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Author: Ananda L Roy
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
ISBN: 2889195104
Category : Chromatin
Languages : en
Pages : 145
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Book Description
Signaling through the cell surface antigen receptor is a hallmark of various stages of lymphocyte development and adaptive immunity. Besides the adaptive immune system, the innate immunity is equally important for protection. However, the mechanistic connection between signaling, chromatin changes and downstream transcriptional pathways in both innate and adaptive immune system remains incompletely understood in hematopoiesis. A related issue is how the enhancers communicate to the promoters in a stage specific fashion and in the context of chromatin. Because the factors that regulate chromatin are generally present and active in most cell types, how could cell type and/or stage specific chromatin architecture is achieved in response to a particular immune signal? The genetic loci that encode lymphocyte cell surface receptors are in an ‘unrearranged” or “germline” configuration during the early stages of development. Thus, in addition to expressing lineage and/or stage specific transcription factors during each developmental stage, lymphocytes also need to rearrange their cognate receptor loci in a strictly ordered fashion. Hence, there must be a tightly coordinated communication between the recombination machinery and the transcriptional machinery (including chromatin regulators) at every developmental step. Mature B cells also undergo classswitch recombination and somatic hypermutation. Importantly, along the way, these cells must avoid autoimmune responses and only those cells capable of recognizing foreignantigens are preserved to reach peripheral organs where they must function. The exquisite regulation that govern chromatin accessibility, recombination and transcription regulation in response to the environmental signals in the immune system is discussed here is a series of articles.
Author: Ananda L Roy
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
ISBN: 2889195104
Category : Chromatin
Languages : en
Pages : 145
Get Book Here
Book Description
Signaling through the cell surface antigen receptor is a hallmark of various stages of lymphocyte development and adaptive immunity. Besides the adaptive immune system, the innate immunity is equally important for protection. However, the mechanistic connection between signaling, chromatin changes and downstream transcriptional pathways in both innate and adaptive immune system remains incompletely understood in hematopoiesis. A related issue is how the enhancers communicate to the promoters in a stage specific fashion and in the context of chromatin. Because the factors that regulate chromatin are generally present and active in most cell types, how could cell type and/or stage specific chromatin architecture is achieved in response to a particular immune signal? The genetic loci that encode lymphocyte cell surface receptors are in an ‘unrearranged” or “germline” configuration during the early stages of development. Thus, in addition to expressing lineage and/or stage specific transcription factors during each developmental stage, lymphocytes also need to rearrange their cognate receptor loci in a strictly ordered fashion. Hence, there must be a tightly coordinated communication between the recombination machinery and the transcriptional machinery (including chromatin regulators) at every developmental step. Mature B cells also undergo classswitch recombination and somatic hypermutation. Importantly, along the way, these cells must avoid autoimmune responses and only those cells capable of recognizing foreignantigens are preserved to reach peripheral organs where they must function. The exquisite regulation that govern chromatin accessibility, recombination and transcription regulation in response to the environmental signals in the immune system is discussed here is a series of articles.
Author: Ananda L. Roy
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Immunology
Languages : en
Pages : 144
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Book Description
The process of generating differentiated cell types performing specific effector functions from their respective undifferentiated precursors is dictated by extracellular signals and the recipient cell's ability to transmit those signals to effect changes in cellular functions. One major mechanism for bringing about such changes is at the level of transcription. Thus, inducing transcription of previously silent genes and suppressing active genes in response to the extracellular signal can result in acquiring new functions by the cells. The transcriptional machinery, comprising of RNA Polymerase II and associated general transcription factors, assemble at the core promoter of eukaryotic protein coding genes. The rate and/or stability of formation of this machinery dictate the transcriptional regulation of the corresponding gene, which can be at the level of chromatin regulation as well as enhancer-promoter communication. Such coordinated temporal and spatial regulation of gene expression in response to specific signals determines lineage differentiation, cellular proliferation and development. Every event in the life cycle of a lymphocyte is modulated by the signals they receive. For instance, expression of the B cell antigen receptor (BCR) on the surface of B cells is a hallmark of various stages of B cell development--signaling via the BCR is important both during early/antigen independent (tonic) and late/antigen dependent phases of development. Despite the established requirement for BCR signaling during various phases of B cell maturation, how BCR signaling connects to chromatin changes and downstream transcriptional pathways in each step of development remains poorly understood. Similar questions also remain in other cells of the immune system. Moreover, how the enhancers communicate to the promoters in a stage specific fashion and in the context of chromatin also remain unclear. Chromatin modifiers are generally present and active in most cell types. How could then there be differences in chromatin architecture dependent on a particular stage of development? The B (and T) lymphocytes also perform a unique developmental program because they have an unparalleled genetic makeup--the genetic loci that encode their cell surface receptors are in an 'unrearranged" or "germline" configuration during the early stages of development. Thus, they not only express stage specific genes and transcription factors during each developmental stage, they need to undergo rearrangement of their cognate receptor loci in a strictly ordered fashion to generate a pool of receptor proteins, each capable of recognizing a specific antigen, which they encounter at a much later step. Hence, there must be a strict negotiation between the recombination machinery and the transcriptional machinery at every developmental step of the way. Importantly, along the way, the B cells expressing receptors capable of recognizing self-antigens must be eliminated to avoid autoimmune responses and only those cells capable of recognizing foreign-antigens are preserved to reach peripheral organs where they eventually meet pathogens. How are these processes coordinately regulated in a stage specific fashion and what role does chromatin play? Are the rules of engagement different in innate versus adaptive immune responses? Here we seek to address some of these questions and provide our current understanding of signal-induced chromatin and transcriptional regulation of the immune system
Author: Walid El-Sharoud
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3540749217
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 377
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Book Description
The application of new molecular methodologies in the study of bacterial behavior and cell architecture has enabled new revolutionary insights and discoveries in these areas. This new text presents recent developments in bacterial physiology that are highly relevant to a wide range of readership including those interested in basic and applied knowledge. Its chapters are written by international scientific authorities at the forefront of the subject. The value of this recent knowledge in bacterial physiology is not only restricted to fundamental biology. It also extends to biotechnology and drug-discovery disciplines.
Author: J. Robin Harris
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 9811328358
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 526
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Book Description
This new volume in the Subcellular Biochemistry series will focus on the biochemistry and cellular biology of aging processes in human cells. The chapters will be written by experts in their respective fields and will focus on a number of the current key areas of research in subcellular aging research. Main topics for discussion are mitochondrial aging, protein homeostasis and aging and the genetic processes that are involved in aging. There will also be chapters that are dedicated to the study of the roles of a variety of vitamins and minerals on aging and a number of other external factors (microbiological, ROS, inflammation, nutrition). This book will provide the reader with a state of the art overview of the subcellular aging field. This book will be published in cooperation with a second volume that will discuss the translation of the cell biology of aging to a more clinical setting and it is hoped that the combination of these two volumes will bring a deeper understanding of the links between the cell and the body during aging.
Author: Raffaele Testolin
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319322745
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 275
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Book Description
This book describes the basic botanical features of kiwifruit and its wild relatives, reports on the steps that led to its genome sequencing, and discusses the results obtained with the assembly and annotation. The core chapters provide essential insights into the main gene families that characterize this species as a crop, including the genes controlling sugar and starch metabolism, pigment biosynthesis and degradation, the ascorbic-acid pathway, fruit softening and postharvest metabolism, allergens, and resistance to pests and diseases. The book offers a valuable reference guide for taxonomists, geneticists and horticulturists. Further, since information gained from the genome sequence is extraordinarily useful in assessing the breeding value of individuals based on whole-genome scans, it will especially benefit plant breeders. Accordingly, chapters are included that focus on gene introgression from wild relatives and genome-based breeding.
Author: Paul C. Guest
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 303042667X
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 340
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Book Description
Aging is an inevitable part of life and is becoming a worldwide social, economic and health problem. This is mainly due to the fact that the increasing proportion of individuals in the advanced age category have a higher probability of developing age-related disorders, such as type II diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disorders, sarcopenia, and neurodegenerative conditions. New therapeutic approaches are still needed to decrease or slow the effects of such diseases. Advances in -omic technologies, such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics, have significantly advanced our understanding of disease in multiple medical areas, as the analysis of multiple molecular networks has simultaneously provided a more integrated view of disease pathways. It is hoped that emerging hits from these analyses might be prioritized for further screening as potential novel drug targets for increasing the human healthspan in line with the lifespan. In turn, this will lead to new therapeutic strategies as well as drug development projects by the pharmaceutical industry. This book presents a series of reviews describing studies that have resulted in identification of new potential drug targets for age-related disorders. Much of this information has come from -omic comparisons of healthy and disease states or from testing the effects of new therapeutic approaches. Authored by experts from around the globe, each chapter is presented in the context of specific chronic diseases or therapeutic strategies. This book is designed for researchers in the areas of aging and chronic disease, as well as clinical scientists, physicians and stakeholders in major drug companies.
Author: Dobrin Nedelkov
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 159745026X
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 237
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Book Description
Leading researchers and innovators describe in step-by-step detail the latest techniques that promise to significantly impact the practice of proteomics, as well as its success in developing novel clinical agents. The methods span the entire spectrum of top-down and bottom-up approaches, including microarrays, gels, chromatography, and affinity separations, and address every aspect of the human proteome, both quantitatively and qualitatively. The techniques of protein detection utilized are diverse and range from fluorescence and resonance light scattering to surface plasmon resonance and mass spectrometry. The protocols follow the successful Methods in Molecular BiologyTM series format, each offering step-by-step laboratory instructions, an introduction outlining the principles behind the technique, lists of the necessary equipment and reagents, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls.
Author:
Publisher: ISCOMS
ISBN: 9036722969
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 330
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Book Description
Author: Parvaiz Ahmad
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0128010886
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 586
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Book Description
Emerging Technologies and Management of Crop Stress Tolerance: Volume 1 - Biological Techniques presents the latest technologies used by scientists for improvement the crop production and explores the various roles of these technologies for the enhancement of crop productivity and inhibition of pathogenic bacteria that can cause disease. This resource provides a comprehensive review of how proteomics, genomics, transcriptomics, ionomics, and micromics are a pathway to improve plant stress tolerance to increase productivity and meet the agricultural needs of the growing human population. This valuable resource will help any scientist have a better understanding of environmental stresses to improve resource management within a world of limited resources. Includes the most recent advances methods and applications of biotechnology to crop science Discusses different techniques of genomics, proteomics, transcriptomics and nanotechnology Promotes the prevention of potential diseases to inhibit bacteria postharvest quality of fruits and vegetable crops by advancing application and research Presents a thorough account of research results and critical reviews
Author: Reena Singh Chopra
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 9811565295
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 225
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Book Description
This book summarizes the various areas of research in metagenomics and their potential applications in medicine, the environment and biotechnology. The book presents the recent advances in theoretical, methodological and applied aspects of metagenomics and highlights their applications in the fields of environmental microbial forensics, bioremediation, drug-discovery and agriculture. In addition, the book discusses various metagenomics approaches used for understanding the microbial physiology and biochemistry. Lastly the book describes a range of bioinformatics tools and computational methods for metagenomics analysis as well as the functional diversity and dynamics of microbial communities colonizing the human skin.
