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Author: Eileen Ross Espiritu
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
"Rare earth elements are the key components of the emerging green technologies such as wind turbines, hybrid vehicles and storage batteries. The expected demand and current production rate is forecasted to result to a short supply of La, Nd, Pr, Dy, and Tb by 2025. This global demand can only be met with constant development of new mines outside of China. Among the projects being developed outside China located in Canada, Niobec rare earth project of Magris Resources Inc. is found to contain the largest resource of rare earth elements with 1058.6 million tonnes at 1.73% total rare earth oxide. The fine grain sizes (-20 [mu]m) of the rare earth minerals present in this ore makes froth flotation the most applicable beneficiation technique for separation. However, literature regarding rare earth mineral flotation is very limited. To process the rare earth ore, fundamental properties of the pure minerals (monazite, bastnäsite and dolomite) must be first then understood through surface characterization (e.g., ATR-FTIR and XPS), thermodynamic calculations (speciation diagrams), electrophoretic measurements (i.e., zeta potential measurements) and single-mineral microflotation tests using three different rare earth mineral collectors, benzohydroxamate, sodium oleate and organic phosphoric acid. Density Functional Theory (DFT)-based molecular modeling were also utilised and was found useful in validating the experimental results. It provided a deeper understanding of the mineral-collector interaction and presented possible conformation of adsorbed species or collectors on the surface of the minerals. The DFT simulations were also able to provide explanation to phenomena that could not be explained with experimental observations alone. The insights acquired through fundamental investigations and the knowledge of the mineralogy provided guidance in the processing of the ore. The observed concentration of rare earth elements in the fine (-20 [mu]m) fraction led to a decision to split the processing of the ore into two routes. This does not only prevent overgrinding of the -20 [mu]m particles, but also achieves a more efficient grinding of the +20 [mu]m particles. The use of specially designed column cell in processing the fines showed significant enrichment and recovery of the rare earth elements. This result was achieved with only one stage of rougher flotation, which was typically obtained through several stages of roughing and cleaning/scavenging. An improvement in the column cell parameters (mechanical aspect) and further investigations regarding the reagent scheme (chemistry aspect) are suggested for future work." --
Author: Eileen Ross Espiritu
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
"Rare earth elements are the key components of the emerging green technologies such as wind turbines, hybrid vehicles and storage batteries. The expected demand and current production rate is forecasted to result to a short supply of La, Nd, Pr, Dy, and Tb by 2025. This global demand can only be met with constant development of new mines outside of China. Among the projects being developed outside China located in Canada, Niobec rare earth project of Magris Resources Inc. is found to contain the largest resource of rare earth elements with 1058.6 million tonnes at 1.73% total rare earth oxide. The fine grain sizes (-20 [mu]m) of the rare earth minerals present in this ore makes froth flotation the most applicable beneficiation technique for separation. However, literature regarding rare earth mineral flotation is very limited. To process the rare earth ore, fundamental properties of the pure minerals (monazite, bastnäsite and dolomite) must be first then understood through surface characterization (e.g., ATR-FTIR and XPS), thermodynamic calculations (speciation diagrams), electrophoretic measurements (i.e., zeta potential measurements) and single-mineral microflotation tests using three different rare earth mineral collectors, benzohydroxamate, sodium oleate and organic phosphoric acid. Density Functional Theory (DFT)-based molecular modeling were also utilised and was found useful in validating the experimental results. It provided a deeper understanding of the mineral-collector interaction and presented possible conformation of adsorbed species or collectors on the surface of the minerals. The DFT simulations were also able to provide explanation to phenomena that could not be explained with experimental observations alone. The insights acquired through fundamental investigations and the knowledge of the mineralogy provided guidance in the processing of the ore. The observed concentration of rare earth elements in the fine (-20 [mu]m) fraction led to a decision to split the processing of the ore into two routes. This does not only prevent overgrinding of the -20 [mu]m particles, but also achieves a more efficient grinding of the +20 [mu]m particles. The use of specially designed column cell in processing the fines showed significant enrichment and recovery of the rare earth elements. This result was achieved with only one stage of rougher flotation, which was typically obtained through several stages of roughing and cleaning/scavenging. An improvement in the column cell parameters (mechanical aspect) and further investigations regarding the reagent scheme (chemistry aspect) are suggested for future work." --
Author: D.V. Subba Rao
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 0415882281
Category : Nature
Languages : en
Pages : 206
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Book Description
Mineral Beneficiation or ore dressing of run-of-mine ore is an upgrading process to achieve uniform quality, size and maximum tenor ore through the removal of less valuable material. Beneficiation benefits the costs of freight, handling, and extraction (smelting) reduce, and the loss of metal through slag. Usually carried out at the mine site, it saves time and costs and allows selective, profitable bulk mining. This practical guide presents the essentials of mineral dressing and its support operations. It explains the terms and techniques and provides basic formulas, methods and practical examples for calculations to be made on site. Intended for professionals in mining and mineral engineering (mining, metallurgical and chemical engineers, geologists). It can be used both as a simple reference guide and as a concise course on beneficiation.
Author: G. V. Rao, Vibhuti N. Misra
Publisher: Allied Publishers
ISBN: 9788177645996
Category : Mineral industries
Languages : en
Pages : 878
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Book Description
Author: NPCS Board of Consultants & Engineers
Publisher: ASIA PACIFIC BUSINESS PRESS Inc.
ISBN: 8178331209
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 557
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Book Description
Rare earths are essential constituents of more than 100 mineral species and present in many more through substitution. They have a marked geochemical affinity for calcium, titanium, niobium, zirconium, fluoride, phosphate and carbonate ions. Industrially important minerals, which are utilized at present for rare earths production, are essentially three, namely monazite, bastnasite and xenotime. In modern time techniques for exploration of rare earths and yttrium minerals include geologic identification of environments of deposition and surface as well as airborne reconnaissance with magnetometric and radiometric equipment. There are numerous applications of rare earths such as in glass making industry, cracking catalysts, electronic and optoelectronic devices, medical technology, nuclear technology, agriculture, plastic industry etc. Lot of metals and alloys called rare earth are lying in the earth which required to be processed. Some of the important elements extracted from rare earths are uranium, lithium, beryllium, selenium, platinum metals, tantalum, silicon, molybdenum, manganese, chromium, cadmium, titanium, tungsten, zirconium etc. There are different methods involved in production of metals and non metals from rare earths for example; separation, primary crushing, secondary crushing, wet grinding, dry grinding etc. The rare earths are silver, silverymwhite, or gray metals; they have a high luster, but tarnish readily in air, have high electrical conductivity. The rare earths share many common properties this makes them difficult to separate or even distinguish from each other. There are very small differences in solubility and complex formation between the rare earths. The rare earth metals naturally occur together in minerals. Rare earths are found with non metals, usually in the 3+ oxidation state. At present all the rare earth resources in India are in the form of placer monazite deposits, which also carry other industrially important minerals like ilmenite, rutile, zircon, sillimanite and garnet. Some of the fundamentals of the book are commercially important rare earth minerals, exploration for rare earth resources, rare earth resources of the world, some rare earth minerals and their approximate compositions, rare earths in cracking catalysts, rare earth based phosphors, interdependence of applications and production of rare earths, uranium alloys, conversion of ores to lithium chemicals, characterization and analysis of very pure silicon, derivation of molybdenum metal, electoplating and chromizing, electrolytic production of titanium, heat treatment of titanium alloys, tensile properties of alloys etc. The book covers occurrence of rare earth, resources of the world, production of lithium metals, compounds derived from the metals, chemical properties of beryllium, uses of selenium, derivation of molybdenum metals, ore concentration and treatment and many more. This is a unique book of its kind, which will be a great asset for scientists, researchers, technocrats and entrepreneurs. TAGS Applications of Rare Earth Metals and Alloys, Beryllium, Best small and cottage scale industries, Boron, Business guidance for Rare earth metals and alloys processing, Business Plan for a Startup Business, Cadmium, Chromium, Extraction and Applications of Rare Earth Metals and Alloys, Extraction of Rare Earth Metals and Alloys, How to Start a Rare earth metals and alloys Business, How to Start a Rare earth metals and alloys extraction?, How to start a successful Rare earth metals and alloys extraction, How to start rare earth alloys Processing Industry in India, How to start rare earth metals Processing Industry in India, Industrial Uses of Rare Earths metals and alloys, Lithium, Magnesium Alloys with Rare-Earth Metal, Magnetic Properties of Rare‐Earth Metals and Alloys, Manganese, Molybdenum, Most Profitable Rare earth metals and alloys Processing Business Ideas, New small scale ideas in Rare earth metals and alloys processing industry, Platinum Metals, Preparation of Rare Earth Metals and Alloys, Profitable small and cottage scale industries, Profitable Small Scale Rare earth metals and alloys extraction, Project for startups, Properties of Rare Earth Metals and Alloys, Rare Earth Alloys, Rare Earth Elements - Metals, Minerals, Mining, Uses, Rare earth elements (REE): industrial technology, Rare Earth Elements Applications, Rare earth elements properties, Rare earth elements separation process, Rare Earth elements, Rare earth extraction process, Rare Earth Industry, Rare earth metals and alloy extraction process, Rare earth metals and alloys Based Profitable Projects, Rare earth metals and alloys Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Rare earth metals and alloys extraction Business, Rare earth metals and alloys Processing Industry in India, Rare earth metals and alloys Processing Projects, Rare Earth Metals and Alloys, Rare earth metals India, Rare Earth Metals Production and Alloys with Properties, Rare earth metals uses, Rare Earth Metals, Rare Earth Resources, Rare minerals list, Selenium, Setting up and opening your Rare earth metals and alloys Business, Silicon, Small Scale Rare earth metals and alloys Processing Projects, Small scale Rare earth metals and alloys production line, Small Start-up Business Project, Start up India, Stand up India, Starting a Rare earth metals and alloys Processing Business, Start-up Business Plan for Rare earth metals and alloys processing, Startup ideas, Startup Project, Startup Project for Rare earth metals and alloys processing, Startup project plan, Tantalum, Titanium, Tungsten, Uranium, Uses of rare earth metals and alloys in metallurgy, Where are rare earth metals found?, Zirconium
Author: Adam Jordens
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
"Rare earth elements (REE) comprise the fifteen elements of the lanthanide series as well as yttrium, and may be found in over 250 different minerals. These elements are required for many different applications such as high-strength permanent magnets, catalysts for petroleum refining, metal and glass additives and phosphors used in electronic displays. REE are abundant in the earth's crust, yet deposits with economically extractable concentrations are much less common. This thesis examines the separation techniques that are currently employed for REE bearing mineral (REM) beneficiation, identifies areas in need of further research, employs characterisation techniques to examine fundamental properties of certain REM, and then applies this knowledge to the beneficiation of the Nechalacho REE deposit in the Northwest Territories of Canada.In order to build up the knowledge of the physicochemical properties of important REM, pure samples of minerals such as bastnäsite, allanite, fergusonite and zircon were acquired along with common gangue minerals in the Nechalacho deposit such as magnetite, hematite and quartz. After characterisation experiments were completed for each of these minerals, lab-scale separation experiments were conducted on a bulk sample from the Nechalacho deposit involving a series of gravity and magnetic separations. A pre-concentration flowsheet was then selected with the resultant product being used for downstream flotation experiments. As the feed sample for flotation was concentrated in many REM, it provided an excellent opportunity for assessing flotation kinetics of these minerals in a multi-mineral system as well as investigating different reagent additions which may be applicable to the development of an industrial flotation process.The major findings from characterisation experiments include the verification of the paramagnetism of REM, the identification of hydroxamates as an ideal flotation reagent for the concentration of bastnäsite from silicate gangue as well as the finding that hydroxamates are not suitable for the flotation of allanite, a silicate REM. Additional work was undertaken to develop a means of floating allanite using alternative reagents such as dodecylamine and the addition of metal ion activators. The concentration of REM from the Nechalacho deposit using physical separation was successfully achieved using a Knelson centrifugal gravity separator and a low intensity magnetic drum separator. The resultant product had a grade of 7.50 wt. % rare earth oxide (REO) and a REO recovery of 11.8 %. An additional finding from this work was that the concentration of the most valuable heavy REE is upgraded in the coarse size fractions after grinding to a P80 of 40 μm.Subsequent ore flotation experiments using this material found that the kinetics of REM flotation from this deposit using hydroxamates are strongly dependent on mineral solubility and metal cation content. Additionally, the addition of lead cations to this system improves the recovery of less floatable REMs such as allanite, and the staged addition of hydroxamates results in improved REM grade and recovery.The implications of this research work includes an improved understanding of fundamental REM properties as well as multiple strategies for improving industrial process designs for the Nechalacho deposit. Implementing selective comminution strategies to upgrade the concentration of the most valuable REE could have a profound effect on any future process by providing a simple means of beneficiation as well as minimizing energy losses in overgrinding. Two different flotation reagent strategies have been investigated with different outcomes. The staged addition of hydroxamate targets REM with rapid flotation kinetics whereas the addition of lead ions is able to improve the recovery of REM with slower flotation kinetics. These reagent schemes may have applications in different stages of an industrial flotation process." --
Author: Jyothi Rajesh Kumar
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781536128925
Category : Chemistry, Inorganic
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Metal usage by humans is vigorously increasing day-by-day. Since the turn of the new millennium, human needs have mainly depended on different types of metal. Ores and minerals are the primary natural sources of metals. In order to process metals, manufacturers require certain methods and technology. This reference book provides six widely used varieties of metal synthesizing and the chapters are contributed by internationally reputed professors and researchers. Chapter One focuses on biomineralization. Biomineralisation is an art of nature; it is an important process where organisms produce hierarchical mineral structures with diverse functions for their survival. This process happens through the self-organisation of organic and inorganic molecules under ambient conditions, resulting in highly structured materials with remarkable physical and chemical properties. Chapter Two refers to the application of biological methods in mineral processing. Chapter Three describes monazite mineral processing; monazite is the main resource of rare earth metals such as uranium and thorium. In this chapter, monazite mining, beneficiation and metallurgical routes are discussed. Chapter Four defines the hydrometallurgy of rare earth metals, including scandium. Chapter Five deals with ore extraction technology through computer aided engineering techniques. The final chapter concludes with the processing technology used to treat primary and secondary sources for base metal recovery.
Author: B. A. Wills
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 1483182428
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 647
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Book Description
Mineral Processing Technology, Third Edition: An Introduction to the Practical Aspects of Ore Treatment and Mineral Recovery details the fundamentals of contemporary ore processing-techniques. The title first introduces the basics of ore-processing, and then proceeds to tackling technical topics in the subsequent chapters. The text covers methods and procedures in ore handling, industrial screening, and ore sorting. The selection also deals with ore-processing equipment, such as crushers and grinding mills. The book will be of great use to students and professionals of disciplines involved in mining industry.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 8
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Book Description
Rare earth elements (REE) are either housed in exotic REE minerals that sporadically populate the host rock or they occur as ionic substitution in the crystal structure of existing rock forming minerals. The genesis of REEs in carbonatite rocks can result in intricate mineralogical textures between REE minerals, host rock minerals and minerals formed by later processes. [partial abstract].
Author: Nagaiyar Krishnamurthy
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 0203413024
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 537
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Book Description
Extractive Metallurgy of Rare Earths compiles information from scattered sources that is often available only to specialists. It provides a complete and usable survey of the rare earth resources, extraction, and production of numerous end products that translates to both laboratory and industrial settings. This book is a source of industry expertis
Author: Srdjan M. Bulatovic
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0080932096
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 227
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Book Description
Handbook of Flotation Reagents: Chemistry, Theory and Practice: Flotation of Gold, PGM and Oxide Minerals, Volume 2 focuses on the theory, practice, and chemistry of flotation of gold, platinum group minerals (PGMs), and the major oxide minerals, along with rare earths. It examines separation methods whose effectiveness is limited when using conventional treatment processes and considers commercial plant practices for most oxide minerals, such as pyrochlore-containing ores, copper cobalt ores, zinc ores, tin ores, and tantalum/niobium ores. It discusses the geology and mineralogy of gold, PGMs, and oxide minerals, as well as reagent and flotation practices in beneficiation. The book also looks at the factors affecting the floatability of gold minerals and describes PGM-dominated deposits such as Morensky-type deposits, hydrothermal deposits, and placer deposits. In addition, case studies of flotation and beneficiation in countries such as Canada, Africa, Russia, Chile, and Saudi Arabia are presented. This book will be useful to researchers, university students, and professors, as well as mineral processors faced with the problem of beneficiation of difficult-to-treat ores. Looks at the theoretical aspects of flotation reagents Examines the practical aspects of using chemical reagents in operating plants Provides guidelines for researchers and engineers involved in process design and development
