Author: Taylor Downing
Publisher: Abrams
ISBN: 1590209931
Category : Biography & Autobiography
Languages : en
Pages : 294
Book Description
This WWII biography of Britain’s legendary Prime Minister examines his critical role in the military innovations that led to victory. Winston Churchill's vital leadership in the allied victory of World War II is undisputed. As a patriot, statesman, and orator, he successfully galvanized a beleaguered nation and helped coordinated a vast international bulwark against fascism. Yet, of his many unique qualities, Churchill's enduring legacy is attributable at least in equal part to his unshakeable fascination for the science of war. Churchill's War Lab reveals how Churchill's passion for military history, his inimitable leadership style, and his dedicated support of radical ideas would lead to new technologies and tactics that would enable an allied victory. No war generated more incredible theories, technical advances, and scientific leaps. From the development of radar and the decoding brilliance of Bletchley Park to the study of the D-Day beaches and the use of bouncing bombs, Churchill's War Lab is an enlightening and exciting new take on Churchill as a complex, powerful, and inventive war leader.
Churchill's War Lab
Author: Taylor Downing
Publisher: Abrams
ISBN: 1590209931
Category : Biography & Autobiography
Languages : en
Pages : 294
Book Description
This WWII biography of Britain’s legendary Prime Minister examines his critical role in the military innovations that led to victory. Winston Churchill's vital leadership in the allied victory of World War II is undisputed. As a patriot, statesman, and orator, he successfully galvanized a beleaguered nation and helped coordinated a vast international bulwark against fascism. Yet, of his many unique qualities, Churchill's enduring legacy is attributable at least in equal part to his unshakeable fascination for the science of war. Churchill's War Lab reveals how Churchill's passion for military history, his inimitable leadership style, and his dedicated support of radical ideas would lead to new technologies and tactics that would enable an allied victory. No war generated more incredible theories, technical advances, and scientific leaps. From the development of radar and the decoding brilliance of Bletchley Park to the study of the D-Day beaches and the use of bouncing bombs, Churchill's War Lab is an enlightening and exciting new take on Churchill as a complex, powerful, and inventive war leader.
Publisher: Abrams
ISBN: 1590209931
Category : Biography & Autobiography
Languages : en
Pages : 294
Book Description
This WWII biography of Britain’s legendary Prime Minister examines his critical role in the military innovations that led to victory. Winston Churchill's vital leadership in the allied victory of World War II is undisputed. As a patriot, statesman, and orator, he successfully galvanized a beleaguered nation and helped coordinated a vast international bulwark against fascism. Yet, of his many unique qualities, Churchill's enduring legacy is attributable at least in equal part to his unshakeable fascination for the science of war. Churchill's War Lab reveals how Churchill's passion for military history, his inimitable leadership style, and his dedicated support of radical ideas would lead to new technologies and tactics that would enable an allied victory. No war generated more incredible theories, technical advances, and scientific leaps. From the development of radar and the decoding brilliance of Bletchley Park to the study of the D-Day beaches and the use of bouncing bombs, Churchill's War Lab is an enlightening and exciting new take on Churchill as a complex, powerful, and inventive war leader.
Churchill's War Lab
Author: Taylor Downing
Publisher: Hachette UK
ISBN: 0748117539
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 372
Book Description
The man, and the only man we have for this hour.' Indefatigable patriot, seasoned soldier, incomparable orator and leader of men - Winston Churchill's greatness in leading Britain's coalition government to triumphant victory in the Second World War is undisputed. Yet Churchill's enduring legacy to the world is attributable at least in equal part to his unshakeable belief in the science of war. From the development of radar and the breakthroughs at Bletchley Park to the study of the D-Day beaches and the use of bouncing bombs, this brilliant and gripping narrative reveals the Second World War as an explosive phase of scientific history, an unprecedented crucible for change that involved a knife-edge race to the finish.
Publisher: Hachette UK
ISBN: 0748117539
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 372
Book Description
The man, and the only man we have for this hour.' Indefatigable patriot, seasoned soldier, incomparable orator and leader of men - Winston Churchill's greatness in leading Britain's coalition government to triumphant victory in the Second World War is undisputed. Yet Churchill's enduring legacy to the world is attributable at least in equal part to his unshakeable belief in the science of war. From the development of radar and the breakthroughs at Bletchley Park to the study of the D-Day beaches and the use of bouncing bombs, this brilliant and gripping narrative reveals the Second World War as an explosive phase of scientific history, an unprecedented crucible for change that involved a knife-edge race to the finish.
Churchill's Bomb
Author: Graham Farmelo
Publisher: Basic Books
ISBN: 0465069894
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 578
Book Description
Perhaps no scientific development has shaped the course of modern history as much as the harnessing of nuclear energy. Yet the twentieth century might have turned out differently had greater influence over this technology been exercised by Great Britain, whose scientists were at the forefront of research into nuclear weapons at the beginning of World War II. As award-winning biographer and science writer Graham Farmelo describes in Churchill's Bomb, the British set out to investigate the possibility of building nuclear weapons before their American colleagues. But when scientists in Britain first discovered a way to build an atomic bomb, Prime Minister Winston Churchill did not make the most of his country's lead and was slow to realize the Bomb's strategic implications. This was odd -- he prided himself on recognizing the military potential of new science and, in the 1920s and 1930s, had repeatedly pointed out that nuclear weapons would likely be developed soon. In developing the Bomb, however, he marginalized some of his country's most brilliant scientists, choosing to rely mainly on the counsel of his friend Frederick Lindemann, an Oxford physicist with often wayward judgment. Churchill also failed to capitalize on Franklin Roosevelt's generous offer to work jointly on the Bomb, and ultimately ceded Britain's initiative to the Americans, whose successful development and deployment of the Bomb placed the United States in a position of supreme power at the dawn of the nuclear age. After the war, President Truman and his administration refused to acknowledge a secret cooperation agreement forged by Churchill and Roosevelt and froze Britain out of nuclear development, leaving Britain to make its own way. Dismayed, Churchill worked to restore the relationship. Churchill came to be terrified by the possibility of thermonuclear war, and emerged as a pioneer of detente in the early stages of the Cold War. Contrasting Churchill's often inattentive leadership with Franklin Roosevelt's decisiveness, Churchill's Bomb reveals the secret history of the weapon that transformed modern geopolitics.
Publisher: Basic Books
ISBN: 0465069894
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 578
Book Description
Perhaps no scientific development has shaped the course of modern history as much as the harnessing of nuclear energy. Yet the twentieth century might have turned out differently had greater influence over this technology been exercised by Great Britain, whose scientists were at the forefront of research into nuclear weapons at the beginning of World War II. As award-winning biographer and science writer Graham Farmelo describes in Churchill's Bomb, the British set out to investigate the possibility of building nuclear weapons before their American colleagues. But when scientists in Britain first discovered a way to build an atomic bomb, Prime Minister Winston Churchill did not make the most of his country's lead and was slow to realize the Bomb's strategic implications. This was odd -- he prided himself on recognizing the military potential of new science and, in the 1920s and 1930s, had repeatedly pointed out that nuclear weapons would likely be developed soon. In developing the Bomb, however, he marginalized some of his country's most brilliant scientists, choosing to rely mainly on the counsel of his friend Frederick Lindemann, an Oxford physicist with often wayward judgment. Churchill also failed to capitalize on Franklin Roosevelt's generous offer to work jointly on the Bomb, and ultimately ceded Britain's initiative to the Americans, whose successful development and deployment of the Bomb placed the United States in a position of supreme power at the dawn of the nuclear age. After the war, President Truman and his administration refused to acknowledge a secret cooperation agreement forged by Churchill and Roosevelt and froze Britain out of nuclear development, leaving Britain to make its own way. Dismayed, Churchill worked to restore the relationship. Churchill came to be terrified by the possibility of thermonuclear war, and emerged as a pioneer of detente in the early stages of the Cold War. Contrasting Churchill's often inattentive leadership with Franklin Roosevelt's decisiveness, Churchill's Bomb reveals the secret history of the weapon that transformed modern geopolitics.
How Churchill Waged War
Author: Allen Packwood
Publisher: Grub Street Publishers
ISBN: 1473893917
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 374
Book Description
An analytical investigation into Prime Minister Winston Churchill’s decision-making process during every stage of World War II. When Winston Churchill accepted the position of Prime Minister in May 1940, he insisted in also becoming Minister of Defence. This, though, meant that he alone would be responsible for the success or failure of Britain’s war effort. It also meant that he would be faced with many monumental challenges and utterly crucial decisions upon which the fate of Britain and the free world rested. With the limited resources available to the UK, Churchill had to pinpoint where his country’s priorities lay. He had to respond to the collapse of France, decide if Britain should adopt a defensive or offensive strategy, choose if Egypt and the war in North Africa should take precedence over Singapore and the UK’s empire in the East, determine how much support to give the Soviet Union, and how much power to give the United States in controlling the direction of the war. In this insightful investigation into Churchill’s conduct during the Second World War, Allen Packwood, BA, MPhil (Cantab), FRHistS, the Director of the Churchill Archives Centre, enables the reader to share the agonies and uncertainties faced by Churchill at each crucial stage of the war. How Churchill responded to each challenge is analyzed in great detail and the conclusions Packwood draws are as uncompromising as those made by Britain’s wartime leader as he negotiated his country through its darkest days.
Publisher: Grub Street Publishers
ISBN: 1473893917
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 374
Book Description
An analytical investigation into Prime Minister Winston Churchill’s decision-making process during every stage of World War II. When Winston Churchill accepted the position of Prime Minister in May 1940, he insisted in also becoming Minister of Defence. This, though, meant that he alone would be responsible for the success or failure of Britain’s war effort. It also meant that he would be faced with many monumental challenges and utterly crucial decisions upon which the fate of Britain and the free world rested. With the limited resources available to the UK, Churchill had to pinpoint where his country’s priorities lay. He had to respond to the collapse of France, decide if Britain should adopt a defensive or offensive strategy, choose if Egypt and the war in North Africa should take precedence over Singapore and the UK’s empire in the East, determine how much support to give the Soviet Union, and how much power to give the United States in controlling the direction of the war. In this insightful investigation into Churchill’s conduct during the Second World War, Allen Packwood, BA, MPhil (Cantab), FRHistS, the Director of the Churchill Archives Centre, enables the reader to share the agonies and uncertainties faced by Churchill at each crucial stage of the war. How Churchill responded to each challenge is analyzed in great detail and the conclusions Packwood draws are as uncompromising as those made by Britain’s wartime leader as he negotiated his country through its darkest days.
Churchill-Roosevelt-Stalin
Author: Herbert Feis
Publisher: Princeton University Press
ISBN: 1400875129
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 715
Book Description
This is the story of the great coalition formed by the United States, Great Britain, and Soviet Russia to combat the Axis in World War II. Mr. Feis traces the ideas and purposes that governed each member of this alliance, and the gradual separation between the West and Russia as victory over Germany was achieved. While adding new information and new interpretation, Mr. Feis comprehends this "one war and three wills" as a whole, relating diplomacy and strategy to each other against the background of circumstance. The acts and characteristics of the dominating figures—Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin—emerge in new historical perspective as the story tells what they did and why. The narrative begins early in 1941 as the coalition is emerging and ends after the collapse of Germany in 1945. Among the dements arc: the early grasping of the Soviet government for territorial claims; the continuous discussion over strategy; the dramatic difficulties with the Soviet authorities over control of Italy, Poland, and Rumania; the variations in the plans for Germany, including dismemberment; the Casablanca, Moscow, Cairo, Teheran, and Yalta conferences; the spreading disquiet over Soviet intentions in Europe and the Far East. Originally published in 1966. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.
Publisher: Princeton University Press
ISBN: 1400875129
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 715
Book Description
This is the story of the great coalition formed by the United States, Great Britain, and Soviet Russia to combat the Axis in World War II. Mr. Feis traces the ideas and purposes that governed each member of this alliance, and the gradual separation between the West and Russia as victory over Germany was achieved. While adding new information and new interpretation, Mr. Feis comprehends this "one war and three wills" as a whole, relating diplomacy and strategy to each other against the background of circumstance. The acts and characteristics of the dominating figures—Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin—emerge in new historical perspective as the story tells what they did and why. The narrative begins early in 1941 as the coalition is emerging and ends after the collapse of Germany in 1945. Among the dements arc: the early grasping of the Soviet government for territorial claims; the continuous discussion over strategy; the dramatic difficulties with the Soviet authorities over control of Italy, Poland, and Rumania; the variations in the plans for Germany, including dismemberment; the Casablanca, Moscow, Cairo, Teheran, and Yalta conferences; the spreading disquiet over Soviet intentions in Europe and the Far East. Originally published in 1966. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.
Victory in the Kitchen
Author: Annie Gray
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781788160452
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 320
Book Description
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781788160452
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 320
Book Description
Raising the White Flag
Author: David Silkenat
Publisher: UNC Press Books
ISBN: 146964973X
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 369
Book Description
The American Civil War began with a laying down of arms by Union troops at Fort Sumter, and it ended with a series of surrenders, most famously at Appomattox Courthouse. But in the intervening four years, both Union and Confederate forces surrendered en masse on scores of other occasions. Indeed, roughly one out of every four soldiers surrendered at some point during the conflict. In no other American war did surrender happen so frequently. David Silkenat here provides the first comprehensive study of Civil War surrender, focusing on the conflicting social, political, and cultural meanings of the action. Looking at the conflict from the perspective of men who surrendered, Silkenat creates new avenues to understand prisoners of war, fighting by Confederate guerillas, the role of southern Unionists, and the experiences of African American soldiers. The experience of surrender also sheds valuable light on the culture of honor, the experience of combat, and the laws of war.
Publisher: UNC Press Books
ISBN: 146964973X
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 369
Book Description
The American Civil War began with a laying down of arms by Union troops at Fort Sumter, and it ended with a series of surrenders, most famously at Appomattox Courthouse. But in the intervening four years, both Union and Confederate forces surrendered en masse on scores of other occasions. Indeed, roughly one out of every four soldiers surrendered at some point during the conflict. In no other American war did surrender happen so frequently. David Silkenat here provides the first comprehensive study of Civil War surrender, focusing on the conflicting social, political, and cultural meanings of the action. Looking at the conflict from the perspective of men who surrendered, Silkenat creates new avenues to understand prisoners of war, fighting by Confederate guerillas, the role of southern Unionists, and the experiences of African American soldiers. The experience of surrender also sheds valuable light on the culture of honor, the experience of combat, and the laws of war.
The Maggie Hope Series 5-Book Bundle
Author: Susan Elia MacNeal
Publisher: Bantam
ISBN: 1101968672
Category : Fiction
Languages : en
Pages : 1715
Book Description
“Fans of Jacqueline Winspear and Charles Todd will feast on this riveting series chronicling Britain’s own ‘Greatest Generation,’” raves Julia Spencer-Fleming. “You’ll be [Maggie Hope’s] loyal subject, ready to follow her wherever she goes,” predicts O: The Oprah Magazine. With a seamless blend of mystery, real-life historical figures, and World War II drama, this award-winning, New York Times bestselling series features a whip-smart secretary who defies expectations to become England’s most daring spy. Now her first five adventures are collected in one thrilling ebook bundle: MR. CHURCHILL’S SECRETARY PRINCESS ELIZABETH’S SPY HIS MAJESTY’S HOPE THE PRIME MINISTER’S SECRET AGENT MRS. ROOSEVELT’S CONFIDANTE Also includes a preview of Susan Elia MacNeal’s next Maggie Hope novel, The Queen’s Accomplice! London, 1940. Winston Churchill has just been sworn in, war rages across the Channel, and the threat of a Blitz looms larger by the day. But none of this deters Maggie Hope. She graduated at the top of her college class and possesses all the skills of the finest minds in British intelligence, but her gender qualifies her only to be the newest typist at No. 10 Downing Street. Her indefatigable spirit and remarkable gifts for code breaking, though, rival those of even the highest men in government, and Maggie finds that working for the prime minister affords her a level of clearance she could never have imagined—and opportunities she will not let pass. In troubled, deadly times, with air-raid sirens sending multitudes underground, access to the War Rooms also exposes Maggie to the machinations of a menacing faction determined to do whatever it takes to change the course of history. Praise for the Maggie Hope series “Delightful may seem a strange word to describe a novel that takes place against the backdrop of the bombings of London during World War II, but it’s appropriate for this debut novel. . . . As sweet as it is intriguing.”—USA Today, on Mr. Churchill’s Secretary “A captivating, post-feminist picture of England during its finest hour.”—The Denver Post, on Mr. Churchill’s Secretary “With false starts, double agents, and red herrings . . . MacNeal provides a vivid view of life both above and below stairs at Windsor Castle.”—Publishers Weekly, on Princess Elizabeth’s Spy “A heart-pounding novel peopled with fully drawn real and fictional characters . . . provides the thrills that readers have come to expect from MacNeal.”—Richmond Times-Dispatch, on His Majesty’s Hope “A treat for WWII buffs and mystery lovers alike.”—Booklist, on The Prime Minister’s Secret Agent “MacNeal paints an engrossing portrait of a country on the verge of war, with many laws suspended and prejudice rife—a world not that much different from today.”—Kirkus Reviews, on Mrs. Roosevelt’s Confidante
Publisher: Bantam
ISBN: 1101968672
Category : Fiction
Languages : en
Pages : 1715
Book Description
“Fans of Jacqueline Winspear and Charles Todd will feast on this riveting series chronicling Britain’s own ‘Greatest Generation,’” raves Julia Spencer-Fleming. “You’ll be [Maggie Hope’s] loyal subject, ready to follow her wherever she goes,” predicts O: The Oprah Magazine. With a seamless blend of mystery, real-life historical figures, and World War II drama, this award-winning, New York Times bestselling series features a whip-smart secretary who defies expectations to become England’s most daring spy. Now her first five adventures are collected in one thrilling ebook bundle: MR. CHURCHILL’S SECRETARY PRINCESS ELIZABETH’S SPY HIS MAJESTY’S HOPE THE PRIME MINISTER’S SECRET AGENT MRS. ROOSEVELT’S CONFIDANTE Also includes a preview of Susan Elia MacNeal’s next Maggie Hope novel, The Queen’s Accomplice! London, 1940. Winston Churchill has just been sworn in, war rages across the Channel, and the threat of a Blitz looms larger by the day. But none of this deters Maggie Hope. She graduated at the top of her college class and possesses all the skills of the finest minds in British intelligence, but her gender qualifies her only to be the newest typist at No. 10 Downing Street. Her indefatigable spirit and remarkable gifts for code breaking, though, rival those of even the highest men in government, and Maggie finds that working for the prime minister affords her a level of clearance she could never have imagined—and opportunities she will not let pass. In troubled, deadly times, with air-raid sirens sending multitudes underground, access to the War Rooms also exposes Maggie to the machinations of a menacing faction determined to do whatever it takes to change the course of history. Praise for the Maggie Hope series “Delightful may seem a strange word to describe a novel that takes place against the backdrop of the bombings of London during World War II, but it’s appropriate for this debut novel. . . . As sweet as it is intriguing.”—USA Today, on Mr. Churchill’s Secretary “A captivating, post-feminist picture of England during its finest hour.”—The Denver Post, on Mr. Churchill’s Secretary “With false starts, double agents, and red herrings . . . MacNeal provides a vivid view of life both above and below stairs at Windsor Castle.”—Publishers Weekly, on Princess Elizabeth’s Spy “A heart-pounding novel peopled with fully drawn real and fictional characters . . . provides the thrills that readers have come to expect from MacNeal.”—Richmond Times-Dispatch, on His Majesty’s Hope “A treat for WWII buffs and mystery lovers alike.”—Booklist, on The Prime Minister’s Secret Agent “MacNeal paints an engrossing portrait of a country on the verge of war, with many laws suspended and prejudice rife—a world not that much different from today.”—Kirkus Reviews, on Mrs. Roosevelt’s Confidante
Tuxedo Park
Author: Jennet Conant
Publisher: Simon and Schuster
ISBN: 1476767297
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 372
Book Description
A New York Times bestseller! The untold story of the eccentric Wall Street tycoon and the circle of scientific geniuses who helped build the atomic bomb and defeat the Nazis—changing the course of history. Legendary financier, philanthropist, and society figure Alfred Lee Loomis gathered the most visionary scientific minds of the twentieth century—Albert Einstein, Werner Heisenberg, Niels Bohr, Enrico Fermi, and others—at his state-of-the-art laboratory in Tuxedo Park, New York, in the late 1930s. He established a top-secret defense laboratory at MIT and personally bankrolled pioneering research into new, high-powered radar detection systems that helped defeat the German Air Force and U-boats. With Ernest Lawrence, the Nobel Prize–winning physicist, he pushed Franklin Delano Roosevelt to fund research in nuclear fission, which led to the development of the atomic bomb. Jennet Conant, the granddaughter of James Bryant Conant, one of the leading scientific advisers of World War II, enjoyed unprecedented access to Loomis’ papers, as well as to people intimately involved in his life and work. She pierces through Loomis’ obsessive secrecy and illuminates his role in assuring the Allied victory.
Publisher: Simon and Schuster
ISBN: 1476767297
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 372
Book Description
A New York Times bestseller! The untold story of the eccentric Wall Street tycoon and the circle of scientific geniuses who helped build the atomic bomb and defeat the Nazis—changing the course of history. Legendary financier, philanthropist, and society figure Alfred Lee Loomis gathered the most visionary scientific minds of the twentieth century—Albert Einstein, Werner Heisenberg, Niels Bohr, Enrico Fermi, and others—at his state-of-the-art laboratory in Tuxedo Park, New York, in the late 1930s. He established a top-secret defense laboratory at MIT and personally bankrolled pioneering research into new, high-powered radar detection systems that helped defeat the German Air Force and U-boats. With Ernest Lawrence, the Nobel Prize–winning physicist, he pushed Franklin Delano Roosevelt to fund research in nuclear fission, which led to the development of the atomic bomb. Jennet Conant, the granddaughter of James Bryant Conant, one of the leading scientific advisers of World War II, enjoyed unprecedented access to Loomis’ papers, as well as to people intimately involved in his life and work. She pierces through Loomis’ obsessive secrecy and illuminates his role in assuring the Allied victory.
Churchill, Kithener and Lloyd George
Author: Steve Cliffe
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781781552728
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 143
Book Description
Would it have been possible for the First World War to be avoided? Steve Cliffe, author of Churchill, Kitchener and Lloyd George: First World Warlords, believes so, as did David Lloyd George, Britain's wartime prime minister. In a bloody act of annihilation that killed over half a million young British men, Lloyd George was one of three powerful personalities who indelibly stamped their authority and influence on the conduct and final outcome of the war to end all wars'. Of the other two, Winston Churchill became better known for his role in the Second World War, although his role in the earlier conflict was considerable firstly as First Lord of the Admiralty and later outside the government. Lord Kitchener was arguably the greatest instigator of Britain's war effort.
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781781552728
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 143
Book Description
Would it have been possible for the First World War to be avoided? Steve Cliffe, author of Churchill, Kitchener and Lloyd George: First World Warlords, believes so, as did David Lloyd George, Britain's wartime prime minister. In a bloody act of annihilation that killed over half a million young British men, Lloyd George was one of three powerful personalities who indelibly stamped their authority and influence on the conduct and final outcome of the war to end all wars'. Of the other two, Winston Churchill became better known for his role in the Second World War, although his role in the earlier conflict was considerable firstly as First Lord of the Admiralty and later outside the government. Lord Kitchener was arguably the greatest instigator of Britain's war effort.