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Author: Shubhabrata Das
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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"Introduction: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the leading causes of death in women. Loss of ovarian function and endogenous estrogen deficiency predisposes postmenopausal women to CVD and osteoporosis. Calcium has been recommended for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. However, the effect of calcium intake, both from supplements as well as dietary sources, on cardiovascular (CV) health remains uncertain and largely dependent on study design and population. Carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT), arterial stiffness and hemodynamic parameters can detect CVD at a very early stage with high predictive value. Therefore, in this study, we examined the association between dietary calcium intake and CV markers, including cIMT, arterial stiffness and hemodynamics, and serum lipids, in healthy postmenopausal women. Methods: Healthy postmenopausal women without CV risk factors and not taking calcium or vitamin D supplements were included in this study. Ninety-six postmenopausal women were included for vascular assessment (Main Study), whereas 80 participants were included for assessment of serum lipids (Secondary Study). Dietary calcium (dCa) and dietary vitamin D (dvitD) intake were evaluated by a validated food frequency questionnaire to estimate usual intake in the previous month. All participants underwent cIMT, as well as arterial stiffness measurements, including carotid to femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) and other hemodynamic measurements in the early morning. Fasting blood samples were collected for assessment of serum biomarkers, including lipids. CV markers were compared across 600, 600-1000 and 1000 mg/d dCa intake. We performed an exploratory analysis of 600-1000 mg/d dCa group as this group had the most favourable vascular markers. Furthermore, we conducted a subgroup analysis comparing CV parameters across 800, 800-1000 and 1000 mg/d dCa intake as the group with 800-1000 mg/d dCa showed the best CV marker values in the exploratory analysis. Results: The mean (±standard deviation) age and body mass index of our study population were 60.2±6.3 years and 25.6±3.9 kg/m2, respectively. Although statistically non-significant, we noted favorable values of CV markers in 600-1000 mg/d dCa group compared to the extreme groups (600 mg/d or 1000 mg/d) in the primary analysis.Although there was no significant associations, we noted a tendency for improved CV marker values in those with 1000 mg/d vs. 1000 mg/d dCa, as well those in the middle groups of (600-1000 mg/d or 800-1000 mg/d) compared to the extreme groups (600 mg/d,
Author: Shubhabrata Das
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
"Introduction: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the leading causes of death in women. Loss of ovarian function and endogenous estrogen deficiency predisposes postmenopausal women to CVD and osteoporosis. Calcium has been recommended for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. However, the effect of calcium intake, both from supplements as well as dietary sources, on cardiovascular (CV) health remains uncertain and largely dependent on study design and population. Carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT), arterial stiffness and hemodynamic parameters can detect CVD at a very early stage with high predictive value. Therefore, in this study, we examined the association between dietary calcium intake and CV markers, including cIMT, arterial stiffness and hemodynamics, and serum lipids, in healthy postmenopausal women. Methods: Healthy postmenopausal women without CV risk factors and not taking calcium or vitamin D supplements were included in this study. Ninety-six postmenopausal women were included for vascular assessment (Main Study), whereas 80 participants were included for assessment of serum lipids (Secondary Study). Dietary calcium (dCa) and dietary vitamin D (dvitD) intake were evaluated by a validated food frequency questionnaire to estimate usual intake in the previous month. All participants underwent cIMT, as well as arterial stiffness measurements, including carotid to femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) and other hemodynamic measurements in the early morning. Fasting blood samples were collected for assessment of serum biomarkers, including lipids. CV markers were compared across 600, 600-1000 and 1000 mg/d dCa intake. We performed an exploratory analysis of 600-1000 mg/d dCa group as this group had the most favourable vascular markers. Furthermore, we conducted a subgroup analysis comparing CV parameters across 800, 800-1000 and 1000 mg/d dCa intake as the group with 800-1000 mg/d dCa showed the best CV marker values in the exploratory analysis. Results: The mean (±standard deviation) age and body mass index of our study population were 60.2±6.3 years and 25.6±3.9 kg/m2, respectively. Although statistically non-significant, we noted favorable values of CV markers in 600-1000 mg/d dCa group compared to the extreme groups (600 mg/d or 1000 mg/d) in the primary analysis.Although there was no significant associations, we noted a tendency for improved CV marker values in those with 1000 mg/d vs. 1000 mg/d dCa, as well those in the middle groups of (600-1000 mg/d or 800-1000 mg/d) compared to the extreme groups (600 mg/d,
Author: Angel Ong
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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"Background: Canadian surveillance data show that postmenopausal (PM) women do not consume dietary calcium (Ca) at the recommended amount. The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) is 1200 mg/d for women >50 y to maintain bone health. Ca supplements are therefore often recommended. However, uncertainties regarding its association with increased risk of cardiovascular (CV) events remain. Reports have also raised uncertainty as to whether greater milk intake associates with higher all-cause and CV-related mortality rates. Inflammation plays a role in the pathogenesis of vascular damage, but there is limited evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in healthy PM women. Thus, the overarching aim of this thesis was to investigate the differential effects of supplemental vs. dietary Ca on inflammatory markers, bone health biomarkers, and body composition over 12 mo. Design: Study 1 was a pilot randomized trial where PM women consumed Ca from dietary sources alone (1200 mg/d [CaDiet]), or combined with supplements (750 mg/d of Ca carbonate + 450 mg/d of dietary Ca [CaSuppl]) over 12 mo, with vascular measurements, vascular and bone health biomarkers, anthropometry, and dietary intakes measured. Study 2 was a validation study of a Ca-focused FFQ. Study 3 was a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies of FMPs on bone health outcomes in PM women. Study 4 was a 12-mo RCT of similar designs to Study 1, with the addition of a control arm and additional measures. Results: Results from Study 1 (n=9) showed good compliance to study interventions (±20% of target total Ca intake, pill count ≥80%). CaSuppl group maintained a significantly lower dietary Ca intake than CaDiet group throughout the trial (453±187 mg/d vs. 1241±319 mg/d, P
Author: Sarah Marie Bristow
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 374
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Background Calcium supplements are used to promote bone health; however, recent evidence suggests they might also increase cardiovascular risk and reduce cancer risk. The relationship between dietary calcium intake and bone health is unclear. This thesis explores the effects of calcium supplements on serum calcium and how these relate to bone and cardiovascular health; relationships between dietary calcium intake and bone health; and relationships between calcium supplementation and cancer risk. Methods Four studies were performed. 1. A randomised controlled trial on the acute and 3-month effects of different calcium supplements on serum calcium, bone turnover and indices of cardiovascular disease. 2. A cross-over trial on the acute effects on serum calcium of a calcium supplement with a meal, or calcium from fortified juice or dairy products. 3. An analysis of the relationship between dietary calcium intake and bone mineral density (BMD), change in BMD and fracture risk in postmenopausal women, and whether the effect of calcium supplementation is modified by dietary calcium intake. 4. A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials on the effect of calcium supplementation on the risk of total, colorectal, breast and prostate cancer. Results 1. Serum calcium was acutely elevated following a calcium supplement and this was not diminished with continuous use. A supplement which elevated serum calcium less still suppressed bone turnover comparably. Blood pressure and blood coagulability were increased after a calcium supplement compared with a control. 2. A calcium supplement with or without a meal and calcium from fortified juice elevated serum calcium comparably. Calcium from dairy products elevated serum calcium less. 3. Dietary calcium intake was weakly associated with BMD, but not with change in BMD or fracture risk. The effect of calcium supplementation on change in BMD was not modified by dietary calcium intake. 4. Calcium supplementation was not associated with the risk of total cancer. Conclusions The acute effects of calcium supplements on serum calcium and indices of cardiovascular disease may explain the increased cardiovascular risk associated with calcium supplementation. Dietary calcium intake was not associated with bone health in postmenopausal women, and calcium supplementation was not associated with short-term cancer risk.
Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309488346
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 595
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Book Description
As essential nutrients, sodium and potassium contribute to the fundamentals of physiology and pathology of human health and disease. In clinical settings, these are two important blood electrolytes, are frequently measured and influence care decisions. Yet, blood electrolyte concentrations are usually not influenced by dietary intake, as kidney and hormone systems carefully regulate blood values. Over the years, increasing evidence suggests that sodium and potassium intake patterns of children and adults influence long-term population health mostly through complex relationships among dietary intake, blood pressure and cardiovascular health. The public health importance of understanding these relationships, based upon the best available evidence and establishing recommendations to support the development of population clinical practice guidelines and medical care of patients is clear. This report reviews evidence on the relationship between sodium and potassium intakes and indicators of adequacy, toxicity, and chronic disease. It updates the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) using an expanded DRI model that includes consideration of chronic disease endpoints, and outlines research gaps to address the uncertainties identified in the process of deriving the reference values and evaluating public health implications.
Author: Institute of Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309064031
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 449
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Book Description
Since 1941, Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) has been recognized as the most authoritative source of information on nutrient levels for healthy people. Since publication of the 10th edition in 1989, there has been rising awareness of the impact of nutrition on chronic disease. In light of new research findings and a growing public focus on nutrition and health, the expert panel responsible for formulation RDAs reviewed and expanded its approachâ€"the result: Dietary Reference Intakes. This new series of references greatly extends the scope and application of previous nutrient guidelines. For each nutrient the book presents what is known about how the nutrient functions in the human body, what the best method is to determine its requirements, which factors (caffeine or exercise, for example) may affect how it works, and how the nutrient may be related to chronic disease. The first volume of Dietary Reference Intakes includes calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, and fluoride. The second book in the series presents information about thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin, and choline. Based on analysis of nutrient metabolism in humans and data on intakes in the U.S. population, the committee recommends intakes for each age groupâ€"from the first days of life through childhood, sexual maturity, midlife, and the later years. Recommendations for pregnancy and lactation also are made, and the book identifies when intake of a nutrient may be too much. Representing a new paradigm for the nutrition community, Dietary Reference Intakes encompasses: Estimated Average Requirements (EARs). These are used to set Recommended Dietary Allowances. Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs). Intakes that meet the RDA are likely to meet the nutrient requirement of nearly all individuals in a life-stage and gender group. Adequate Intakes (AIs). These are used instead of RDAs when an EAR cannot be calculated. Both the RDA and the AI may be used as goals for individual intake. Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs). Intakes below the UL are unlikely to pose risks of adverse health effects in healthy people. This new framework encompasses both essential nutrients and other food components thought to pay a role in health, such as dietary fiber. It incorporates functional endpoints and examines the relationship between dose and response in determining adequacy and the hazards of excess intake for each nutrient.
Author: Institute of Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309069491
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 530
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Book Description
This volume is the newest release in the authoritative series of quantitative estimates of nutrient intakes to be used for planning and assessing diets for healthy people. Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) is the newest framework for an expanded approach developed by U.S. and Canadian scientists. This book discusses in detail the role of vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and the carotenoids in human physiology and health. For each nutrient the committee presents what is known about how it functions in the human body, which factors may affect how it works, and how the nutrient may be related to chronic disease. Dietary Reference Intakes provides reference intakes, such as Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs), for use in planning nutritionally adequate diets for different groups based on age and gender, along with a new reference intake, the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL), designed to assist an individual in knowing how much is "too much" of a nutrient.
Author: Michael Henein
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 9783030815172
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
The book systematically describes the clinical and scientific aspects of cardiovascular calcification. Chapters detail the mechanisms associated with arterial and valve calcification, relevant risk factors, pathophysiology and the latest therapeutic techniques. Recent diagnostic technological developments including how computed tomography (CT) scanning can be utilized along with Agatston score to quantify coronary arterial calcification when investigating whether a patient for sub-clinical atherosclerosis are covered. The correlation with the presence of arterial calcification and extent of coronary stenosis is also explored. Cardiovasular Calcification details relevant aspects of the basic science and reviews the latest pathological and therapeutic techniques used in treating patients with cardiovascular calcification. It is therefore an essential resource for practicing cardiologists, cardiac surgeons, vascular specialists and radiologists.
Author: Ann M. Coulston
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0128029471
Category : Health & Fitness
Languages : en
Pages : 1075
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Book Description
Nutrition in the Prevention and Treatment of Disease, Fourth Edition, is a compilation of current knowledge in clinical nutrition and an overview of the rationale and science base of its application to practice in the prevention and treatment of disease. In its fourth edition, this text continues the tradition of incorporating new discoveries and methods related to this important area of research Generating and analyzing data that summarize dietary intake and its association with disease are valuable tasks in treating disease and developing disease prevention strategies. Well-founded medical nutrition therapies can minimize disease development and related complications. Providing scientifically sound, creative, and effective nutrition interventions is both challenging and rewarding. - Two new chapters on metabolomics and translational research, which have come to be used in nutrition research in recent years. The new areas of study are discussed with the perspective that the application of the scientific method is by definition an evolutionary process. - A new chapter on Genetics and Diabetes which reviews the latest research on causal genetic variants and biological mechanisms responsible for the disease, and explores potential interactions with environmental factors such as diet and lifestyle. - Includes all major "omics" – the exposome, metabolomics, genomics, and the gut microbiome. - Expands the microbiota portions to reflect complexity of diet on gut microbial ecology, metabolism and health
Author: Joel D. Kopple
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0123919355
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 833
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Book Description
This translational text offers in-depth reviews of the metabolic and nutritional disorders that are prevalent in patients with renal disease. Chapter topics address the growing epidemic of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Each chapter integrates basic and clinical approaches, from cell biology and genetics to diagnosis, patient management and treatment. Chapters in sections 4-7 include new illustrative case reports, and all chapters emphasize key concepts with chapter-ending summaries. New features also include the latest National Kidney Foundation Clinical Practice Guidelines on Nutrition in Chronic Renal Failure, the most recent scientific discoveries and the latest techniques for assessing nutritional status in renal disease, and literature reviews on patients who receive continuous veno-venous hemofiltration with or without dialysis. - Provides a common language for nephrologists, nutritionists, endocrinologists, and other interested physicians to discuss the underlying research and translation of best practices for the nutritional management and prevention of renal disease - Saves clinicians and researchers time in quickly accessing the very latest details on nutritional practice as opposed to searching through thousands of journal articles - Correct diagnosis (and therefore correct treatment) of renal, metabolic, and nutritional disorders depends on a strong understanding of the molecular basis for the disease – both nephrologists and nutritionists will benefit - Nephrologists and nutritionists will gain insight into which treatments, medications, and diets to use based on the history, progression, and genetic make-up of a patient - Case Reports will offer an added resource for fellows, nutritionists, and dieticians who need a refresher course
Author: Dianjun Sun
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 9811325294
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 231
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Book Description
The book focuses on the iodine deficiency, endemic fluorosis, endemic arsenic poisoning, Kashin-Beck disease and Keshan disease which are five kinds of national key endemic diseases, a total of six chapters, comprehensively systematically introduces the information of five kinds of endemic diseases, including the epidemic characteristics, clinical manifestation, diagnosis standards, and the current control situation, preventive strategy, working experience, and successful control cases, etc. Endemic disease is confined to certain areas, of which there are dozens in Chinese inland, in which there are eight types been listed in the national key control endemic diseases. Endemic diseases are serious in China, and have wide distribution, weight illness and a large threatened population. China has made great achievements on the endemic diseases prevention and control, and also has accumulated rich experiences of the prevention and treatment, summed up some complete and effective preventive strategy, which based on the characteristics of endemic diseases epidemic and prevention work. Dr. Dianjun Sun is the Director of Center for Endemic Disease Control,Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin, China. He is also a professor of Harbin Medical University, China.
