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Author: Helmut T. Zwahlen
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Automobile driver education
Languages : en
Pages : 222
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Book Description
ODOT has a goal of reducing total crashes by 10% by 2015. Driver education, licensing, testing, and enforcement strategies are all tools that can be used to help reduce the incidence of accidents, particularly among teenage drivers, who are involved in accidents well out of proportion to their numbers in the overall driver population. In order to determine which strategies are likely to provide the best results, ODOT needs to have some quantitative estimate of the effectiveness of each strategy in terms of the amount of reduction it provides, in other words a crash reduction factor (CRF). A comprehensive literature and web search was conducted to determine driver education, licensing and enforcement practices, and CRF values used by other states and countries. An electronic survey of all states was conducted to get information about driver education, licensing programs, testing and enforcement measures, the state of the art in traffic safety practices, and CRFs. The relatively few CRFs obtained for driver education, licensing programs, and traffic enforcement measures were compared to those obtained for traffic engineering measures. Based on the analysis of all the information obtained only a limited number of quantitative CRFs exist for any of the driver education, licensing and enforcement measures in any of the states in the US. Published studies where the effects on reducing crashes for new measures with sound statistical evaluations using proper control groups appear to be almost non-existent in the US. CRFs for driver education, licensing programs, and enforcement measures based on the estimates by traffic safety experts were found for Switzerland in the VESIPO report and the cost/benefit ratios for some selected Swiss measures were found. It has to be noted that even the Swiss CRFs are based on partial estimates and have not been truly validated with before and after studies using actual data except for one blood alcohol content measure ("Reduction of BAC limit from 0.08% to 0.05%" with extensive advertising and strict enforcement). Since some of the CRFs found were from countries outside the US, such as Switzerland and Canada, and since the road transportation system of the US is fairly similar to Western Europe the strategies used for crash reduction will usually be applicable to Ohio. The range for the CRFs reported in the literature for driver education, driver licensing, testing and enforcement are summarized in the conclusion section of the report. The ranges for CRFs for driver education, licensing programs, and enforcement measures are less than 1% to 32%, 0%-17% and 2%-51% respectively. A prioritized implementation plan based on the highest CRFs reported has been proposed for driver education, licensing and enforcement.
Author: Helmut T. Zwahlen
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Automobile driver education
Languages : en
Pages : 222
Get Book Here
Book Description
ODOT has a goal of reducing total crashes by 10% by 2015. Driver education, licensing, testing, and enforcement strategies are all tools that can be used to help reduce the incidence of accidents, particularly among teenage drivers, who are involved in accidents well out of proportion to their numbers in the overall driver population. In order to determine which strategies are likely to provide the best results, ODOT needs to have some quantitative estimate of the effectiveness of each strategy in terms of the amount of reduction it provides, in other words a crash reduction factor (CRF). A comprehensive literature and web search was conducted to determine driver education, licensing and enforcement practices, and CRF values used by other states and countries. An electronic survey of all states was conducted to get information about driver education, licensing programs, testing and enforcement measures, the state of the art in traffic safety practices, and CRFs. The relatively few CRFs obtained for driver education, licensing programs, and traffic enforcement measures were compared to those obtained for traffic engineering measures. Based on the analysis of all the information obtained only a limited number of quantitative CRFs exist for any of the driver education, licensing and enforcement measures in any of the states in the US. Published studies where the effects on reducing crashes for new measures with sound statistical evaluations using proper control groups appear to be almost non-existent in the US. CRFs for driver education, licensing programs, and enforcement measures based on the estimates by traffic safety experts were found for Switzerland in the VESIPO report and the cost/benefit ratios for some selected Swiss measures were found. It has to be noted that even the Swiss CRFs are based on partial estimates and have not been truly validated with before and after studies using actual data except for one blood alcohol content measure ("Reduction of BAC limit from 0.08% to 0.05%" with extensive advertising and strict enforcement). Since some of the CRFs found were from countries outside the US, such as Switzerland and Canada, and since the road transportation system of the US is fairly similar to Western Europe the strategies used for crash reduction will usually be applicable to Ohio. The range for the CRFs reported in the literature for driver education, driver licensing, testing and enforcement are summarized in the conclusion section of the report. The ranges for CRFs for driver education, licensing programs, and enforcement measures are less than 1% to 32%, 0%-17% and 2%-51% respectively. A prioritized implementation plan based on the highest CRFs reported has been proposed for driver education, licensing and enforcement.
Author: Kumares C. Sinha
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1118169662
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 576
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Book Description
This pioneering text provides a holistic approach to decisionmaking in transportation project development and programming, whichcan help transportation professionals to optimize their investmentchoices. The authors present a proven set of methodologies forevaluating transportation projects that ensures that all costs andimpacts are taken into consideration. The text's logical organization gets readers started with asolid foundation in basic principles and then progressively buildson that foundation. Topics covered include: Developing performance measures for evaluation, estimatingtravel demand, and costing transportation projects Performing an economic efficiency evaluation that accounts forsuch factors as travel time, safety, and vehicle operatingcosts Evaluating a project's impact on economic development and landuse as well as its impact on society and culture Assessing a project's environmental impact, including airquality, noise, ecology, water resources, and aesthetics Evaluating alternative projects on the basis of multipleperformance criteria Programming transportation investments so that resources can beoptimally allocated to meet facility-specific and system-widegoals Each chapter begins with basic definitions and concepts followedby a methodology for impact assessment. Relevant legislation isdiscussed and available software for performing evaluations ispresented. At the end of each chapter, readers are providedresources for detailed investigation of particular topics. Theseinclude Internet sites and publications of international anddomestic agencies and research institutions. The authors alsoprovide a companion Web site that offers updates, data foranalysis, and case histories of project evaluation and decisionmaking. Given that billions of dollars are spent each year ontransportation systems in the United States alone, and that thereis a need for thorough and rational evaluation and decision makingfor cost-effective system preservation and improvement, this textshould be on the desks of all transportation planners, engineers,and educators. With exercises in every chapter, this text is anideal coursebook for the subject of transportation systems analysisand evaluation.
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309179939
Category : Transportation
Languages : en
Pages : 77
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Book Description
From a public health perspective, motor vehicle crashes are among the most serious problems facing teenagers. Even after more than six months of being licensed to drive alone, teens are two to three times more likely to be in a fatal crash than are the more experienced drivers. Crash rates are significantly higher for male drivers, and young people in the United States are at greater risk of dying or being injured in an automobile than their peers around the world. In fact, in 2003 motor vehicle crashes was the leading cause of death for youth ages 16-20 in the United States. Understanding how and why teen motor vehicle crashes happen is key to developing countermeasures to reduce their number. Applying this understanding to the development of prevention strategies holds significant promise for improving safety but many of these efforts are thwarted by a lack of evidence as to which prevention strategies are most effective. Preventing Teen Motor Crashes presents data from a multidisciplinary group that shared information on emerging technology for studying, monitoring, and controlling driving behavior. The book provides an overview of the factual information that was presented, as well as the insights that emerged about the role researchers can play in reducing and preventing teen motor crashes.
Author: Zeine, Rana R.
Publisher: IGI Global
ISBN: 1668456532
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 427
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Book Description
Research on the therapeutic efficacy of cannabinoids has demonstrated that cannabidiol (CBD), either alone or in 1:1 mixtures with delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), can effectively treat animals in experimental models of neuroinflammatory, demyelinative, neurodegenerative, neuropsychiatric, and neoplastic diseases. Short-term, small-scale, human cohorts, observational studies, randomized, non-randomized, placebo-controlled, and uncontrolled clinical trials have provided low-certainty and moderate-certainty evidence that medical marijuana can reduce spasticity, neuropathic pain, neuroinflammation, anxiety, sleep disturbance, urinary bladder dysfunction, frequency and duration of seizure, tumor size, and metastasis as well as promote overall cancer survival. Medical Cannabis and the Effects of Cannabinoids on Fighting Cancer, Multiple Sclerosis, Epilepsy, Parkinson's, and Other Neurodegenerative Diseases presents the findings from clinical and basic medical scientists who are investigating the cellular and molecular mechanisms of cannabinoid-mediated inhibition of innate and adaptive immune responses, mobilization of myeloid-derived immunosuppressive cells, enhancement of neuroprotection, facilitation of oligodendrocyte survival, promotion of CNS progenitor cell differentiation to support regeneration and remyelination, arrest of tumor cell proliferation, decrease in tumor cell adhesion, disruption of tumor angiogenesis, inhibition of endothelial cells, and prevention of cancer metastasis by inhibition of cell migration. The chapters further discuss pharmacologic challenges and precisely how the delicate balance between the opposing effects of various types of cannabinoid receptors can be controlled by manipulating specific membrane channels and signaling pathways to achieve favorable long-term clinicopathologic outcomes in oncology and neurology. Covering topics such as neurodegenerative diseases, spectroscopic applications, and ethical issues, this premier reference source is an essential resource for medical professionals, pharmacists, hospital administrators, government officials, students and faculty of higher education, librarians, researchers, and academicians.
Author:
Publisher: AASHTO
ISBN: 1560514779
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 886
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Book Description
"The Highway Safety Manual (HSM) is a resource that provides safety knowledge and tools in a useful form to facilitate improved decision making based on safety performance. The focus of the HSM is to provide quantitative information for decision making. The HSM assembles currently available information and methodologies on measuring, estimating and evaluating roadways in terms of crash frequency (number of crashes per year) and crash severity (level of injuries due to crashes). The HSM presents tools and methodologies for consideration of 'safety' across the range of highway activities: planning, programming, project development, construction, operations, and maintenance. The purpose of this is to convey present knowledge regarding highway safety information for use by a broad array of transportation professionals"--p. xxiii, vol. 1.
Author: Stefano De Luca
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN: 1839685611
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 238
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Book Description
The transportation system is the backbone of any social and economic system, and is also a very complex system in which users, transport means, technologies, services, and infrastructures have to cooperate with each other to achieve common and unique goals.The aim of this book is to present a general overview on some of the main challenges that transportation planners and decision makers are faced with. The book addresses different topics that range from user's behavior to travel demand simulation, from supply chain to the railway infrastructure capacity, from traffic safety issues to Life Cycle Assessment, and to strategies to make the transportation system more sustainable.
Author: International Transport Forum
Publisher: OECD Publishing
ISBN: 9282103765
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 133
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Book Description
The report serves as a guide to how research results can be shared internationally. It provides checklist for systematic review of road safety studies and a framework for standardising methodology.
Author: European Conference of Ministers of Transport
Publisher: OECD Publishing
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 296
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Book Description
This Report addresses the key issues surrounding traffic speed management and highlights the improvements in policy and operations needed to reduce the extent of speeding.
Author: Prahlad D. Pant
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Rear-end collisions
Languages : en
Pages : 106
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Book Description
The primary objective of this research was to systematically review past studies on rear end crashes, examine strategies for reducing rear end crashes on both freeway and non freeway facilities, and develop a set of rear end crash reduction strategies for use in Ohio, which will be appropriate for various traffic engineering solutions, operations and ITS improvements. Accordingly, this study conducted an extensive review of past literature related to rear end crashes and strategies to reduce them. A determination of specific strategies for a road safety improvement program requires an understanding of probable crash reduction capabilities for various geometric, operational and environmental factors on the roadways. Studies of crash reduction strategies have usually focused on before-and-after comparisons of specific locations or conditions. Based on the data provided by the Ohio Department of Transportation, this study attempted to examine the crash reduction capabilities for signalized intersections, unsignalized intersections, freeways and non-freeways where countermeasures were implemented. An attempt was made to compute crash reduction factors for rear end collisions for these roadway facilities. However, this task could not be performed because of the severe limitations in the ODOT countermeasure and roadway site data. In response to the researchers' request for additional data, ODOT decided not to proceed ahead with this research as it required the dedication of district resources that were not currently available. It was believed that breaking the project into smaller, more manageable pieces, would not yield results that would be statistically significant. There were also several national projects underway which would limit this project's benefits. In view of these circumstances, ODOT decided to terminate the contract for this project and all work stopped.
Author: Richard W. McLay
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0128132418
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 636
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Book Description
Engineering Standards for Forensic Application presents the technologies and law precedents for the application of engineering standards to forensic opinions, discussing Fundamentals, Disciplines, Engineering Standards, The Basics and the Future of Forensics. The book explores the engineering standard and how it is used by experts to give opinions that are introduced into evidence, and how they are assumed to be the best evidence known on the topic at hand. Final sections include coverage of NFL Brain Injuries and the Flint Water Crisis. Examples of the use of engineering standards are shown and discussed throughout the work. - Addresses a wide variety of forensic engineering areas, including relevant law - Provides a new approach of study that includes the work of both engineers and litigators - Contains contributions from over 40 experts, offering the reader examples of general forensic methods that are based on reliable engineering practice
