Author: Qian Kan
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1317583442
Category : Foreign Language Study
Languages : en
Pages : 340
Book Description
COLLOQUIAL CHINESE is easy to use and completely up to date! Specially written by experienced teachers for self-study or class use, the course offers a step-by-step approach to written and spoken Chinese. No prior knowledge of the language is required. What makes COLLOQUIAL CHINESE your best choice in personal language learning? Interactive – lots of exercises for regular practice Clear – concise grammar notes Practical – useful vocabulary and pronunciation guide Complete – including answer key and reference section Whether you're a business traveller, or about to take up a daring challenge in adventure tourism, you may be studying to teach or even looking forward to a holiday - if you'd like to get up and running with Chinese this rewarding course will take you from complete beginner to confidently putting your language skills to use in a wide range of everyday situations Course components: The complete course comprises the book and audio materials. These are available to purchase separately in paperback, ebook, CD and MP3 format. The paperback and CDs can also be purchased together in the great-value Colloquials pack. Paperback: 978-0-415-43415-7 (please note this does not include the audio) CDs: 978-0-415-43416-4 EBook: 978-0-203-88362-4 (please note this does not include the audio, available from http://www.ebookstore.tandf.co.uk) MP3s: 978-0-415-55159-5 (available from http://www.ebookstore.tandf.co.uk/html/) Pack: 978-0-415-43417-1 (paperback and CDs) Another FREE 60 minutes of audio can be listened to online at: http://www.routledge.com/books/Colloquial-Chinese-isbn9780415434157 Course components: The complete course comprises the book and audio materials. These are available to purchase separately in paperback, ebook, CD and MP3 format. The paperback and CDs can also be purchased together in the great-value Colloquials pack. Paperback: 978-0-415-43415-7 (please note this does not include the audio) CDs: 978-0-415-43416-4 EBook: 978-0-203-88362-4 (please note this does not include the audio) MP3s: 978-0-415-55159-5 (available from http://www.ebookstore.tandf.co.uk/html/) Pack: 978-0-415-43417-1 (paperback and CDs) For the eBook and MP3 pack, please find instructions on how to access the supplementary content for this title in the Prelims section. Another FREE 60 minutes of audio can be listened to online at http://www.routledge.com/books/Colloquial-Chinese-isbn9780415434157
Colloquial Chinese (eBook And MP3 Pack)
Author: Qian Kan
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1317583442
Category : Foreign Language Study
Languages : en
Pages : 340
Book Description
COLLOQUIAL CHINESE is easy to use and completely up to date! Specially written by experienced teachers for self-study or class use, the course offers a step-by-step approach to written and spoken Chinese. No prior knowledge of the language is required. What makes COLLOQUIAL CHINESE your best choice in personal language learning? Interactive – lots of exercises for regular practice Clear – concise grammar notes Practical – useful vocabulary and pronunciation guide Complete – including answer key and reference section Whether you're a business traveller, or about to take up a daring challenge in adventure tourism, you may be studying to teach or even looking forward to a holiday - if you'd like to get up and running with Chinese this rewarding course will take you from complete beginner to confidently putting your language skills to use in a wide range of everyday situations Course components: The complete course comprises the book and audio materials. These are available to purchase separately in paperback, ebook, CD and MP3 format. The paperback and CDs can also be purchased together in the great-value Colloquials pack. Paperback: 978-0-415-43415-7 (please note this does not include the audio) CDs: 978-0-415-43416-4 EBook: 978-0-203-88362-4 (please note this does not include the audio, available from http://www.ebookstore.tandf.co.uk) MP3s: 978-0-415-55159-5 (available from http://www.ebookstore.tandf.co.uk/html/) Pack: 978-0-415-43417-1 (paperback and CDs) Another FREE 60 minutes of audio can be listened to online at: http://www.routledge.com/books/Colloquial-Chinese-isbn9780415434157 Course components: The complete course comprises the book and audio materials. These are available to purchase separately in paperback, ebook, CD and MP3 format. The paperback and CDs can also be purchased together in the great-value Colloquials pack. Paperback: 978-0-415-43415-7 (please note this does not include the audio) CDs: 978-0-415-43416-4 EBook: 978-0-203-88362-4 (please note this does not include the audio) MP3s: 978-0-415-55159-5 (available from http://www.ebookstore.tandf.co.uk/html/) Pack: 978-0-415-43417-1 (paperback and CDs) For the eBook and MP3 pack, please find instructions on how to access the supplementary content for this title in the Prelims section. Another FREE 60 minutes of audio can be listened to online at http://www.routledge.com/books/Colloquial-Chinese-isbn9780415434157
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1317583442
Category : Foreign Language Study
Languages : en
Pages : 340
Book Description
COLLOQUIAL CHINESE is easy to use and completely up to date! Specially written by experienced teachers for self-study or class use, the course offers a step-by-step approach to written and spoken Chinese. No prior knowledge of the language is required. What makes COLLOQUIAL CHINESE your best choice in personal language learning? Interactive – lots of exercises for regular practice Clear – concise grammar notes Practical – useful vocabulary and pronunciation guide Complete – including answer key and reference section Whether you're a business traveller, or about to take up a daring challenge in adventure tourism, you may be studying to teach or even looking forward to a holiday - if you'd like to get up and running with Chinese this rewarding course will take you from complete beginner to confidently putting your language skills to use in a wide range of everyday situations Course components: The complete course comprises the book and audio materials. These are available to purchase separately in paperback, ebook, CD and MP3 format. The paperback and CDs can also be purchased together in the great-value Colloquials pack. Paperback: 978-0-415-43415-7 (please note this does not include the audio) CDs: 978-0-415-43416-4 EBook: 978-0-203-88362-4 (please note this does not include the audio, available from http://www.ebookstore.tandf.co.uk) MP3s: 978-0-415-55159-5 (available from http://www.ebookstore.tandf.co.uk/html/) Pack: 978-0-415-43417-1 (paperback and CDs) Another FREE 60 minutes of audio can be listened to online at: http://www.routledge.com/books/Colloquial-Chinese-isbn9780415434157 Course components: The complete course comprises the book and audio materials. These are available to purchase separately in paperback, ebook, CD and MP3 format. The paperback and CDs can also be purchased together in the great-value Colloquials pack. Paperback: 978-0-415-43415-7 (please note this does not include the audio) CDs: 978-0-415-43416-4 EBook: 978-0-203-88362-4 (please note this does not include the audio) MP3s: 978-0-415-55159-5 (available from http://www.ebookstore.tandf.co.uk/html/) Pack: 978-0-415-43417-1 (paperback and CDs) For the eBook and MP3 pack, please find instructions on how to access the supplementary content for this title in the Prelims section. Another FREE 60 minutes of audio can be listened to online at http://www.routledge.com/books/Colloquial-Chinese-isbn9780415434157
Colloquial Chinese 2 (eBook And MP3 Pack)
Author: Qian Kan
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1317583485
Category : Foreign Language Study
Languages : en
Pages : 321
Book Description
Colloquial Chinese 2 is designed for people who already have some knowledge of the language but want to progress a stage further. It is the ideal way to refresh your knowledge and to extend your skills, either in preparation for a visit, or to brush up on the language for work. Structured to give you the opportunity to listen to and read lots of modern, everyday Chinese, it has been developed to work systematically on reinforcing and extending your grasp of Chinese grammar and vocabulary. Key features include: revision material to help you consolidate and build up your basics Chinese texts presented in simplified characters and pinyin romanization throughout lessons based on practical everyday topics and supplemented by useful cultural notes lots of spoken and written exercises in each lesson for practice and consolidation a grammar summary, detailed answer key and Chinese-English glossary supplementary exercises and Chinese web-links at www.routledge.com/colloquials/chinese Accompanying audio material is available to purchase separately on CD/MP3 format, or comes included in the great value Colloquials Pack. For the eBook and MP3 pack, please find instructions on how to access the supplementary content for this title in the Prelims section.
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1317583485
Category : Foreign Language Study
Languages : en
Pages : 321
Book Description
Colloquial Chinese 2 is designed for people who already have some knowledge of the language but want to progress a stage further. It is the ideal way to refresh your knowledge and to extend your skills, either in preparation for a visit, or to brush up on the language for work. Structured to give you the opportunity to listen to and read lots of modern, everyday Chinese, it has been developed to work systematically on reinforcing and extending your grasp of Chinese grammar and vocabulary. Key features include: revision material to help you consolidate and build up your basics Chinese texts presented in simplified characters and pinyin romanization throughout lessons based on practical everyday topics and supplemented by useful cultural notes lots of spoken and written exercises in each lesson for practice and consolidation a grammar summary, detailed answer key and Chinese-English glossary supplementary exercises and Chinese web-links at www.routledge.com/colloquials/chinese Accompanying audio material is available to purchase separately on CD/MP3 format, or comes included in the great value Colloquials Pack. For the eBook and MP3 pack, please find instructions on how to access the supplementary content for this title in the Prelims section.
Colloquial Chinese
Author: Qian Kan
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1317305493
Category : Foreign Language Study
Languages : en
Pages : 336
Book Description
Colloquial Chinese: The Complete Course for Beginners has been carefully developed by an experienced teacher to provide a step-by-step course to Chinese as it is written and spoken today. Combining a clear, practical and accessible style with a methodical and thorough treatment of the language, it equips learners with the essential skills needed to communicate confidently and effectively in Chinese in a broad range of situations. No prior knowledge of the language is required. Colloquial Chinese is exceptional; each unit presents a wealth of grammatical points that are reinforced with a wide range of exercises for regular practice. A full answer key, a grammar summary, bilingual glossaries and English translations of dialogues can be found at the back as well as useful vocabulary lists throughout. Key features include: A clear, user-friendly format designed to help learners progressively build up their speaking, listening, reading and writing skills Jargon-free, succinct and clearly structured explanations of grammar An extensive range of focused and dynamic supportive exercises Realistic and entertaining dialogues covering a broad variety of narrative situations Helpful cultural points explaining the customs and features of life in China An overview of the sounds of Chinese Balanced, comprehensive and rewarding, Colloquial Chinese is an indispensable resource both for independent learners and students taking courses in Chinese. Audio material to accompany the course is available to download free in MP3 format from www.routledge.com/cw/colloquials. Recorded by native speakers, the audio material features the dialogues and texts from the book and will help develop your listening and pronunciation skills.
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1317305493
Category : Foreign Language Study
Languages : en
Pages : 336
Book Description
Colloquial Chinese: The Complete Course for Beginners has been carefully developed by an experienced teacher to provide a step-by-step course to Chinese as it is written and spoken today. Combining a clear, practical and accessible style with a methodical and thorough treatment of the language, it equips learners with the essential skills needed to communicate confidently and effectively in Chinese in a broad range of situations. No prior knowledge of the language is required. Colloquial Chinese is exceptional; each unit presents a wealth of grammatical points that are reinforced with a wide range of exercises for regular practice. A full answer key, a grammar summary, bilingual glossaries and English translations of dialogues can be found at the back as well as useful vocabulary lists throughout. Key features include: A clear, user-friendly format designed to help learners progressively build up their speaking, listening, reading and writing skills Jargon-free, succinct and clearly structured explanations of grammar An extensive range of focused and dynamic supportive exercises Realistic and entertaining dialogues covering a broad variety of narrative situations Helpful cultural points explaining the customs and features of life in China An overview of the sounds of Chinese Balanced, comprehensive and rewarding, Colloquial Chinese is an indispensable resource both for independent learners and students taking courses in Chinese. Audio material to accompany the course is available to download free in MP3 format from www.routledge.com/cw/colloquials. Recorded by native speakers, the audio material features the dialogues and texts from the book and will help develop your listening and pronunciation skills.
Colloquial Chinese
Author: Bingzheng Tong
Publisher: Psychology Press
ISBN: 9780415018609
Category : Foreign Language Study
Languages : en
Pages : 332
Book Description
T'ung and Pollard's Colloquial Chinese course is the ideal introductory course for all dedicated learners of Mandarin Chinese. Written by experienced teachers, the course provides a rigorous introduction to the pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar of Mandarin Chinese. By the end of this rewarding course learners will be able to communicate confidently in a wide variety of situations. The solid foundation provided is also ideal for those who wish to advance their language skills to higher levels. Divided into 17 lessons, each lesson contains conversations based on common daily situations, vocabularies, grammar notes and exercises to help learn and practice basic skills. Key features include: clear grammar explanations lots of exercises for regular practice Pinyin Romanization used throughout Chinese-English glossary for quick reference. Accompanying audio material is available to purchase separately or comes included in the great value Colloquial paperback and CDs complete course. Recorded by native speakers, the audio complements the book and will help develop your listening and pronunciations skills. Course components: The complete course comprises the book and audio materials. These are available to purchase separately in paperback, ebook, CD and MP3 format. The paperback and CD can also be purchased together in the great-value Colloquials pack. Paperback: 978-0-415-01860-9 (please note this does not include the audio) CD: 978-0-415-52341-7 EBook: 978-0-203-09731-1 (please note this does not include the audio, available from http://www.ebookstore.tandf.co.uk) MP3s: 978-0-415-63260-7 (available from http://www.ebookstore.tandf.co.uk/html/) Pack: 978-0-415-52485-8 (paperback and CDs)
Publisher: Psychology Press
ISBN: 9780415018609
Category : Foreign Language Study
Languages : en
Pages : 332
Book Description
T'ung and Pollard's Colloquial Chinese course is the ideal introductory course for all dedicated learners of Mandarin Chinese. Written by experienced teachers, the course provides a rigorous introduction to the pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar of Mandarin Chinese. By the end of this rewarding course learners will be able to communicate confidently in a wide variety of situations. The solid foundation provided is also ideal for those who wish to advance their language skills to higher levels. Divided into 17 lessons, each lesson contains conversations based on common daily situations, vocabularies, grammar notes and exercises to help learn and practice basic skills. Key features include: clear grammar explanations lots of exercises for regular practice Pinyin Romanization used throughout Chinese-English glossary for quick reference. Accompanying audio material is available to purchase separately or comes included in the great value Colloquial paperback and CDs complete course. Recorded by native speakers, the audio complements the book and will help develop your listening and pronunciations skills. Course components: The complete course comprises the book and audio materials. These are available to purchase separately in paperback, ebook, CD and MP3 format. The paperback and CD can also be purchased together in the great-value Colloquials pack. Paperback: 978-0-415-01860-9 (please note this does not include the audio) CD: 978-0-415-52341-7 EBook: 978-0-203-09731-1 (please note this does not include the audio, available from http://www.ebookstore.tandf.co.uk) MP3s: 978-0-415-63260-7 (available from http://www.ebookstore.tandf.co.uk/html/) Pack: 978-0-415-52485-8 (paperback and CDs)
Colloquial Hebrew
Author: Zippi Lyttleton
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1317306619
Category : Foreign Language Study
Languages : en
Pages : 401
Book Description
Colloquial Hebrew provides a step-by-step course in Hebrew as it is written and spoken today. Combining a user-friendly approach with a thorough treatment of the language, it equips learners with the essential skills needed to communicate confidently and effectively in Hebrew in a broad range of situations. No prior knowledge of the language is required. Key features include: • progressive coverage of speaking, listening, reading and writing skills • structured, jargon-free explanations of grammar • an extensive range of focused and stimulating exercises • realistic and entertaining dialogues covering a broad variety of scenarios • useful vocabulary lists throughout the text • additional resources available at the back of the book, including a full answer key, a grammar summary and bilingual glossaries Balanced, comprehensive and rewarding, Colloquial Hebrew will be an indispensable resource both for independent learners and students taking courses in Hebrew. Audio material to accompany the course is available to download freely in MP3 format from www.routledge.com/cw/colloquials. Recorded by native speakers, the audio material features the dialogues and texts from the book and will help develop your listening and pronunciation skills.
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1317306619
Category : Foreign Language Study
Languages : en
Pages : 401
Book Description
Colloquial Hebrew provides a step-by-step course in Hebrew as it is written and spoken today. Combining a user-friendly approach with a thorough treatment of the language, it equips learners with the essential skills needed to communicate confidently and effectively in Hebrew in a broad range of situations. No prior knowledge of the language is required. Key features include: • progressive coverage of speaking, listening, reading and writing skills • structured, jargon-free explanations of grammar • an extensive range of focused and stimulating exercises • realistic and entertaining dialogues covering a broad variety of scenarios • useful vocabulary lists throughout the text • additional resources available at the back of the book, including a full answer key, a grammar summary and bilingual glossaries Balanced, comprehensive and rewarding, Colloquial Hebrew will be an indispensable resource both for independent learners and students taking courses in Hebrew. Audio material to accompany the course is available to download freely in MP3 format from www.routledge.com/cw/colloquials. Recorded by native speakers, the audio material features the dialogues and texts from the book and will help develop your listening and pronunciation skills.
Colloquial Cantonese (eBook And MP3 Pack)
Author: Dana Scott Bourgerie
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 131758354X
Category : Cantonese dialects
Languages : en
Pages : 305
Book Description
COLLOQUIAL CANTONESE is easy to use and completely up to date!Specially written by experienced teachers for self-study or class use, the course offers a step-by-step approach to written and spoken Cantonese. No prior knowledge of the language is required. What makes COLLOQUIAL CANTONESE your best choice in personal language learning?Interactive - lots of exercises for regular practiceClear - concise grammar notesPractical - useful vocabulary and pronunciation guideComplete - including answer key and reference sectionWhether you''re a business traveller, or about to take up a daring challenge in.
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 131758354X
Category : Cantonese dialects
Languages : en
Pages : 305
Book Description
COLLOQUIAL CANTONESE is easy to use and completely up to date!Specially written by experienced teachers for self-study or class use, the course offers a step-by-step approach to written and spoken Cantonese. No prior knowledge of the language is required. What makes COLLOQUIAL CANTONESE your best choice in personal language learning?Interactive - lots of exercises for regular practiceClear - concise grammar notesPractical - useful vocabulary and pronunciation guideComplete - including answer key and reference sectionWhether you''re a business traveller, or about to take up a daring challenge in.
Colloquial Vietnamese
Author: Ha Minh Nguyen
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1136682856
Category : Juvenile Nonfiction
Languages : vi
Pages : 290
Book Description
Colloquial Vietnamese is easy to use and completely up-to-date. Specially written by experienced teachers for self-study or class use, this course provides a step-by-step approach to written and spoken Vietnamese. No prior knowledge of the language is required. Colloquial Vietnamese is: interactive – with lots of dialogues and exercises for regular practice clear – providing concise grammar notes practical – with useful vocabulary and pronunciation guide complete – including answer key and special reference section. By the end of this rewarding course you will be able to communicate confidently and effectively in a broad range of situations. Accompanying audio material is available to purchase separately on CD/MP3 format, or comes included in the great value Colloquials Pack.
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1136682856
Category : Juvenile Nonfiction
Languages : vi
Pages : 290
Book Description
Colloquial Vietnamese is easy to use and completely up-to-date. Specially written by experienced teachers for self-study or class use, this course provides a step-by-step approach to written and spoken Vietnamese. No prior knowledge of the language is required. Colloquial Vietnamese is: interactive – with lots of dialogues and exercises for regular practice clear – providing concise grammar notes practical – with useful vocabulary and pronunciation guide complete – including answer key and special reference section. By the end of this rewarding course you will be able to communicate confidently and effectively in a broad range of situations. Accompanying audio material is available to purchase separately on CD/MP3 format, or comes included in the great value Colloquials Pack.
Colloquial Swahili
Author: Lutz Marten
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1317305868
Category : Foreign Language Study
Languages : en
Pages : 339
Book Description
Authentic, contemporary language Plenty of exercises Clear and concise grammar explanations Accompanied by audio material
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1317305868
Category : Foreign Language Study
Languages : en
Pages : 339
Book Description
Authentic, contemporary language Plenty of exercises Clear and concise grammar explanations Accompanied by audio material
Around the World in 80 Days
Author: Jules Verne
Publisher: Library of Alexandria
ISBN: 1465548505
Category : Fiction
Languages : en
Pages : 356
Book Description
Publisher: Library of Alexandria
ISBN: 1465548505
Category : Fiction
Languages : en
Pages : 356
Book Description
Basic Tagalog for Foreigners and Non-Tagalogs
Author: Paraluman S. Aspillera
Publisher: Tuttle Publishing
ISBN: 1462901662
Category : Foreign Language Study
Languages : en
Pages : 320
Book Description
"Basic Tagalog takes a friendly and innovative approach, emphasizing the structure of the Tagalog language rather than just vocabulary. This user-friendly beginner Tagalog book teaches more than 2,000 Tagalog words and expressions with over 500 being added for this new edition. These are spread throughout 44 lessons, the Appendices and the exercises as well as in the Tagalog-English and English-Tagalog vocabulary lists at the back of the book. The added Tagalog vocabulary is meant to keep learners abreast of changes that have occurred in the language since the first edition of Basic Tagalog which was published. This edition has retained all the grammar lessons and the tried-and-tested teaching methodology developed b the author, Paraluman S. Aspillera, for the original version. Her method has proven to be extremely effective for tens of thousands of foreigners and non-Tagalogs who have used this book to learn Tagalog, including many who have successfully learned to speak Tagalog, read Tagalog and write Tagalog through self-study on their own without a teacher. Downloadable audio has also been added to facilitate the correct pronunciation of Tagalog words and phrases. A succinct introduction to the language and a description of the character of Filipinos will hopefully provide learners with a better understanding of the language they are learning. The lessons in Basic Tagalog are intended for a three-month period of intensive study followed by another three months of applied oral communication. In six months (or about 250 hours), it is expected that an average learner should be able to speak, write and understand simple, everyday, conversational Tagalog as spoken by most Filipinos. Highlights of this book include: Over 2,000 Tagalog words and expressions. 44 lessons organized by organized for efficient language absorption. Extensive exercises and activities to reinforce the lessons. Vocabulary lists serve as comprehensive English-Tagalog and Tagalog-English dictionaries. Completely updated and expanded with new materials. Includes downloadable audio. Using Basic Tagalog to study the Tagalog language will further encourage both non-Tagalogs and non-Filipinos to speak Tagalog better. Only then will they appreciate the individuality of the language that reflects the resilience and flexibility of Filipinos all around the world. In the end, such learning will improve daily interactions and communications between non-Filipinos and Filipinos--whether in business, education, tourism, social or civic endeavors."
Publisher: Tuttle Publishing
ISBN: 1462901662
Category : Foreign Language Study
Languages : en
Pages : 320
Book Description
"Basic Tagalog takes a friendly and innovative approach, emphasizing the structure of the Tagalog language rather than just vocabulary. This user-friendly beginner Tagalog book teaches more than 2,000 Tagalog words and expressions with over 500 being added for this new edition. These are spread throughout 44 lessons, the Appendices and the exercises as well as in the Tagalog-English and English-Tagalog vocabulary lists at the back of the book. The added Tagalog vocabulary is meant to keep learners abreast of changes that have occurred in the language since the first edition of Basic Tagalog which was published. This edition has retained all the grammar lessons and the tried-and-tested teaching methodology developed b the author, Paraluman S. Aspillera, for the original version. Her method has proven to be extremely effective for tens of thousands of foreigners and non-Tagalogs who have used this book to learn Tagalog, including many who have successfully learned to speak Tagalog, read Tagalog and write Tagalog through self-study on their own without a teacher. Downloadable audio has also been added to facilitate the correct pronunciation of Tagalog words and phrases. A succinct introduction to the language and a description of the character of Filipinos will hopefully provide learners with a better understanding of the language they are learning. The lessons in Basic Tagalog are intended for a three-month period of intensive study followed by another three months of applied oral communication. In six months (or about 250 hours), it is expected that an average learner should be able to speak, write and understand simple, everyday, conversational Tagalog as spoken by most Filipinos. Highlights of this book include: Over 2,000 Tagalog words and expressions. 44 lessons organized by organized for efficient language absorption. Extensive exercises and activities to reinforce the lessons. Vocabulary lists serve as comprehensive English-Tagalog and Tagalog-English dictionaries. Completely updated and expanded with new materials. Includes downloadable audio. Using Basic Tagalog to study the Tagalog language will further encourage both non-Tagalogs and non-Filipinos to speak Tagalog better. Only then will they appreciate the individuality of the language that reflects the resilience and flexibility of Filipinos all around the world. In the end, such learning will improve daily interactions and communications between non-Filipinos and Filipinos--whether in business, education, tourism, social or civic endeavors."