Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Author: Institute of Petroleum
Publisher:
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Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Author: A. J. Carleton
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Petroleum pipelines
Languages : en
Pages : 17
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![Determination of the Rheological Properties and Start-up Pipiline [sic] Flow Characteristics of Waxy Crude and Fuel Oils PDF](https://books.google.com/books/content/images/frontcover/5Vi7GAAACAAJ?fife=w80-h100)
Author: A. J. Carleton
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Petroleum pipelines
Languages : en
Pages : 17
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Author: Zhenyu Huang
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1466567678
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 182
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Wax Deposition: Experimental Characterizations, Theoretical Modeling, and Field Practices covers the entire spectrum of knowledge on wax deposition. The book delivers a detailed description of the thermodynamic and transport theories for wax deposition modeling as well as a comprehensive review of laboratory testing for the establishment of appropr
Author: Christopher J. Dimitriou
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 132
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Waxy crude oils are a commonly encountered type of crude oil which must be dealt with by oil production companies. They are characterized by a gel-like behavior at temperatures below their wax appearance temperature (Twa) and often exhibit a yield stress. The restart of pipelines containing gelled waxy crude is a commonly encountered problem in production scenarios where low ambient temperatures are encountered, especially due to the increasingly important role that deep-water oil exploration has in meeting production needs. In this thesis, a model wax-oil system is formulated which closely mimics the thermorheological complexity of an actual waxy crude oil. The composition of the model system is characterized using chemical characterization techniques, and the basic rheological properties of these components are probed using temperature sweeps and stress sweeps. Large amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS) is also used to gain additional insight into the rheology of the model system. The results from the LAOS measurements show that the wax-oil system exhibits a strain stiffening and shear thinning response under oscillatory shear. The system is then studied using a combined approach of rheology and flow measurement techniques. We describe the design, fabrication and calibration of a quantitative flow imaging apparatus that enables measurements of the local kinematics within the model fluid using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). This Rheo-PIV approach forms the basis for the study of the model fluid using Flow Assurance Rheometry. The data from this combined approach shows that the model fluid exhibits a complex behavior due to heterogeneities within the domain of the fluid. Specifically, the wax-oil system is shown to consist of two distinct phases: rigid clumps or fragments that are formed by aggregates of wax crystallites, and fluid-like regions which contain fewer wax precipitates. It is shown that under imposition of a steady shear stress, these rigid fragments break down over time into smaller pieces, and this contributes to the fluidization of the model wax-oil. The effect of surface roughness on the dynamics of this shear-induced fragmentation process is also investigated. It is shown that when the gelled system is in contact with a roughened surface, the fragmentation process happens faster.
Author: Fathia Abdulwahed B. Mohamed
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 149
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Author: Christopher J. Dimitriou
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 320
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Precipitate-containing crude oils are of increasing economic importance, due to diminishing oil reserves and the increased need to extract hydrate and wax-containing crude oil from ultra deep-water resources. Despite this need, the rheological behavior of these types of crude oil is often poorly understood. In this thesis, we investigate some of the underlying complexities associated with the rheology of waxy crude oils. These complex phenomena are often difficult to both quantify experimentally and capture with existing constitutive models. The contribution of this thesis is therefore to develop a detailed understanding of three of these particular phenomena, through the development and use of several new experimental and theoretical tools. A better understanding of waxy crude oil rheology is critical for developing flow assurance strategies, which can in turn ensure continuous production of precipitate-containing crude oils under adverse conditions. The three phenomena studied are, first: shear heterogeneities, i.e. the manifestation of wall slip, shear banding or other shear-localization events under imposed deformations that are assumed to be homogenous. For these purposes, flow visualization techniques capable of "Rheo-PIV" measurements are developed to detect these heterogeneities. Second: elasto-viscoplasticity, or the presence of an elastic response and a yield-like behavior in a non-Newtonian fluid. Constitutive modeling of this type of behavior is difficult to achieve using standard linear viscoelastic techniques, where the viscoelastic response is decomposed into a finite number of linear elements with a spectrum of relaxation times. For these reasons, additional concepts are adopted from plasticity models in order to describe this behavior. Finally: thixotropy, which refers to the ability of a fluid to continuously evolve, or age at rest and shear rejuvenate under a constant applied shear rate. A rigorous set of experimental tests is constructed which allow for the appropriate constitutive model parameters to be determined for a thixotropic fluid. Through quantitative study of these phenomena, we reach several conclusions about how to characterize and model the rheology of a precipitate-containing crude oil. First, measurements of shear heterogeneities are important in these fluids, so that rheological characterization may proceed with a knowledge of when these may arise and introduce artifacts into data. Second, new nonlinear rheometric techniques are necessary to develop quantitative data sets that describe the inherently nonlinear rheology of these fluids. The specific technique developed in this work is termed stress-controlled large amplitude oscillatory shear, or LAOStress. Finally, we show that the constitutive behavior of these materials is best prescribed using a framework which utilizes yielding and hardening mechanisms from plasticity theory. The resulting constitutive model for this nonlinear elasto-viscoplastic and thixotropic class of materials is expressed in a closed form that can be used in existing flow assurance simulation tools. The most relevant applications for this work are in the flow assurance challenges associated with crude oil production. Consequently, a large portion of the experimental work is carried out on a model waxy crude oil, containing a total wax content ranging from 5 to 10% by weight. However the phenomena studied here occur ubiquitously in a number of complex fluids. For this reason, the same rheological complexities are studied in the context of several other fluids, including a swollen microgel paste (Carbopol) and a shear-banding wormlike micellar solution.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Chemical engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 982
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Author: Sepideh Mortazavi Manesh
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Bitumen
Languages : en
Pages : 165
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Book Description
The rheological properties of heavy oil and bitumen depend on factors such as temperature, pressure, diluent type and diluent composition, as well as sample shear and thermal histories and shear conditions during measurements. Each of these factors can affect the value of apparent viscosity significantly. Uncertainties in the available literature data arise when one or more of these factors have not been considered and have not been reported. Heavy oil and bitumen exhibit non-Newtonian rheological behaviors at lower temperatures. Methods for detecting and quantifying non-Newtonian behaviors are developed, presented and explored in this work using a well-characterized heavy crude oil. The methods and results presented for Maya crude oil provide a reliable database for rheological model development and evaluation, and a template for assessing the rheological behavior of other heavy crude oils. The thixotropic behavior of Maya crude oil was explored systematically using a stress-controlled rheometer. Thixotropy affects the efficiency and length scale of mixing during blending operations, and flow behaviors in pipes and pipelines following flow disruption where it affects the pressure required to reinitiate flow. Maya crude oil is shown to be a shear thinning fluid below 313 K. The thixotropic behaviors are explored using transient stress techniques (hysteresis loops, step-wise change in shear rate, start-up experiments). The magnitude of the thixotropy effect is larger at lower temperatures. Relationships are identified between rest times and other thixotropic parameters such as hysteresis loop area and stress decay in start-up experiments. Stress growth, which occurs as a result of a step-down in shear rate, is shown to correlate with temperature. The interrelation between rheological behavior of Maya crude oil and its phase behavior is discussed. The effect of pressure on the non-Newtonian rheological properties of Maya crude oil is also investigated over broad ranges of temperature from (258 to 333) K and at pressures up to 150 bar. At fixed temperature, the magnitude of the non-Newtonian behaviors of Maya crude oil appears to increase with increasing the pressure and shear thinning is shown to persist to higher pressures below 313 K. Boundaries of the non-Newtonian region with respect to temperature, pressure and viscosity are identified and discussed. The thixotropic behavior of Maya crude oil is also shown to persist at higher pressure and the recovery of the moduli at rest appears to be faster at elevated pressures than at atmospheric pressure. Understanding the rheological properties of mixtures of heavy oil or bitumen and diluents, specifically at low temperatures, is key in designing different processes employed in production or transportation of these resources reliably and efficiently. The effect of diluents (n-heptane, toluene and toluene + butanone (50/50 vol. %)) on the non-Newtonian behavior of Maya crude oil including shear thinning and thixotropy at temperatures from (258 to 333) K are discussed. Toluene + butanone (50/50 vol.%) addition to Maya crude oil induces the greatest reduction in shear thinning behavior irrespective of temperature. Thixotropic properties of mixtures of Maya crude oil and diluent were studied through start-up experiments. It was shown that toluene + butanone (50/50 vol.%) is the best diluent in moderating the thixotropic effect, while n-heptane showed the most pronounced thixotropic effect. It was shown that toluene + butanone (50/50 vol. %) is more promising in decreasing oil viscosity in comparison to two other diluents tested. Less of this diluent is required to decrease the viscosity to a certain value, which confirms its potential application to be used in the industry as a diluent.
Author: Mysara Mohyaldinn
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Electronic books
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Transportation of waxy crude oil faces great challenges due to shear and temperature dependency. At high temperatures, waxy crude exhibits low viscous Newtonian behavior where the resistance to flow due to friction is low, and hence low pumping pressure is required to transport it. At low temperatures, however, the crude exhibits shear thinning non-Newtonian behavior where its apparent viscosity becomes shear-dependent. In such cases, the operated pipeline needs to maintain a high pressure to guarantee a continuous flow. Moreover, due to heat transfer between the internal pipeline and surroundings, oil temperature declines along the pipeline. It follows that the crude viscosity and, hence, frictional resistance increase. If the flow is interrupted for any reason, i.e., emergency or planned shutdown, then the restartability of the pipeline becomes a challenge because of the nonexistence of heating generated from friction. In this chapter, the challenges normally facing transportation of waxy crude oil will be discussed. The chapter will introduce the rheological properties of waxy crude oil and explain and describe how these properties can affect the pressure losses inside the pipeline during its operation and shutdown. The measures that need to be considered when designing a waxy crude pipeline will be discussed.
