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Author: James Arthur Drallmeier
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 276
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Book Description
An experimental study of an infrared laser extinction technique for measuring fuel vapor flux in evaporating liquid fuel sprays was conducted. The infrared laser extinction technique consists of three separate measurements: a visible light angular scattering measurement, a visible light line-of-sight extinction measurement and an infrared line-of-sight extinction measurement. Using this technique, vapor flux along with other spray parameters such as mean drop size and size distribution were measured for a pressure atomized, isooctane fuel spray. Line-of-sight infrared extinction measurements were deconvoluted to obtain radial variations of vapor concentration. Peak vapor concentrations were measured at the spray center due to air entrainment effects. Based on the radial mass fraction and measured gas phase velocity profiles, the fuel vapor mass flux was calculated; most of the vapor flux was contained in the center of the spray at all axial locations. The fuel vapor mass flux was integrated over the spray area at each axial location to obtain fuel vapor mass flow rates. Comparisons were made between the infrared laser extinction technique and a Phase/Doppler Particle Analyzer (P/DPA) in terms of several spray parameters including drop size, size distribution and, in particular, vapor flux. Size comparisons were conducted on a spatially resolved and line-of-sight basis. While the spatially resolved comparisons indicated similar trends, the angular scattering measurements consistently predicted Sauter mean diameter results $sim$10 $mu$m larger than those obtained from the P/DPA. Comparisons of measured total fuel vapor flow yielded differences of 7 to 40% between the P/DPA and infrared extinction technique. A detailed error analysis was performed to determine the error sensitivities of the vapor concentration to the measured parameters as a function of spray radius. The vapor concentration was relatively insensitive to the measured drop size distribution due to the fact that the vapor absorption was the most dominant mode of extinction. The vapor concentration was most sensitive to the measurement of the infrared extinction ratio. An upper limit for the overall error in the vapor concentration measurement was estimated at 15% over the spray radius.
Author: James Arthur Drallmeier
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 276
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Book Description
An experimental study of an infrared laser extinction technique for measuring fuel vapor flux in evaporating liquid fuel sprays was conducted. The infrared laser extinction technique consists of three separate measurements: a visible light angular scattering measurement, a visible light line-of-sight extinction measurement and an infrared line-of-sight extinction measurement. Using this technique, vapor flux along with other spray parameters such as mean drop size and size distribution were measured for a pressure atomized, isooctane fuel spray. Line-of-sight infrared extinction measurements were deconvoluted to obtain radial variations of vapor concentration. Peak vapor concentrations were measured at the spray center due to air entrainment effects. Based on the radial mass fraction and measured gas phase velocity profiles, the fuel vapor mass flux was calculated; most of the vapor flux was contained in the center of the spray at all axial locations. The fuel vapor mass flux was integrated over the spray area at each axial location to obtain fuel vapor mass flow rates. Comparisons were made between the infrared laser extinction technique and a Phase/Doppler Particle Analyzer (P/DPA) in terms of several spray parameters including drop size, size distribution and, in particular, vapor flux. Size comparisons were conducted on a spatially resolved and line-of-sight basis. While the spatially resolved comparisons indicated similar trends, the angular scattering measurements consistently predicted Sauter mean diameter results $sim$10 $mu$m larger than those obtained from the P/DPA. Comparisons of measured total fuel vapor flow yielded differences of 7 to 40% between the P/DPA and infrared extinction technique. A detailed error analysis was performed to determine the error sensitivities of the vapor concentration to the measured parameters as a function of spray radius. The vapor concentration was relatively insensitive to the measured drop size distribution due to the fact that the vapor absorption was the most dominant mode of extinction. The vapor concentration was most sensitive to the measurement of the infrared extinction ratio. An upper limit for the overall error in the vapor concentration measurement was estimated at 15% over the spray radius.
Author: S-x Shi
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 608
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Author: Emmanuel Kwasi Addai
Publisher: Western Engineering, Inc.
ISBN: 0991378229
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 265
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Book Description
Explosion hazards involving mixtures of different states of aggregation continue to occur in facilities where dusts, gases or solvents are handled or processed. In order to prevent or mitigate the risk associated with these mixtures, more knowledge of the explosion behavior of hybrid mixtures is required. The aim of this study is to undertake an extensive investigation on the explosion phenomenon of hybrid mixtures to obtain insight into the driving mechanisms and the explosion features affecting the course of hybrid mixture explosions. This was accomplished by performing an extensive experimental and theoretical investigation on the various explosion parameters such as: minimum ignition temperature, minimum ignition energy, limiting oxygen concentration, lower explosion limits and explosion severity. Mixtures of twenty combustible dusts ranging from food substances, metals, plastics, natural products, fuels and artificial materials; three gases; and six solvents were used to carry out this study. Three different standard equipments: the 20-liter sphere (for testing lower explosion limits, limiting oxygen concentration and explosion severity), the modified Hartmann apparatus (for testing minimum ignition energy) and the modified Godbert–Greenwald (GG) furnace (for testing minimum ignition temperature) were used. The test protocols were in accordance with the European standard procedures for dust testing for each parameter. However, modifications were made on each equipment in order to test the explosion properties of gases, solvents, and hybrid mixtures. The experimental results demonstrated a significant decrease of the minimum ignition temperature, minimum ignition energy and limiting oxygen concentration of gas or solvent and increase in the likelihood of explosion when a small amount of dust, which was either below the minimum explosion concentration or not ignitable by itself, was mixed with gas or solvent and vice versa. For example, methane with minimum ignition temperature of 600 °C decreased to 530 °C when 30 g/m3 of toner dust, which is 50 % below its minimum explosible concentration was, added. A similar explosion behavior was observed for minimum ignition energy and limiting oxygen concentration. Furthermore, it was generally observed that the addition of a non-explosible concentration of flammable gas or spray to a dust-air mixture increases the maximum explosion pressure to some extent and significantly increases the maximum rate of pressure rise of the dust mixture, even though the added concentrations of gases or vapor are below its lower explosion limit. Finally, it could be said that, one cannot rely on the explosion properties of a single substance to ensure full protection of an equipment or a process if substances with different states of aggregate are present.
Author: Kenneth K. Kuo
Publisher: AIAA
ISBN: 9781600864247
Category : Combustion
Languages : en
Pages : 488
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Author: L.P. Bayvel
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1351434950
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 488
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Book Description
Covering the basics of liquid atomization, this book familiarizes readers with the physical processes of liquid atomization, the main types of atomizers and their design, measurements of spray characteristics, experimental investigations of atomizers, and application of atomizers. It demonstrates how to calculate and design atomizers and how to mea
Author: Stephen N. Schmotolocha
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 101
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This report describes studies performed on mixing, ignition, flame stability limits and combustion of liquid injected hydrocarbon fuels in a coaxial dump burner. The effects of flow conditions, injection distance, inlet geometry, fuel type and piloting were investigated. It was found that ignition limits differ from lean blowout limits, and that stable flames could be sustained over much wider range than the homogeneous gaseous mixtures. Results also indicate that ignition and flame stability mechanisms are controlled by the vapor phase fuel concentration level in the addy zone similar to spray mixtures, and not the global fuel/air ratio as in the case of homogeneous gaseous mixtures. Fuel injection distance has a profound effect on ignition but not on blowout limits. The observations indicate that increasing inlet velocity, air temperature or relatively low energy piloting improves, even significantly, both the recirculation zone and the overall combustion performance. RJ-5, although more difficult to ignite, exhibits higher heat release rates than JP-4. (Modified author abstract).
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Aeronautics
Languages : en
Pages : 530
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Author: National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
ISBN: 9781721566822
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 36
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Book Description
An experimental investigation of lifted spray flames in a coflow of hot, vitiated gases is presented. The vitiated coflow burner is a spray flame that issues into a coaxial flow of hot combustion products from a lean, premixed H2/Air flame. The spray flame in a vitiated coflow emulates the combustion that occurs in many advanced combustors without the detailed fluid mechanics. Two commercially available laser diagnostic systems are used to characterize the spray flame and to demonstrate the vitiated coflow burner's amenability to optical investigation. The Ensemble Particle Concentration and Size (EPCS) system is used to measure the path-average droplet size distribution and liquid volume fraction at several axial locations while an extractive probe instrument named the Real-time Fuel-air Analyzer (RFA) is used to measure the air to fuel ratio downstream of the spray nozzle with high temporal and spatial resolution. The effect of coflow conditions (stoichiometry) and dilution of the fuel with water was studied with the EPCS optical system. As expected, results show that water retards the evaporation and combustion of fuels. Measurements obtained by the RFA extractive probe show that while the Delavan manufactured nozzle does distribute the fuel over the manufacturer specified spray angle, it unfortunately does not distribute the fuel uniformly, providing conditions that may result in the production of unwanted NOx. Despite some limitations due to the inherent nature of the experimental techniques, the two diagnostics can be readily applied to spray flames in the vitiated coflow environment. Cabra, Ricardo and Dibble, Robert W. and Chen, Jyh-Yuan Glenn Research Center NASA/CR-2002-212083, NAS 1.26:212083, E-13736
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Aeronautics
Languages : en
Pages : 502
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