Author: Dave Grossman
Publisher: Ppct Research Publications
ISBN:
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 436
Book Description
Looks at the effect of deadly battle on the body and mind and offers new research findings to help prevent lasting adverse effects.
On Combat
Author: Dave Grossman
Publisher: Ppct Research Publications
ISBN:
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 436
Book Description
Looks at the effect of deadly battle on the body and mind and offers new research findings to help prevent lasting adverse effects.
Publisher: Ppct Research Publications
ISBN:
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 436
Book Description
Looks at the effect of deadly battle on the body and mind and offers new research findings to help prevent lasting adverse effects.
DEADLY PEACE
Author: DAVID NAMEROW AND LAURIE BROWN
Publisher: DAVID NAMEROW
ISBN:
Category : Antiques & Collectibles
Languages : en
Pages : 205
Book Description
Thirteen year old Mark Kiley, fascinated by the eagles circling his Jersey Pine Barrens’ home has built a treetop blind to watch and photograph them. When he causally snaps a shot of two men meeting in a nearby clearing, one of them spots the reflection of sun on glass, finds its source, climbs the tree and throws Mark from his blind killing him. Thinking the binoculars around the boy’s neck were the source of the reflection, he doesn’t realize Mark hid the camera before he died. The next day and only weeks before a Presidential election, the country is stunned when over two hundred residents of a Washington high-rise are murdered by terrorists. The following week a high school gym filled with basketball fans is bombed, killing hundreds more. When the body of an ex-Russian agent is found in the rubble, panicked Americans are divided between those wanting an alliance for peace with the Russians and those insisting on retaliation. The conservative incumbent orders a surgical retaliation on a Russian jamming station in Cuba believing this is what the electorate wants. His opponent publicly doubts Russia’s involvement, claiming they would never use one of their former agents to head a terror operation, knowing his identity, in case of capture or death, would easily lead back to them. He insists others must be responsible and that cool-headed leadership and communications with the Russians should have replaced a knee-jerk military response. Mark’s father, Dan Kiley, retired from an elite counter-terror unit, and a recent widower, assumes his son’s death was accidental until he finds the camera and prints the film, the last frame showing the two men in the clearing. The branches of a tree in the frame partially hide the identity of one. The other is the Russian ex-agent found at the scene of the massacre. But who was the other man in the picture? Seeking help, he visits his mentor and the man who organized the counter-terror unit, General Sam Borden, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs. When Megan, the General’s daughter, answers the door it re-ignites for Dan the embers of a relationship cooled by the death of her husband in a botched raid. The General offers to help Dan identify the other man in the picture, but before he does, his apparent suicide and the note he leaves behind throws the election into turmoil and starts a congressional witch hunt targeting members of Dan’s old unit. Dan and Megan are cast into a labyrinth of intrigue from which Megan’s escape will depend on Dan’s choices. It is the eve of the inauguration when Dan learns the identity of the other man in the photograph and realizes the extent of a decades old conspiracy culminating in a treaty to be signed at Camp David. Creating for the first time unique alliances and enforceable agreements, the treaty will shape new frontiers in disarmament, health, education, and the economies of developing nations. But when an assassination shatters the signing ceremony, Dan and Megan must decide whether revealing the truth is worth the risk of destroying the promise of an era of world peace.
Publisher: DAVID NAMEROW
ISBN:
Category : Antiques & Collectibles
Languages : en
Pages : 205
Book Description
Thirteen year old Mark Kiley, fascinated by the eagles circling his Jersey Pine Barrens’ home has built a treetop blind to watch and photograph them. When he causally snaps a shot of two men meeting in a nearby clearing, one of them spots the reflection of sun on glass, finds its source, climbs the tree and throws Mark from his blind killing him. Thinking the binoculars around the boy’s neck were the source of the reflection, he doesn’t realize Mark hid the camera before he died. The next day and only weeks before a Presidential election, the country is stunned when over two hundred residents of a Washington high-rise are murdered by terrorists. The following week a high school gym filled with basketball fans is bombed, killing hundreds more. When the body of an ex-Russian agent is found in the rubble, panicked Americans are divided between those wanting an alliance for peace with the Russians and those insisting on retaliation. The conservative incumbent orders a surgical retaliation on a Russian jamming station in Cuba believing this is what the electorate wants. His opponent publicly doubts Russia’s involvement, claiming they would never use one of their former agents to head a terror operation, knowing his identity, in case of capture or death, would easily lead back to them. He insists others must be responsible and that cool-headed leadership and communications with the Russians should have replaced a knee-jerk military response. Mark’s father, Dan Kiley, retired from an elite counter-terror unit, and a recent widower, assumes his son’s death was accidental until he finds the camera and prints the film, the last frame showing the two men in the clearing. The branches of a tree in the frame partially hide the identity of one. The other is the Russian ex-agent found at the scene of the massacre. But who was the other man in the picture? Seeking help, he visits his mentor and the man who organized the counter-terror unit, General Sam Borden, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs. When Megan, the General’s daughter, answers the door it re-ignites for Dan the embers of a relationship cooled by the death of her husband in a botched raid. The General offers to help Dan identify the other man in the picture, but before he does, his apparent suicide and the note he leaves behind throws the election into turmoil and starts a congressional witch hunt targeting members of Dan’s old unit. Dan and Megan are cast into a labyrinth of intrigue from which Megan’s escape will depend on Dan’s choices. It is the eve of the inauguration when Dan learns the identity of the other man in the photograph and realizes the extent of a decades old conspiracy culminating in a treaty to be signed at Camp David. Creating for the first time unique alliances and enforceable agreements, the treaty will shape new frontiers in disarmament, health, education, and the economies of developing nations. But when an assassination shatters the signing ceremony, Dan and Megan must decide whether revealing the truth is worth the risk of destroying the promise of an era of world peace.
DEADLY PEACE
Author: David Namerow
Publisher: DAVID NAMEROW
ISBN:
Category : Antiques & Collectibles
Languages : en
Pages : 205
Book Description
“Don’t you touch my pussy!!!” Carla growled at the 12 year old girl...” is the Chapter 1 start to this tale of international intrigue. In Chapter 2 over two hundred residents of a high-rise are murdered by terrorists, while in Chapter 3 a high school gym filled with basketball fans is bombed, killing hundreds more. When the body of an ex-Russian agent is found in the rubble, panicked Americans are divided between those wanting an alliance for peace and those insisting on retaliation. Dan Kiley, retired from a counter-terror unit organized by his mentor, General Sam Borden, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs, recognizes the Russian agent as one of two men in the last photograph his son took before his death. Realizing his son's death was no accident, he tries to identify the second man, partially obscured by the branches of a tree. News of the General's suicide is followed by the revelation of a letter he left behind implicating Dan's old unit in the two massacres. The congressional witch hunt that follows costs the incumbent President his reelection, and shortly after the new President's inauguration, Dan finally uncovers the architects of a vast conspiracy. He must decide whether revealing the truth is worth the risk of destroying an international treaty promising an era of world peace.
Publisher: DAVID NAMEROW
ISBN:
Category : Antiques & Collectibles
Languages : en
Pages : 205
Book Description
“Don’t you touch my pussy!!!” Carla growled at the 12 year old girl...” is the Chapter 1 start to this tale of international intrigue. In Chapter 2 over two hundred residents of a high-rise are murdered by terrorists, while in Chapter 3 a high school gym filled with basketball fans is bombed, killing hundreds more. When the body of an ex-Russian agent is found in the rubble, panicked Americans are divided between those wanting an alliance for peace and those insisting on retaliation. Dan Kiley, retired from a counter-terror unit organized by his mentor, General Sam Borden, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs, recognizes the Russian agent as one of two men in the last photograph his son took before his death. Realizing his son's death was no accident, he tries to identify the second man, partially obscured by the branches of a tree. News of the General's suicide is followed by the revelation of a letter he left behind implicating Dan's old unit in the two massacres. The congressional witch hunt that follows costs the incumbent President his reelection, and shortly after the new President's inauguration, Dan finally uncovers the architects of a vast conspiracy. He must decide whether revealing the truth is worth the risk of destroying an international treaty promising an era of world peace.
Sustainable Peace
Author: Connie Peck
Publisher: Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN: 9780847685615
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 324
Book Description
This book argues that the most sustainable means of promoting peace within states is the development of good governance, which can address the root causes of conflict and meet basic human security needs. Good governance offers groups a 'voice' in resolving grievances at an early stage before they grow into major problems, safeguards human rights, and promotes a fairer distribution of resources.
Publisher: Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN: 9780847685615
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 324
Book Description
This book argues that the most sustainable means of promoting peace within states is the development of good governance, which can address the root causes of conflict and meet basic human security needs. Good governance offers groups a 'voice' in resolving grievances at an early stage before they grow into major problems, safeguards human rights, and promotes a fairer distribution of resources.
Dangerous Peace
Author: Alpo M Rusi
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 0429720548
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 133
Book Description
Alpo Rusi provides a broad vision of the strategic landscape for the coming century, warning against dangers inherent in the emerging world order. He predicts a more complexand potentially hostilemultipolar system based on four or five rival trading blocs. Despite the centrality of trade rivalries, the role of military force will not vanish. Although he considers superpower conflict unlikely, he expects that lower-level conflicts will become more prevalent. Consequently, Rusi believes that the trading blocs will have to actively pursue security arrangements that will safeguard the traditional role of the nation-state. }Examining the international system from a geopolitical and geoeconomic perspective, Alpo Rusi provides a broad vision and bold forecast of the emerging strategic landscape for the coming century. An asymmetrical world system is emerging. The United States is now the sole true world power; it forms the core of a unipolar order characterized by an uneven division of world power and economic resources. Rusi argues, however, that this postCold War order will not survive into the next century.Rusi suggests that the power vacuum in the former Soviet empire will be filled by China in Asia and by the European Union in Eastern Europe, Russias disintegration and decline in world power status will continue but may have reached its bottom line economically, and Islam will gain strength in various parts of the world, embracing a new international role. He also predicts that the world will be split into four or five distinct trading blocs: A European bloc formed around the European Union; an East Asian bloc, potentially strong, interventionist, and even aggressive, formed around China and the Singapore economic region; Japan, as a strong and still competitive economic power; and a Pan-American bloc, also strong but potentially isolationist, formed around the United States. One of the question marks will be the future ability of an orthodox Russia to facilitate conditions for an economic space. According to Rusi, these trading blocs will develop new political or geopolitical interests. For example, the European bloc will extract fossil fuels from the former Soviet Union instead of the Middle East, thereby changing the existing global trade system. Each bloc will have certain internal problemsthe Europeans will be linked to the unstable successors to the Soviet Union, the East Asian Bloc will have to contemplate whether Chinas economic growth and geopolitical expansions will create a new bipolar world in the early twenty-first century, and the Pan-American bloc will struggle with continuing political and economic instability in South and Central America.Finally, Rusi warns that it is crucial for the European and Pan-American blocs to build upon the traditional Euro-Atlantic relationship. Without it, he argues, a truly polarizedand potentially hostilebloc system will take root, most likely lining the Western pan-regions against Chinas expansiveness. }
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 0429720548
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 133
Book Description
Alpo Rusi provides a broad vision of the strategic landscape for the coming century, warning against dangers inherent in the emerging world order. He predicts a more complexand potentially hostilemultipolar system based on four or five rival trading blocs. Despite the centrality of trade rivalries, the role of military force will not vanish. Although he considers superpower conflict unlikely, he expects that lower-level conflicts will become more prevalent. Consequently, Rusi believes that the trading blocs will have to actively pursue security arrangements that will safeguard the traditional role of the nation-state. }Examining the international system from a geopolitical and geoeconomic perspective, Alpo Rusi provides a broad vision and bold forecast of the emerging strategic landscape for the coming century. An asymmetrical world system is emerging. The United States is now the sole true world power; it forms the core of a unipolar order characterized by an uneven division of world power and economic resources. Rusi argues, however, that this postCold War order will not survive into the next century.Rusi suggests that the power vacuum in the former Soviet empire will be filled by China in Asia and by the European Union in Eastern Europe, Russias disintegration and decline in world power status will continue but may have reached its bottom line economically, and Islam will gain strength in various parts of the world, embracing a new international role. He also predicts that the world will be split into four or five distinct trading blocs: A European bloc formed around the European Union; an East Asian bloc, potentially strong, interventionist, and even aggressive, formed around China and the Singapore economic region; Japan, as a strong and still competitive economic power; and a Pan-American bloc, also strong but potentially isolationist, formed around the United States. One of the question marks will be the future ability of an orthodox Russia to facilitate conditions for an economic space. According to Rusi, these trading blocs will develop new political or geopolitical interests. For example, the European bloc will extract fossil fuels from the former Soviet Union instead of the Middle East, thereby changing the existing global trade system. Each bloc will have certain internal problemsthe Europeans will be linked to the unstable successors to the Soviet Union, the East Asian Bloc will have to contemplate whether Chinas economic growth and geopolitical expansions will create a new bipolar world in the early twenty-first century, and the Pan-American bloc will struggle with continuing political and economic instability in South and Central America.Finally, Rusi warns that it is crucial for the European and Pan-American blocs to build upon the traditional Euro-Atlantic relationship. Without it, he argues, a truly polarizedand potentially hostilebloc system will take root, most likely lining the Western pan-regions against Chinas expansiveness. }
Lawyering Peace
Author: Paul R. Williams
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1108478239
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 313
Book Description
How do parties to peace negotiations actually build durable peace and what conundrums must they solve to achieve durable peace?
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1108478239
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 313
Book Description
How do parties to peace negotiations actually build durable peace and what conundrums must they solve to achieve durable peace?
Words Over War
Author: Melanie C. Greenberg
Publisher: Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN: 9780847698936
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 492
Book Description
The international community can creatively and aggressively address deadly conflict through mediation, arbitration, and the development of international institutions to promote reconciliation. The editors of this book designed a systematic framework with which contributors compare third party intervention in twelve conflicts of the post-Cold War period. They examine the role of international organizations--the United Nations, international development banks, and international law institutions--and they analyze the tools and forms of leverage in successful and unsuccessful mediations. Based on the case studies, the editors identify the most effective institutions, make recommendations for improving interventions, and elucidate several important insights into the mediation process and the role of the international community in dispute resolution.
Publisher: Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN: 9780847698936
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 492
Book Description
The international community can creatively and aggressively address deadly conflict through mediation, arbitration, and the development of international institutions to promote reconciliation. The editors of this book designed a systematic framework with which contributors compare third party intervention in twelve conflicts of the post-Cold War period. They examine the role of international organizations--the United Nations, international development banks, and international law institutions--and they analyze the tools and forms of leverage in successful and unsuccessful mediations. Based on the case studies, the editors identify the most effective institutions, make recommendations for improving interventions, and elucidate several important insights into the mediation process and the role of the international community in dispute resolution.
Humane
Author: Samuel Moyn
Publisher: Farrar, Straus and Giroux
ISBN: 0374719926
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 242
Book Description
"[A] brilliant new book . . . Humane provides a powerful intellectual history of the American way of war. It is a bold departure from decades of historiography dominated by interventionist bromides." —Jackson Lears, The New York Review of Books A prominent historian exposes the dark side of making war more humane In the years since 9/11, we have entered an age of endless war. With little debate or discussion, the United States carries out military operations around the globe. It hardly matters who’s president or whether liberals or conservatives operate the levers of power. The United States exercises dominion everywhere. In Humane: How the United States Abandoned Peace and Reinvented War, Samuel Moyn asks a troubling but urgent question: What if efforts to make war more ethical—to ban torture and limit civilian casualties—have only shored up the military enterprise and made it sturdier? To advance this case, Moyn looks back at a century and a half of passionate arguments about the ethics of using force. In the nineteenth century, the founders of the Red Cross struggled mightily to make war less lethal even as they acknowledged its inevitability. Leo Tolstoy prominently opposed their efforts, reasoning that war needed to be abolished, not reformed—and over the subsequent century, a popular movement to abolish war flourished on both sides of the Atlantic. Eventually, however, reformers shifted their attention from opposing the crime of war to opposing war crimes, with fateful consequences. The ramifications of this shift became apparent in the post-9/11 era. By that time, the US military had embraced the agenda of humane war, driven both by the availability of precision weaponry and the need to protect its image. The battle shifted from the streets to the courtroom, where the tactics of the war on terror were litigated but its foundational assumptions went without serious challenge. These trends only accelerated during the Obama and Trump presidencies. Even as the two administrations spoke of American power and morality in radically different tones, they ushered in the second decade of the “forever” war. Humane is the story of how America went off to fight and never came back, and how armed combat was transformed from an imperfect tool for resolving disputes into an integral component of the modern condition. As American wars have become more humane, they have also become endless. This provocative book argues that this development might not represent progress at all.
Publisher: Farrar, Straus and Giroux
ISBN: 0374719926
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 242
Book Description
"[A] brilliant new book . . . Humane provides a powerful intellectual history of the American way of war. It is a bold departure from decades of historiography dominated by interventionist bromides." —Jackson Lears, The New York Review of Books A prominent historian exposes the dark side of making war more humane In the years since 9/11, we have entered an age of endless war. With little debate or discussion, the United States carries out military operations around the globe. It hardly matters who’s president or whether liberals or conservatives operate the levers of power. The United States exercises dominion everywhere. In Humane: How the United States Abandoned Peace and Reinvented War, Samuel Moyn asks a troubling but urgent question: What if efforts to make war more ethical—to ban torture and limit civilian casualties—have only shored up the military enterprise and made it sturdier? To advance this case, Moyn looks back at a century and a half of passionate arguments about the ethics of using force. In the nineteenth century, the founders of the Red Cross struggled mightily to make war less lethal even as they acknowledged its inevitability. Leo Tolstoy prominently opposed their efforts, reasoning that war needed to be abolished, not reformed—and over the subsequent century, a popular movement to abolish war flourished on both sides of the Atlantic. Eventually, however, reformers shifted their attention from opposing the crime of war to opposing war crimes, with fateful consequences. The ramifications of this shift became apparent in the post-9/11 era. By that time, the US military had embraced the agenda of humane war, driven both by the availability of precision weaponry and the need to protect its image. The battle shifted from the streets to the courtroom, where the tactics of the war on terror were litigated but its foundational assumptions went without serious challenge. These trends only accelerated during the Obama and Trump presidencies. Even as the two administrations spoke of American power and morality in radically different tones, they ushered in the second decade of the “forever” war. Humane is the story of how America went off to fight and never came back, and how armed combat was transformed from an imperfect tool for resolving disputes into an integral component of the modern condition. As American wars have become more humane, they have also become endless. This provocative book argues that this development might not represent progress at all.
Stable Peace
Author: Kenneth E. Boulding
Publisher: University of Texas Press
ISBN: 1477305718
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 156
Book Description
The human race has often put a high value on struggle, strife, turmoil, and excitement. Peace has been regarded as a utopian, unattainable, perhaps dull ideal or as some random element over which we have no control. However, the desperate necessities of the nuclear age have forced us to take peace seriously as an object of both personal and national policy. Stable Peace attempts to answer the question, If we had a policy for peace, what would it look like? A policy for peace aims to speed up the historically slow, painful, but persistent transition from a state of continual war and turmoil to one of continual peace. In a stable peace, the war-peace system is tipped firmly toward peace and away from the cycle of folly, illusion, and ill will that leads to war. Boulding proposes a number of modest, easily attainable, eminently reasonable policies directed toward this goal. His recommendations include the removal of national boundaries from political agendas, the encouragement of reciprocal acts of good will between potential enemies, the exploration of the theory and practice of nonviolence, the development of governmental and nongovernmental organizations to promote peace, and the development of research in the whole area of peace and conflict management. Written in straightforward, lucid prose, Stable Peace will be of importance to politicians, policy makers, economists, diplomats, all concerned citizens, and all those interested in international relations and the resolution of conflict.
Publisher: University of Texas Press
ISBN: 1477305718
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 156
Book Description
The human race has often put a high value on struggle, strife, turmoil, and excitement. Peace has been regarded as a utopian, unattainable, perhaps dull ideal or as some random element over which we have no control. However, the desperate necessities of the nuclear age have forced us to take peace seriously as an object of both personal and national policy. Stable Peace attempts to answer the question, If we had a policy for peace, what would it look like? A policy for peace aims to speed up the historically slow, painful, but persistent transition from a state of continual war and turmoil to one of continual peace. In a stable peace, the war-peace system is tipped firmly toward peace and away from the cycle of folly, illusion, and ill will that leads to war. Boulding proposes a number of modest, easily attainable, eminently reasonable policies directed toward this goal. His recommendations include the removal of national boundaries from political agendas, the encouragement of reciprocal acts of good will between potential enemies, the exploration of the theory and practice of nonviolence, the development of governmental and nongovernmental organizations to promote peace, and the development of research in the whole area of peace and conflict management. Written in straightforward, lucid prose, Stable Peace will be of importance to politicians, policy makers, economists, diplomats, all concerned citizens, and all those interested in international relations and the resolution of conflict.
Preventing Deadly Conflict
Author: Carnegie Corporation of New York
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 301
Book Description
Three inescapable observations form the foundation of this report. First, deadly conflict is not inevitable. Violence on the scale of what we have seen in Bosnia, Rwanda, Somalia, and elsewhere does not emerge inexorably from human interaction. Second, the need to prevent deadly conflict is increasingly urgent. The rapid compression of the world through breathtaking population growth, technological advancement, and economic interdependence, combined with the readily available supply of deadly weapons and easily transmitted contagion of hatred and incitement to violence, make it essential and urgent to find ways to prevent disputes from turning massively violent. Third, preventing deadly conflict is possible. The problem is not that we do not know about incipient and large-scale violence; it is that we often do not act. Examples from "hot spots" around the world illustrate that the potential for violence can be defused through the early, skillful, and integrated application of political, diplomatic, economic, and military measures. The Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict does not believe in the unavoidable clash of civilizations or in an inevitably violent future. War and mass violence usually result from deliberate political decisions, and the Commission believes that these decisions can be affected so that mass violence does not result. To undertake effective preventive action, the Commission believes that we must develop an international commitment to the concept of prevention, a habit of preventive investment, more effective regimes for controlling destructive weaponry, and a working portfolio of legal standards that rest on a normative consensus regarding the responsibilities of governments to each other and to their peoples. Responsible leaders, key intergovernmental and nongovernmental institutions, and civil society can do far better in preventing deadly conflict than the record of this century and the current epidemic of violence suggest. c.
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 301
Book Description
Three inescapable observations form the foundation of this report. First, deadly conflict is not inevitable. Violence on the scale of what we have seen in Bosnia, Rwanda, Somalia, and elsewhere does not emerge inexorably from human interaction. Second, the need to prevent deadly conflict is increasingly urgent. The rapid compression of the world through breathtaking population growth, technological advancement, and economic interdependence, combined with the readily available supply of deadly weapons and easily transmitted contagion of hatred and incitement to violence, make it essential and urgent to find ways to prevent disputes from turning massively violent. Third, preventing deadly conflict is possible. The problem is not that we do not know about incipient and large-scale violence; it is that we often do not act. Examples from "hot spots" around the world illustrate that the potential for violence can be defused through the early, skillful, and integrated application of political, diplomatic, economic, and military measures. The Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict does not believe in the unavoidable clash of civilizations or in an inevitably violent future. War and mass violence usually result from deliberate political decisions, and the Commission believes that these decisions can be affected so that mass violence does not result. To undertake effective preventive action, the Commission believes that we must develop an international commitment to the concept of prevention, a habit of preventive investment, more effective regimes for controlling destructive weaponry, and a working portfolio of legal standards that rest on a normative consensus regarding the responsibilities of governments to each other and to their peoples. Responsible leaders, key intergovernmental and nongovernmental institutions, and civil society can do far better in preventing deadly conflict than the record of this century and the current epidemic of violence suggest. c.