Author: Lindsay Brooke
Publisher: SAE International
ISBN: 0768057833
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 229
Book Description
This compendium presents the most complete design and engineering story available anywhere about this groundbreaking new vehicle. It also introduces you to the engineering team and how they made the world’s first production extended-range electric vehicle a reality. Combining articles from SAE International’s Vehicle Electrification and Automotive Engineering International magazines, new SAE technical papers, and all-new content, this full-color book is the only one of its kind that lifts the veil on how the GM team and key supplier partners met the difficult engineering challenges faced in developing the Volt. Topics include the Volt’s systems, components, and model-based design; a behind-the-wheel look at a Volt prototype; and how the Volt’s engineering team used OnStar to collect test drive data from preproduction Volt vehicles. There is also an interview with GM’s Micky Bly in which the executive explains how the Volt program enabled GM to take new approaches to vehicle electrical architectures.
Chevrolet Volt
Author: Lindsay Brooke
Publisher: SAE International
ISBN: 0768057833
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 229
Book Description
This compendium presents the most complete design and engineering story available anywhere about this groundbreaking new vehicle. It also introduces you to the engineering team and how they made the world’s first production extended-range electric vehicle a reality. Combining articles from SAE International’s Vehicle Electrification and Automotive Engineering International magazines, new SAE technical papers, and all-new content, this full-color book is the only one of its kind that lifts the veil on how the GM team and key supplier partners met the difficult engineering challenges faced in developing the Volt. Topics include the Volt’s systems, components, and model-based design; a behind-the-wheel look at a Volt prototype; and how the Volt’s engineering team used OnStar to collect test drive data from preproduction Volt vehicles. There is also an interview with GM’s Micky Bly in which the executive explains how the Volt program enabled GM to take new approaches to vehicle electrical architectures.
Publisher: SAE International
ISBN: 0768057833
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 229
Book Description
This compendium presents the most complete design and engineering story available anywhere about this groundbreaking new vehicle. It also introduces you to the engineering team and how they made the world’s first production extended-range electric vehicle a reality. Combining articles from SAE International’s Vehicle Electrification and Automotive Engineering International magazines, new SAE technical papers, and all-new content, this full-color book is the only one of its kind that lifts the veil on how the GM team and key supplier partners met the difficult engineering challenges faced in developing the Volt. Topics include the Volt’s systems, components, and model-based design; a behind-the-wheel look at a Volt prototype; and how the Volt’s engineering team used OnStar to collect test drive data from preproduction Volt vehicles. There is also an interview with GM’s Micky Bly in which the executive explains how the Volt program enabled GM to take new approaches to vehicle electrical architectures.
Chevrolet Volt
Author: Larry Edsall
Publisher: Motorbooks
ISBN: 9780760338933
Category : Transportation
Languages : en
Pages : 144
Book Description
The Chevrolet Volt was introduced to the motoring public with great fanfare in autumn 2008. Clean styling and creative engineering have created a tremendous buzz around the Volt, which is unlike any electric car to date. Chevrolet Volt takes you behind the scenes of the car's development from concept to finished product. With unprecedented access to the people that made the car happen, author Larry Edsall brings you behind the scenes with exclusive photography from General Motors. In-depth interviews of the designers, engineers, aerodynamicists, and other key figures reveal the hurdles and setbacks, advances and victories in the car's evolution. No other book offers the unrestricted access to the development of one of the most important cars from Detroit--ever!
Publisher: Motorbooks
ISBN: 9780760338933
Category : Transportation
Languages : en
Pages : 144
Book Description
The Chevrolet Volt was introduced to the motoring public with great fanfare in autumn 2008. Clean styling and creative engineering have created a tremendous buzz around the Volt, which is unlike any electric car to date. Chevrolet Volt takes you behind the scenes of the car's development from concept to finished product. With unprecedented access to the people that made the car happen, author Larry Edsall brings you behind the scenes with exclusive photography from General Motors. In-depth interviews of the designers, engineers, aerodynamicists, and other key figures reveal the hurdles and setbacks, advances and victories in the car's evolution. No other book offers the unrestricted access to the development of one of the most important cars from Detroit--ever!
Why GM Matters
Author: William Holstein
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN: 0802777732
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 270
Book Description
In November, GM CEO Rick Wagoner appeared before Congress to ask for $25 billion to bail out the struggling Big Three automakers. To critics like Thomas Freidman and Mitt Romney, it was a sign that the American auto industry should be led out to pasture; if the Japanese are better at making cars, they said, then we should let them do it. To defenders, the loss of the country's largest manufacturing sector would be an incomprehensible disaster. Nearly every day, the debate rages on the op-ed pages. Billions of dollars and millions of jobs hang in the balance. In Why GM Matters, William Holstein goes deep inside GM to show what's really happening at the country's most iconic corporation. Where critics say that GM has sat on its hands while the market changed, Holstein demonstrates that GM has already radically retooled its entire operation, from manufacturing and cost structure to design. Where pundits say we'd be better off without GM, he shows how inextricably linked GM and the nation's economy still are: The country's largest private buyer of IT, the world's largest buyer of steel, the holder of pensions for 780,000 Americans, GM accounts for a full 1 percent of our country's GDP. A dollar spent on GM has profoundly different consequences from a dollar spent on Toyota. Following a diverse cast of characters-from Rick Wagoner, the controversial CEO, to design director Bob Boniface, to Linda Flowers, a team leader on the line in Kansas City-Holstein examines the state of GM's health and builds a persuasive argument that GM is essential to our nation's well-being and, with the right economic climate, ready to compete with Toyota as one of the biggest global automakers.
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN: 0802777732
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 270
Book Description
In November, GM CEO Rick Wagoner appeared before Congress to ask for $25 billion to bail out the struggling Big Three automakers. To critics like Thomas Freidman and Mitt Romney, it was a sign that the American auto industry should be led out to pasture; if the Japanese are better at making cars, they said, then we should let them do it. To defenders, the loss of the country's largest manufacturing sector would be an incomprehensible disaster. Nearly every day, the debate rages on the op-ed pages. Billions of dollars and millions of jobs hang in the balance. In Why GM Matters, William Holstein goes deep inside GM to show what's really happening at the country's most iconic corporation. Where critics say that GM has sat on its hands while the market changed, Holstein demonstrates that GM has already radically retooled its entire operation, from manufacturing and cost structure to design. Where pundits say we'd be better off without GM, he shows how inextricably linked GM and the nation's economy still are: The country's largest private buyer of IT, the world's largest buyer of steel, the holder of pensions for 780,000 Americans, GM accounts for a full 1 percent of our country's GDP. A dollar spent on GM has profoundly different consequences from a dollar spent on Toyota. Following a diverse cast of characters-from Rick Wagoner, the controversial CEO, to design director Bob Boniface, to Linda Flowers, a team leader on the line in Kansas City-Holstein examines the state of GM's health and builds a persuasive argument that GM is essential to our nation's well-being and, with the right economic climate, ready to compete with Toyota as one of the biggest global automakers.
High Voltage
Author: Jim Motavalli
Publisher: Rodale Books
ISBN: 1609613236
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 274
Book Description
A behind-the-scenes look at the robustly competitive race to dominate the market for electric cars, the larger-than-life moguls behind them, and the changes that are transforming the auto industry In the 1980s, it was unimaginable that the home computer would become as common and easy to use as a toaster. Today, plug-in charging stations and smart grids seem like something still far off in the future. But by 2020, the auto industry will look very different from today's field of troubled auto giants. The combination of technological breakthroughs and charging networks driven by global warming and peak oil makes it clear that revolutionary change in the auto industry is happening right now. In High Voltage, Jim Motavalli captures this period of unprecedented change, documenting the evolution from internal combustion engines to electric power. Driven by the auto world's ambitious and sometimes outlandish personalities, the book chronicles the race to dominate the market, focusing on big players like Tesla and Fisker, as well as a tiny start-up and a battery supplier. Flashing forward to the changes we'll see in the coming years, High Voltage shows a not-so-distant future where we will live on a smart grid, our cars "fueling," that is, charging, while we shop or sleep. The ramifications of these changes will be on a grander scale than most of us ever imagined—altering foreign policy, reducing trade deficits, and perhaps even ending global warming.
Publisher: Rodale Books
ISBN: 1609613236
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 274
Book Description
A behind-the-scenes look at the robustly competitive race to dominate the market for electric cars, the larger-than-life moguls behind them, and the changes that are transforming the auto industry In the 1980s, it was unimaginable that the home computer would become as common and easy to use as a toaster. Today, plug-in charging stations and smart grids seem like something still far off in the future. But by 2020, the auto industry will look very different from today's field of troubled auto giants. The combination of technological breakthroughs and charging networks driven by global warming and peak oil makes it clear that revolutionary change in the auto industry is happening right now. In High Voltage, Jim Motavalli captures this period of unprecedented change, documenting the evolution from internal combustion engines to electric power. Driven by the auto world's ambitious and sometimes outlandish personalities, the book chronicles the race to dominate the market, focusing on big players like Tesla and Fisker, as well as a tiny start-up and a battery supplier. Flashing forward to the changes we'll see in the coming years, High Voltage shows a not-so-distant future where we will live on a smart grid, our cars "fueling," that is, charging, while we shop or sleep. The ramifications of these changes will be on a grander scale than most of us ever imagined—altering foreign policy, reducing trade deficits, and perhaps even ending global warming.
Change You Can Really Believe in
Author: Joseph Toomey
Publisher: AuthorHouse
ISBN: 1468572245
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 702
Book Description
No President in living memory has entered office with a greater amount of goodwill and broad, bi-partisan support than Barack Obama. And few Presidents in living memory had arrived in Washington proclaiming such dramatically articulated vows to change the tone of politics, to usher in an era of post-partisanship in an effort to rally the nation behind his plan of enacting an ambitious program of social and economic change. He vowed to enact a broad bi-partisan agenda for health care reform, energy transformation, economic revitalization, job growth and restoration of America's standing in the world. And no President in living memory has more quickly and more completely abandoned his promises. He enacted a health care plan that far more resembled plans he had bitterly criticized his opponents for supporting rather than the one his campaign outlined His promised job growth through economic stimulus measures drove up the unemployment rate to double digits leading to millions of job losses His vows to restore fiscal probity resulted in the most ruinous deficits and public debt in U.S. history He 'green energy' program collapsed into a cesspool of crony political favoritism His vows to restore relations with hostile nations like Iran and North Korea had only deepened those nations' disdain for America Despite his harsh criticisms, Obama adopted nearly every plank in the Bush-era anti-terror policy His promise to restore science to its rightful place resulted in the most rigidly inflexible program of ideological extremism in modern memory Even more noteworthy was the fact that the new era of post-partisanship he had vowed to create in Washington resulted in the worst political gridlock in living memory. This book examines in detail hundreds of campaign promises Obama made while running for President, contrasting those with the record of failure and broken promises left in his wake. It is a story that has received too little attention - until now."
Publisher: AuthorHouse
ISBN: 1468572245
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 702
Book Description
No President in living memory has entered office with a greater amount of goodwill and broad, bi-partisan support than Barack Obama. And few Presidents in living memory had arrived in Washington proclaiming such dramatically articulated vows to change the tone of politics, to usher in an era of post-partisanship in an effort to rally the nation behind his plan of enacting an ambitious program of social and economic change. He vowed to enact a broad bi-partisan agenda for health care reform, energy transformation, economic revitalization, job growth and restoration of America's standing in the world. And no President in living memory has more quickly and more completely abandoned his promises. He enacted a health care plan that far more resembled plans he had bitterly criticized his opponents for supporting rather than the one his campaign outlined His promised job growth through economic stimulus measures drove up the unemployment rate to double digits leading to millions of job losses His vows to restore fiscal probity resulted in the most ruinous deficits and public debt in U.S. history He 'green energy' program collapsed into a cesspool of crony political favoritism His vows to restore relations with hostile nations like Iran and North Korea had only deepened those nations' disdain for America Despite his harsh criticisms, Obama adopted nearly every plank in the Bush-era anti-terror policy His promise to restore science to its rightful place resulted in the most rigidly inflexible program of ideological extremism in modern memory Even more noteworthy was the fact that the new era of post-partisanship he had vowed to create in Washington resulted in the worst political gridlock in living memory. This book examines in detail hundreds of campaign promises Obama made while running for President, contrasting those with the record of failure and broken promises left in his wake. It is a story that has received too little attention - until now."
Chevrolet Trucks
Author: Larry Edsall
Publisher: Motorbooks International
ISBN: 0760352488
Category : Sports & Recreation
Languages : en
Pages : 227
Book Description
"The full illustrated history of Chevrolet, from the Series 490 to today's Silverado and Colorado"--
Publisher: Motorbooks International
ISBN: 0760352488
Category : Sports & Recreation
Languages : en
Pages : 227
Book Description
"The full illustrated history of Chevrolet, from the Series 490 to today's Silverado and Colorado"--
Hybrid-Powered Vehicles
Author: John German
Publisher: SAE International
ISBN: 0768034973
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 142
Book Description
Hybrid Powered Vehicles, 2nd Edition builds on the original edition’s exploration of hybrid components, system engineering, design constraints, challenges, and opportunities of hybrid vehicles. Since the first edition was published in 2003, hybrid vehicles have seen major technical developments and have gained significant market share. This book provides the reader with a thorough yet accessible understanding of the latest hybrid technology developments, along with keen insight into the market forces shaping the technology and a look at what lies ahead. Author John German reviews the development history of hybrid vehicles and the current state of hybrid technology, including battery types and chemistries. He also highlights the cycles of fuel availability, fuel economy, and concern for environmental issues, and profiles government efforts to spur development of more efficient vehicles. Future enhancements, including more sophisticated hybrid control strategies and integrating additional electrical components to improve efficiency, are also featured. Cost reduction, being a major barrier to mass market adoption, is also discussed. Finally, future sales and market forecasts are offered, including the belief that hybrid sales will rapidly increase after approximately 2020 and will capture about 75% of the market by about 2030. Topics include: Transitional Technology or Ultimate Solution Design Components Design Constraints Plug-In Hybrid Design Hybrid System Optimization Customer Acceptance Future Development Future Conventional Hybrid and PHEV Markets
Publisher: SAE International
ISBN: 0768034973
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 142
Book Description
Hybrid Powered Vehicles, 2nd Edition builds on the original edition’s exploration of hybrid components, system engineering, design constraints, challenges, and opportunities of hybrid vehicles. Since the first edition was published in 2003, hybrid vehicles have seen major technical developments and have gained significant market share. This book provides the reader with a thorough yet accessible understanding of the latest hybrid technology developments, along with keen insight into the market forces shaping the technology and a look at what lies ahead. Author John German reviews the development history of hybrid vehicles and the current state of hybrid technology, including battery types and chemistries. He also highlights the cycles of fuel availability, fuel economy, and concern for environmental issues, and profiles government efforts to spur development of more efficient vehicles. Future enhancements, including more sophisticated hybrid control strategies and integrating additional electrical components to improve efficiency, are also featured. Cost reduction, being a major barrier to mass market adoption, is also discussed. Finally, future sales and market forecasts are offered, including the belief that hybrid sales will rapidly increase after approximately 2020 and will capture about 75% of the market by about 2030. Topics include: Transitional Technology or Ultimate Solution Design Components Design Constraints Plug-In Hybrid Design Hybrid System Optimization Customer Acceptance Future Development Future Conventional Hybrid and PHEV Markets
Bottled Lightning
Author: Seth Fletcher
Publisher: Hill and Wang
ISBN: 1429922915
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 274
Book Description
Lithium batteries may hold the key to an environmentally sustainable, oil-independent future. From electric cars to a "smart" power grid that can actually store electricity, letting us harness the powers of the sun and the wind and use them when we need them, lithium—a metal half as dense as water, found primarily in some of the most uninhabitable places on earth—has the potential to set us on a path toward a low-carbon energy economy. In Bottled Lightning, the science reporter Seth Fletcher takes us on a fascinating journey, from the salt flats of Bolivia to the labs of MIT and Stanford, from the turmoil at GM to cutting-edge lithium-ion battery start-ups, introducing us to the key players and ideas in an industry with the power to reshape the world. Lithium is the thread that ties together many key stories of our time: the environmental movement; the American auto industry, staking its revival on the electrification of cars and trucks; the struggle between first-world countries in need of natural resources and the impoverished countries where those resources are found; and the overwhelming popularity of the portable, Internet-connected gadgets that are changing the way we communicate. With nearly limitless possibilities, the promise of lithium offers new hope to a foundering American economy desperately searching for a green-tech boom to revive it.
Publisher: Hill and Wang
ISBN: 1429922915
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 274
Book Description
Lithium batteries may hold the key to an environmentally sustainable, oil-independent future. From electric cars to a "smart" power grid that can actually store electricity, letting us harness the powers of the sun and the wind and use them when we need them, lithium—a metal half as dense as water, found primarily in some of the most uninhabitable places on earth—has the potential to set us on a path toward a low-carbon energy economy. In Bottled Lightning, the science reporter Seth Fletcher takes us on a fascinating journey, from the salt flats of Bolivia to the labs of MIT and Stanford, from the turmoil at GM to cutting-edge lithium-ion battery start-ups, introducing us to the key players and ideas in an industry with the power to reshape the world. Lithium is the thread that ties together many key stories of our time: the environmental movement; the American auto industry, staking its revival on the electrification of cars and trucks; the struggle between first-world countries in need of natural resources and the impoverished countries where those resources are found; and the overwhelming popularity of the portable, Internet-connected gadgets that are changing the way we communicate. With nearly limitless possibilities, the promise of lithium offers new hope to a foundering American economy desperately searching for a green-tech boom to revive it.
Motorama
Author: David Temple
Publisher: CarTech Inc
ISBN: 1613251599
Category : Transportation
Languages : en
Pages : 210
Book Description
In an age of unbridled American enthusiasm and towering industrial might, the GM Motorama was a dazzling and elegant show that was unlike any automotive event before it or since. General Motors staged extravagant and elaborate Motorama shows that rivaled some fashion shows. It showcased some of the most revolutionary and innovative prototype and dream cars ever built. And it captured the imagination of the car-buying public from 1950 to 1961. Motorama expert and experienced author David Temple has comprehensively researched the show, the cars, and the personalities to create a fascinating new story with many new photos of these magnificent cars. Because television was in its infancy, GM's President Alfred Sloan believed that the Motorama was the most effective way to market GM products and design prowess. Legendary stylist Harley Earl led a talented group of designers and engineers to dream up, style, and develop some of the most remarkable prototype cars of all time. While current production Buick, Chevy, Cadillac, and Pontiac cars were showcased, the bold, radical, awe-inspiring prototype and dream cars stole the show. These included the GM Le Sabre, replete with aerospace design and an aluminum engine; the fiberglass-bodied Corvette dream car, which went into production after overwhelmingly positive response; and the jet engine-powered Firebird. Temple goes into fascinating detail on the body, frame, engine, drivetrain, and all the special features of each model. He has also retraced the ownership histories of some of these cars. Within the pages of this volume, you get to relive this glorious era of automotive history and revisit the advanced show cars that inspired so many new models. This book features fascinating period photography of Motorama cars at the show, in development, and at different locales. No other automotive show rivaled the Motorama for stunning productions and awe-inspiring cars, which makes this a must-have book.
Publisher: CarTech Inc
ISBN: 1613251599
Category : Transportation
Languages : en
Pages : 210
Book Description
In an age of unbridled American enthusiasm and towering industrial might, the GM Motorama was a dazzling and elegant show that was unlike any automotive event before it or since. General Motors staged extravagant and elaborate Motorama shows that rivaled some fashion shows. It showcased some of the most revolutionary and innovative prototype and dream cars ever built. And it captured the imagination of the car-buying public from 1950 to 1961. Motorama expert and experienced author David Temple has comprehensively researched the show, the cars, and the personalities to create a fascinating new story with many new photos of these magnificent cars. Because television was in its infancy, GM's President Alfred Sloan believed that the Motorama was the most effective way to market GM products and design prowess. Legendary stylist Harley Earl led a talented group of designers and engineers to dream up, style, and develop some of the most remarkable prototype cars of all time. While current production Buick, Chevy, Cadillac, and Pontiac cars were showcased, the bold, radical, awe-inspiring prototype and dream cars stole the show. These included the GM Le Sabre, replete with aerospace design and an aluminum engine; the fiberglass-bodied Corvette dream car, which went into production after overwhelmingly positive response; and the jet engine-powered Firebird. Temple goes into fascinating detail on the body, frame, engine, drivetrain, and all the special features of each model. He has also retraced the ownership histories of some of these cars. Within the pages of this volume, you get to relive this glorious era of automotive history and revisit the advanced show cars that inspired so many new models. This book features fascinating period photography of Motorama cars at the show, in development, and at different locales. No other automotive show rivaled the Motorama for stunning productions and awe-inspiring cars, which makes this a must-have book.
Controligarchs
Author: Seamus Bruner
Publisher: Penguin
ISBN: 0593541596
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 385
Book Description
"Controligarchs peers into the future and provides a haunting and revelatory exposé of the globalist elite’s playbook for the next five years.” - Peter Schweizer, author of Red-Handed, Clinton Cash, and Profiles in Corruption Imagine a world in which you own nothing and rent everything. Most of the protein in your diet comes from bugs. You are not allowed to have more than one child, and your financial and medical data are instantly transferred to a centralized government database via a subdermal microchip. Controligarchs warns that this will be our existence if the supranational elites of the World Economic Forum get their way. In this book, investigative journalist Seamus Bruner—who led the teams whose findings sparked multiple FBI investigations and congressional probes into the Clintons and the Bidens—exposes the billionaires who control the levers of power that dominate every aspect of your life. Inside this pathbreaking new book, you will discover: Bill Gates’s $11.7 billion food takeover scheme… and the real reason he’s snapping up America’s farmland Mark Zuckerberg’s $36 billion plot to reengineer society and force you into tech addiction Jeff Bezos’s taxpayer-funded electric vehicle ambitions, climate hypocrisy, and $1.2 billion plan to spy on you by overseeing your “smart” home The Soros family’s project to use its $25 billion empire to influence elections and society for the next 50 years How World Economic Forum (WEF) founder Klaus Schwab built an exclusive club in Davos where the top 25 WEF members—now worth more than $10 trillion—have more economic power than most world governments, and how these global oligarchs are seizing control over our future Based on a mountain of financial filings, insider documents, and corporate records, Controligarchs rips back the curtain on never-before-published revelations about the life-altering schemes that globalist elites have in store for you. This book is a must-read for anyone who values American independence and personal freedom.
Publisher: Penguin
ISBN: 0593541596
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 385
Book Description
"Controligarchs peers into the future and provides a haunting and revelatory exposé of the globalist elite’s playbook for the next five years.” - Peter Schweizer, author of Red-Handed, Clinton Cash, and Profiles in Corruption Imagine a world in which you own nothing and rent everything. Most of the protein in your diet comes from bugs. You are not allowed to have more than one child, and your financial and medical data are instantly transferred to a centralized government database via a subdermal microchip. Controligarchs warns that this will be our existence if the supranational elites of the World Economic Forum get their way. In this book, investigative journalist Seamus Bruner—who led the teams whose findings sparked multiple FBI investigations and congressional probes into the Clintons and the Bidens—exposes the billionaires who control the levers of power that dominate every aspect of your life. Inside this pathbreaking new book, you will discover: Bill Gates’s $11.7 billion food takeover scheme… and the real reason he’s snapping up America’s farmland Mark Zuckerberg’s $36 billion plot to reengineer society and force you into tech addiction Jeff Bezos’s taxpayer-funded electric vehicle ambitions, climate hypocrisy, and $1.2 billion plan to spy on you by overseeing your “smart” home The Soros family’s project to use its $25 billion empire to influence elections and society for the next 50 years How World Economic Forum (WEF) founder Klaus Schwab built an exclusive club in Davos where the top 25 WEF members—now worth more than $10 trillion—have more economic power than most world governments, and how these global oligarchs are seizing control over our future Based on a mountain of financial filings, insider documents, and corporate records, Controligarchs rips back the curtain on never-before-published revelations about the life-altering schemes that globalist elites have in store for you. This book is a must-read for anyone who values American independence and personal freedom.