Atmospheric Ammonia - Measuring Methods, Concentration Levels and Atmospheric Behavior in Relation to Danish Climate and Pollution Climate PDF Download
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Author: Helle Vibeke Andersen
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 341
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Author: Helle Vibeke Andersen
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 341
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Author: Mark Sutton
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1402091214
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 468
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Book Description
Anthropogenic emissions of ammonia cause a host of environmental impacts, including loss of biodiversity, soil acidification and formation of particulate matter in the atmosphere. Under the auspices of the UNECE Convention on Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution, around 80 international experts met to review the state of scientific knowledge. This book reports their analysis. It concludes that threshold levels for ammonia effects have been underestimated and sets new values, it assesses the independent evidence to verify reported reductions in regional ammonia emissions, and it reviews the uncertainties in modelling ammonia, both in "hot spots" and at the regional scale.
Author: Heikki Torvela
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1447134826
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 210
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Book Description
Due to the threat of a possible global climate change and the greenhouse effect caused by constituents of anthropogenic origin in the atmosphere, air quality has become a major environmental issue. As a consequence, emissions into the atmosphere need to be monitored and controlled. Measurement of Atmospheric Emissions presents technologies for emission control and analysis from industrial and energy plants. The author explains the physical and chemical basis before proceeding to the practical performance. This publication provides the reader with the knowledge necessary to critically analyze and investigate emission measurement techniques. It will be of great interest to researchers and engineers in the fields of environmental technology and air pollution control. It will assist in the choice of the most appropriate instruments for various purposes and circumstances.
Author:
Publisher: Nordic Council of Ministers
ISBN: 9789291202539
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 230
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Author: Raluca Ellis
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780494781746
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 286
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Book Description
Atmospheric ammonia contributes to a number of environmental problems, but many questions regarding the behaviour of ammonia in the atmosphere remain. Field studies were performed to investigate the gas-particle partitioning of ammonia, the surface-atmosphere exchange, and to compare measurements with an online chemical transport model and offline thermodynamic models.A state-of-the-art instrument, Quantum Cascade Tunable Infrared Laser Differential Absorption Spectrometer (QC-TILDAS), with a novel sampling technique was used to measure ammonia. The detection limit of the instrument was found to be 690 ppt at 1 Hz and 42 ppt when averaged to 5 minutes. The uncertainty in the measurement is 10 % based on calibration from a permeation tube source. Laboratory and field tests show the ammonia time response to be slower at lower mixing ratios, and when the ambient relative humidity is high.A suite of instrumentation during the CalNex 2010 field campaign allowed for in-depth analysis of gas-particle partitioning and estimation of aerosol pH. Observations were compared to predictions from the thermodynamic equilibrium models ISORROPIA and E-AIM. Deviations form equilibrium were found during periods of high levels of aerosol nitrate and positive net charge. The gas-particle partitioning was found to be very sensitive to aerosol pH.Observations from the first field campaign discussed, the Border Air Quality and Meteorology Study (BAQS-Met), were compared to a chemical transport model AURAMS (A Unified Regional Air quality Modeling System). The model was often biased low in ammonia and ammonium and predicted an incorrect diurnal profile. Observations suggest a coupling between gas-particle and surface-atmosphere equilibria whereby a large atmospheric condensation sink induces emission of ammonia from the surface. A simple approach at representing the ammonia bi-direction flux more closely matched the observations, indicating that a fully coupled bidirectional flux parameterization in chemical transport models is necessary to accurately predict atmospheric ammonia.
Author: Raia Silvia Massad
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 9401772851
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 231
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Book Description
When considering biosphere–atmosphere exchange of trace gases and volatile aerosols, significant advances have been made both from an experimental and modelling point of view and on several scales. This was particularly stimulated by the availability of new datasets generated from improvements in analytical methods and flux measurement techniques. Recent research advances allow us, not only to identify major mechanisms and factors affecting the exchanges between the biosphere and the atmosphere, but also to recognize several gaps in the methodologies used in accounting for emissions and deposition in landscape and global scale models. This work aims at (i) reviewing exchange processes and modelling schemes, parameterisations and datasets, (ii) presenting a common conceptual framework to model soil-vegetation-atmosphere exchange of reactive trace gases and aerosols accounting for in-canopy transfer chemical interactions and (iii) discussing the key elements of the agreed framework.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Ecology
Languages : en
Pages : 516
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Author: Martin Ferm
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Air
Languages : en
Pages : 64
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Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Ammonia has recently gained importance for its increasing atmospheric concentrations and its role in the formation of aerosols. Studies have shown increasing atmospheric concentration levels of NH3 and NH4+, especially in the regions of concentrated animal feeding operations. Atmospheric inputs of reduced nitrogen as ammonia and ammonium by dry and wet deposition may represent a substantial contribution to the acidification of semi natural ecosystems and could also affect sensitive coastal ecosystems and estuaries. The anaerobic lagoon and spray method, commonly used for waste storage and disposal in confined animal feeding operations (CAFO), is a significant source of ammonia emissions. An accurate emission model for ammonia from aqueous surfaces can help in the development of emission factors. Study of dispersion and dry deposition patterns of ammonia downwind of a hog farm will help us to understand how much ammonia gets dry deposited near the farm, and how remaining ammonia gets transported farther away. An experimental and modeling study is conducted of emissions, dispersion and dry deposition of ammonia taking one swine farm as a unit. Measurements of ammonia flux were made at 11 swine facilities in North Carolina using dynamic flow-through chamber system over the anaerobic waste treatment lagoons. Continuous measurements of ammonia flux, meteorological and lagoon parameters were made for 8-10 days at each farm during each of the warm and cold seasons. Ammonia concentrations were continuously measured in the chamber placed over the lagoon using a Thermo Environmental Instrument Incorporated (TECO) Model 17c chemiluminescnce ammonia analyzer. A similar ammonia analyzer was used to measure ammonia concentrations at selected locations on the farm. Barn emissions were measured using open-path Fourier transform infrared (OP-FTIR) spectroscopy. A 10 m meteorological tower was erected at each site to measure wind speed and direction, temperature, relative humidity an.
Author: Jian Hou
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Air
Languages : en
Pages : 136
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Book Description
