Author: Burhan al-Din al-Marghinani
Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
ISBN: 9781541180734
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 570
Book Description
The Hidayah has dominated the field of Islamic jurisprudence since the day it was written over 800 years ago. It has been the primary text used by Muslim jurists to issue authentic and reliable rulings on Islamic law according to the school of Imam Abu Hanifah (d.150AH/767CE). The Hidayah commands such an authoritative position amongst the doctors of law that the knowledge of a scholar who has not read it is not considered reliable. Around 70 huge commentaries, some spread over more than a dozen volumes, have been written on it. The number of explanatory glosses is in the thousands. Comprehensive in content and conveniently organized, with the publication of this book all previous works that discussed Islamic jurisprudence according to Hanafi law became outmoded and soon fell into disuse. If revealed books are not taken into account, never has a book received so much attention as the Hidayah. This landmark publication of The Hidayah not only has been translated in its entirety for the first time but has been done so from Arabic, the language in which it was written.
Al-Hidayah
Author: Burhan al-Din al-Marghinani
Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
ISBN: 9781541180734
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 570
Book Description
The Hidayah has dominated the field of Islamic jurisprudence since the day it was written over 800 years ago. It has been the primary text used by Muslim jurists to issue authentic and reliable rulings on Islamic law according to the school of Imam Abu Hanifah (d.150AH/767CE). The Hidayah commands such an authoritative position amongst the doctors of law that the knowledge of a scholar who has not read it is not considered reliable. Around 70 huge commentaries, some spread over more than a dozen volumes, have been written on it. The number of explanatory glosses is in the thousands. Comprehensive in content and conveniently organized, with the publication of this book all previous works that discussed Islamic jurisprudence according to Hanafi law became outmoded and soon fell into disuse. If revealed books are not taken into account, never has a book received so much attention as the Hidayah. This landmark publication of The Hidayah not only has been translated in its entirety for the first time but has been done so from Arabic, the language in which it was written.
Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
ISBN: 9781541180734
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 570
Book Description
The Hidayah has dominated the field of Islamic jurisprudence since the day it was written over 800 years ago. It has been the primary text used by Muslim jurists to issue authentic and reliable rulings on Islamic law according to the school of Imam Abu Hanifah (d.150AH/767CE). The Hidayah commands such an authoritative position amongst the doctors of law that the knowledge of a scholar who has not read it is not considered reliable. Around 70 huge commentaries, some spread over more than a dozen volumes, have been written on it. The number of explanatory glosses is in the thousands. Comprehensive in content and conveniently organized, with the publication of this book all previous works that discussed Islamic jurisprudence according to Hanafi law became outmoded and soon fell into disuse. If revealed books are not taken into account, never has a book received so much attention as the Hidayah. This landmark publication of The Hidayah not only has been translated in its entirety for the first time but has been done so from Arabic, the language in which it was written.
Al- Hidaya (The Guidance) Vol 1
Author: Burhan Al Din Al Farghani Al Marghinani
Publisher:
ISBN: 9789388850209
Category : Fiction
Languages : en
Pages : 700
Book Description
The Hidayah has dominated the field of Islamic jurisprudence since the day it was written over 800 years ago. It has been the primary text used by Muslims jurist to issue authentic and reliable rulingson Islamic law according to the school of Imam Abu Hanifa (d 150H/767CE). The Hidayah commands such an authoritative position amonst the doctors of law that the knowledge of a scholar hoa has not read it is not considered reliable. It has been a standard text in the curricula of Islamic law schools since the 12th century. It was first translated into English by Charles Hamilton in 1791. Around 70 hude commentaries, some spread over more than a dozen volumes have been written on it. The number of explanatory glosses is in thousands. Comprehensive in content and conveniently organized, with the publication of this all previous workds that discussed Islamic jurisprudence according to the Hanafi law become outmoded and soon fell into disuse. If revealed books are not taken into account, never has a book received so much attention as the Hidayah. This landmark publication of the HIdayah not only has been translated in its entirety for the first time but has been done so from Arabic, the language in which it was written.
Publisher:
ISBN: 9789388850209
Category : Fiction
Languages : en
Pages : 700
Book Description
The Hidayah has dominated the field of Islamic jurisprudence since the day it was written over 800 years ago. It has been the primary text used by Muslims jurist to issue authentic and reliable rulingson Islamic law according to the school of Imam Abu Hanifa (d 150H/767CE). The Hidayah commands such an authoritative position amonst the doctors of law that the knowledge of a scholar hoa has not read it is not considered reliable. It has been a standard text in the curricula of Islamic law schools since the 12th century. It was first translated into English by Charles Hamilton in 1791. Around 70 hude commentaries, some spread over more than a dozen volumes have been written on it. The number of explanatory glosses is in thousands. Comprehensive in content and conveniently organized, with the publication of this all previous workds that discussed Islamic jurisprudence according to the Hanafi law become outmoded and soon fell into disuse. If revealed books are not taken into account, never has a book received so much attention as the Hidayah. This landmark publication of the HIdayah not only has been translated in its entirety for the first time but has been done so from Arabic, the language in which it was written.
Al-Hidayah
Author: Burhan al-Din al-Marghinani
Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
ISBN: 9781541181212
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 736
Book Description
The Hidayah has dominated the field of Islamic jurisprudence since the day it was written over 800 years ago. It has been the primary text used by Muslim jurists to issue authentic and reliable rulings on Islamic law according to the school of Imam Abu Hanifah (d.150AH/767CE). The Hidayah commands such an authoritative position amongst the doctors of law that the knowledge of a scholar who has not read it is not considered reliable. Around 70 huge commentaries, some spread over more than a dozen volumes, have been written on it. The number of explanatory glosses is in the thousands. Comprehensive in content and conveniently organized, with the publication of this book all previous works that discussed Islamic jurisprudence according to Hanafi law became outmoded and soon fell into disuse. If revealed books are not taken into account, never has a book received so much attention as the Hidayah. This landmark publication of The Hidayah not only has been translated in its entirety for the first time but has been done so from Arabic, the language in which it was written.
Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
ISBN: 9781541181212
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 736
Book Description
The Hidayah has dominated the field of Islamic jurisprudence since the day it was written over 800 years ago. It has been the primary text used by Muslim jurists to issue authentic and reliable rulings on Islamic law according to the school of Imam Abu Hanifah (d.150AH/767CE). The Hidayah commands such an authoritative position amongst the doctors of law that the knowledge of a scholar who has not read it is not considered reliable. Around 70 huge commentaries, some spread over more than a dozen volumes, have been written on it. The number of explanatory glosses is in the thousands. Comprehensive in content and conveniently organized, with the publication of this book all previous works that discussed Islamic jurisprudence according to Hanafi law became outmoded and soon fell into disuse. If revealed books are not taken into account, never has a book received so much attention as the Hidayah. This landmark publication of The Hidayah not only has been translated in its entirety for the first time but has been done so from Arabic, the language in which it was written.
Al - Hidayah (The Guidance)
Author: Burhan Ad-Din Al-Farghani Al-Marghinani
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781548192167
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 700
Book Description
The Hidayah has dominated the field of Islamic jurisprudence since the day it was written over 800 years ago. It has been the primary text used by Muslims jurist to issue authentic and reliable rulings on Islamic law according to the school of Imam Abu Hanifa (d 150H/767CE). The Hidayah commands such an authoritative position amongst the doctors of law that the knowledge of a scholar who has not read it is not considered reliable. It has been a standard text in the curricula of Islamic law schools since the 12th century. It was first translated into English by Charles Hamilton in 1791. Around 70 huge commentaries, some spread over more than a dozen volumes have been written on it. The number of explanatory glosses is in thousands. Comprehensive in content and conveniently organized, with the publication of this all previous works that discussed Islamic jurisprudence according to the Hanafi law become outmoded and soon fell into disuse. If revealed books are not taken into account, never has a book received so much attention as the Hidayah. This landmark publication of the Hidayah not only has been translated in its entirety for the first time but has been done so from Arabic, the language in which it was written. The author, Shaykh Al Islam, Burhan Al-Din Marghanani (d 593 AH/ 1197 CE) was considered to be the leading jurist of the Muslim world in his times. "The hidayah is justly celebrated as the most practical and useful summary compilation of Hanafi jurisprudence. It has been a standard text in the curricula of Islamic law schools since the 12th century. It was first translated by Charles Hamilton in 1791. A new translation into modern English has been long overdue. This translation by Imran Ahsan Khan Nyazee is both precise and straight forward. With his knowledge of Islamic law and jurispudence combined with his command of both the Arabic and English languages, he has conveyed the meaning of the original with great clarity. The hidayah is a dense work, intended for use in teaching Hanafi fiqh - it is a work that needs explication if its arguments are to be understood fully. This the translator has provided through this valuable notes" Dr Mohammad Akram Nadwi, research fellow, Oxford centre for Islamic studies, Oxford
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781548192167
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 700
Book Description
The Hidayah has dominated the field of Islamic jurisprudence since the day it was written over 800 years ago. It has been the primary text used by Muslims jurist to issue authentic and reliable rulings on Islamic law according to the school of Imam Abu Hanifa (d 150H/767CE). The Hidayah commands such an authoritative position amongst the doctors of law that the knowledge of a scholar who has not read it is not considered reliable. It has been a standard text in the curricula of Islamic law schools since the 12th century. It was first translated into English by Charles Hamilton in 1791. Around 70 huge commentaries, some spread over more than a dozen volumes have been written on it. The number of explanatory glosses is in thousands. Comprehensive in content and conveniently organized, with the publication of this all previous works that discussed Islamic jurisprudence according to the Hanafi law become outmoded and soon fell into disuse. If revealed books are not taken into account, never has a book received so much attention as the Hidayah. This landmark publication of the Hidayah not only has been translated in its entirety for the first time but has been done so from Arabic, the language in which it was written. The author, Shaykh Al Islam, Burhan Al-Din Marghanani (d 593 AH/ 1197 CE) was considered to be the leading jurist of the Muslim world in his times. "The hidayah is justly celebrated as the most practical and useful summary compilation of Hanafi jurisprudence. It has been a standard text in the curricula of Islamic law schools since the 12th century. It was first translated by Charles Hamilton in 1791. A new translation into modern English has been long overdue. This translation by Imran Ahsan Khan Nyazee is both precise and straight forward. With his knowledge of Islamic law and jurispudence combined with his command of both the Arabic and English languages, he has conveyed the meaning of the original with great clarity. The hidayah is a dense work, intended for use in teaching Hanafi fiqh - it is a work that needs explication if its arguments are to be understood fully. This the translator has provided through this valuable notes" Dr Mohammad Akram Nadwi, research fellow, Oxford centre for Islamic studies, Oxford
Al - Hidayah (The Guidance)
Author: Burhan Ad-Din Al-Farghani Al-Marghinani
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 418
Book Description
The Hidayah has dominated the field of Islamic jurisprudence since the day it was written over 800 years ago. It has been the primary text used by Muslims jurist to issue authentic and reliable rulings on Islamic law according to the school of Imam Abu Hanifa (d 150H/767CE). The Hidayah commands such an authoritative position amongst the doctors of law that the knowledge of a scholar who has not read it is not considered reliable. It has been a standard text in the curricula of Islamic law schools since the 12th century. It was first translated into English by Charles Hamilton in 1791. Around 70 huge commentaries, some spread over more than a dozen volumes have been written on it. The number of explanatory glosses is in thousands. Comprehensive in content and conveniently organized, with the publication of this all previous works that discussed Islamic jurisprudence according to the Hanafi law become outmoded and soon fell into disuse. If revealed books are not taken into account, never has a book received so much attention as the Hidayah. This landmark publication of the Hidayah not only has been translated in its entirety for the first time but has been done so from Arabic, the language in which it was written. The author, Shaykh Al Islam, Burhan Al-Din Marghanani (d 593 AH/ 1197 CE) was considered to be the leading jurist of the Muslim world in his times. "The hidayah is justly celebrated as the most practical and useful summary compilation of Hanafi jurisprudence. It has been a standard text in the curricula of Islamic law schools since the 12th century. It was first translated by Charles Hamilton in 1791. A new translation into modern English has been long overdue. This translation by Imran Ahsan Khan Nyazee is both precise and straight forward. With his knowledge of Islamic law and jurispudence combined with his command of both the Arabic and English languages, he has conveyed the meaning of the original with great clarity. The hidayah is a dense work, intended for use in teaching Hanafi fiqh - it is a work that needs explication if its arguments are to be understood fully. This the translator has provided through this valuable notes" Dr Mohammad Akram Nadwi, research fellow, Oxford centre for Islamic studies, Oxford
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 418
Book Description
The Hidayah has dominated the field of Islamic jurisprudence since the day it was written over 800 years ago. It has been the primary text used by Muslims jurist to issue authentic and reliable rulings on Islamic law according to the school of Imam Abu Hanifa (d 150H/767CE). The Hidayah commands such an authoritative position amongst the doctors of law that the knowledge of a scholar who has not read it is not considered reliable. It has been a standard text in the curricula of Islamic law schools since the 12th century. It was first translated into English by Charles Hamilton in 1791. Around 70 huge commentaries, some spread over more than a dozen volumes have been written on it. The number of explanatory glosses is in thousands. Comprehensive in content and conveniently organized, with the publication of this all previous works that discussed Islamic jurisprudence according to the Hanafi law become outmoded and soon fell into disuse. If revealed books are not taken into account, never has a book received so much attention as the Hidayah. This landmark publication of the Hidayah not only has been translated in its entirety for the first time but has been done so from Arabic, the language in which it was written. The author, Shaykh Al Islam, Burhan Al-Din Marghanani (d 593 AH/ 1197 CE) was considered to be the leading jurist of the Muslim world in his times. "The hidayah is justly celebrated as the most practical and useful summary compilation of Hanafi jurisprudence. It has been a standard text in the curricula of Islamic law schools since the 12th century. It was first translated by Charles Hamilton in 1791. A new translation into modern English has been long overdue. This translation by Imran Ahsan Khan Nyazee is both precise and straight forward. With his knowledge of Islamic law and jurispudence combined with his command of both the Arabic and English languages, he has conveyed the meaning of the original with great clarity. The hidayah is a dense work, intended for use in teaching Hanafi fiqh - it is a work that needs explication if its arguments are to be understood fully. This the translator has provided through this valuable notes" Dr Mohammad Akram Nadwi, research fellow, Oxford centre for Islamic studies, Oxford
Haféz
Author: Haleh Pourafzal
Publisher: Simon and Schuster
ISBN: 1594776148
Category : Body, Mind & Spirit
Languages : en
Pages : 305
Book Description
An exploration of the Persian poet’s spiritual philosophy, with original translations of his poetry • Features extensive insight into the meanings and contexts of the poetry and philosophies of this spiritual teacher • Includes over 30 complete poems by Haféz, including “The Wild Deer,” often regarded as his masterpiece For 600 years the Persian poet Haféz has been read, recited, quoted, and loved by millions of people in his homeland and throughout the world. Like his predecessor Rumi, he is a spiritual guide in our search for life’s essence. Haféz is both a mystic philosopher and a heartfelt poet of desires and fears. Haféz: Teachings of the Philosopher of Love is the perfect introduction to the man known as the philosopher of love, whose message of spiritual transcendence through rapture and service to others is especially important to our troubled world. His wisdom speaks directly to the cutting edge of philosophy, psychology, social theory, and education and can serve as a bridge of understanding between the West and the Middle East, two cultures in desperate need of mutual empathy.
Publisher: Simon and Schuster
ISBN: 1594776148
Category : Body, Mind & Spirit
Languages : en
Pages : 305
Book Description
An exploration of the Persian poet’s spiritual philosophy, with original translations of his poetry • Features extensive insight into the meanings and contexts of the poetry and philosophies of this spiritual teacher • Includes over 30 complete poems by Haféz, including “The Wild Deer,” often regarded as his masterpiece For 600 years the Persian poet Haféz has been read, recited, quoted, and loved by millions of people in his homeland and throughout the world. Like his predecessor Rumi, he is a spiritual guide in our search for life’s essence. Haféz is both a mystic philosopher and a heartfelt poet of desires and fears. Haféz: Teachings of the Philosopher of Love is the perfect introduction to the man known as the philosopher of love, whose message of spiritual transcendence through rapture and service to others is especially important to our troubled world. His wisdom speaks directly to the cutting edge of philosophy, psychology, social theory, and education and can serve as a bridge of understanding between the West and the Middle East, two cultures in desperate need of mutual empathy.
The Beginning of Guidance
Author: Ghazzālī
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781933764061
Category : Islam
Languages : en
Pages : 171
Book Description
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781933764061
Category : Islam
Languages : en
Pages : 171
Book Description
The Hedaya, Or Guide
Author: ʻAlī ibn Abī Bakr Marghīnānī
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Hanafites
Languages : en
Pages : 874
Book Description
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Hanafites
Languages : en
Pages : 874
Book Description
Ibn Al Qayyim
Author: Umar Quinn
Publisher: Independently Published
ISBN: 9781723820670
Category : Religion
Languages : en
Pages : 78
Book Description
This is a course workbook for the study of Ibn al Qayyim's tremendous advice for himself and the people of Sunnah from his Nuniyyah. The advice consists of 73 verses of poetry that cover a variety of topics that are of the utmost importance for every Muslim.The great scholar 'Abd al-Raḥmān bin Nāṣir al-Sa'dī said the following about the importance of studying Ibn al Qayyim's tremendous advice to the people of the Sunnah: "(Ibn al Qayyim) here engages in a beneficial introduction and comprehensive advice that every student of knowledge is in need of, regardless of whether (his studies) pertain toknowledge of the fundamentals or of the secondary tenets. Better yet, it is fitting to be assigned precedence over the subject matter of the etiquette of the scholar and the student. This is because it entails such pieces of advice needed by every person desiring success in both worlds."The following are the main points covered in the poem [taken from the table of contents]:The Beginning of the Advice 9Support the Waḥyayn & Oppose its Opponents 10Be Genuine, Sincere, & Patient 11Brandish the Best Weapon against Falsehood 12Boldly Advance the Truth, Knowing Allah Fulfills His Promise 13Do Not Be Afraid, The Angels Reinforce the People of Sunnah 14Contrast Between the Two Sides 15Remember the Past & Expose their Vulnerabilities 16Don't Fear their Number & Preoccupy them with Each Other 17Don't Be Intimidated, Be Firm, & Do Not Engage without Support 18Once Authority & Support Arrives, then Move Against Falsehood 19Ridding Yourself of Two Destructive Traits 20Incorporate Objectiveness, Fear of Allah, & Genuineness towards the Rasūl 21al-Tawakkul -- Reliance on Allah 22The Magnificence of the Truth 23The Truth is Victorious & Trialled 24The Final Outcome Favors the People of Truth 25The Two Hijrahs 26The First: Sincerity 27The Second: Following the Sunnah 28Judging with Justice 29The Book & the Sunnah are The Arbiters in all Disputes 30The Sunni Stance towards Callers to Falsehood 31Do not be fooled by their Numbers & Commotion 32The True Key to Victory 33The Secret to Courage 34Select Worthy Opponents 35Golden Advice from an Experienced Person 36Sincere Boycotting 37Beautiful Patience, Pardoning, & Ostracizing 38Remembering that Everything Happens by Allah's Decree 39The Two Eyes of the Heart 40Crying Because of Fearing Allah & Gratitude for Guidance 41Be on Guard against The Inner Defects of Your Soul 42Allah has Promised Victory for the Truth & its People 43Conclusion of the Advice 44
Publisher: Independently Published
ISBN: 9781723820670
Category : Religion
Languages : en
Pages : 78
Book Description
This is a course workbook for the study of Ibn al Qayyim's tremendous advice for himself and the people of Sunnah from his Nuniyyah. The advice consists of 73 verses of poetry that cover a variety of topics that are of the utmost importance for every Muslim.The great scholar 'Abd al-Raḥmān bin Nāṣir al-Sa'dī said the following about the importance of studying Ibn al Qayyim's tremendous advice to the people of the Sunnah: "(Ibn al Qayyim) here engages in a beneficial introduction and comprehensive advice that every student of knowledge is in need of, regardless of whether (his studies) pertain toknowledge of the fundamentals or of the secondary tenets. Better yet, it is fitting to be assigned precedence over the subject matter of the etiquette of the scholar and the student. This is because it entails such pieces of advice needed by every person desiring success in both worlds."The following are the main points covered in the poem [taken from the table of contents]:The Beginning of the Advice 9Support the Waḥyayn & Oppose its Opponents 10Be Genuine, Sincere, & Patient 11Brandish the Best Weapon against Falsehood 12Boldly Advance the Truth, Knowing Allah Fulfills His Promise 13Do Not Be Afraid, The Angels Reinforce the People of Sunnah 14Contrast Between the Two Sides 15Remember the Past & Expose their Vulnerabilities 16Don't Fear their Number & Preoccupy them with Each Other 17Don't Be Intimidated, Be Firm, & Do Not Engage without Support 18Once Authority & Support Arrives, then Move Against Falsehood 19Ridding Yourself of Two Destructive Traits 20Incorporate Objectiveness, Fear of Allah, & Genuineness towards the Rasūl 21al-Tawakkul -- Reliance on Allah 22The Magnificence of the Truth 23The Truth is Victorious & Trialled 24The Final Outcome Favors the People of Truth 25The Two Hijrahs 26The First: Sincerity 27The Second: Following the Sunnah 28Judging with Justice 29The Book & the Sunnah are The Arbiters in all Disputes 30The Sunni Stance towards Callers to Falsehood 31Do not be fooled by their Numbers & Commotion 32The True Key to Victory 33The Secret to Courage 34Select Worthy Opponents 35Golden Advice from an Experienced Person 36Sincere Boycotting 37Beautiful Patience, Pardoning, & Ostracizing 38Remembering that Everything Happens by Allah's Decree 39The Two Eyes of the Heart 40Crying Because of Fearing Allah & Gratitude for Guidance 41Be on Guard against The Inner Defects of Your Soul 42Allah has Promised Victory for the Truth & its People 43Conclusion of the Advice 44
Al- Hidaya (The Guidance) Vol 2
Author: Burhan Al Din Al Farghani Al Marghinani
Publisher:
ISBN: 9789388850216
Category : Fiction
Languages : en
Pages : 420
Book Description
The Hidayah has dominated the field of Islamic jurisprudence since the day it was written over 800 years ago. It has been the primary text used by Muslims jurist to issue authentic and reliable rulingson Islamic law according to the school of Imam Abu Hanifa (d 150H/767CE). The Hidayah commands such an authoritative position amonst the doctors of law that the knowledge of a scholar hoa has not read it is not considered reliable. It has been a standard text in the curricula of Islamic law schools since the 12th century. It was first translated into English by Charles Hamilton in 1791. Around 70 hude commentaries, some spread over more than a dozen volumes have been written on it. The number of explanatory glosses is in thousands. Comprehensive in content and conveniently organized, with the publication of this all previous workds that discussed Islamic jurisprudence according to the Hanafi law become outmoded and soon fell into disuse. If revealed books are not taken into account, never has a book received so much attention as the Hidayah. This landmark publication of the HIdayah not only has been translated in its entirety for the first time but has been done so from Arabic, the language in which it was written.
Publisher:
ISBN: 9789388850216
Category : Fiction
Languages : en
Pages : 420
Book Description
The Hidayah has dominated the field of Islamic jurisprudence since the day it was written over 800 years ago. It has been the primary text used by Muslims jurist to issue authentic and reliable rulingson Islamic law according to the school of Imam Abu Hanifa (d 150H/767CE). The Hidayah commands such an authoritative position amonst the doctors of law that the knowledge of a scholar hoa has not read it is not considered reliable. It has been a standard text in the curricula of Islamic law schools since the 12th century. It was first translated into English by Charles Hamilton in 1791. Around 70 hude commentaries, some spread over more than a dozen volumes have been written on it. The number of explanatory glosses is in thousands. Comprehensive in content and conveniently organized, with the publication of this all previous workds that discussed Islamic jurisprudence according to the Hanafi law become outmoded and soon fell into disuse. If revealed books are not taken into account, never has a book received so much attention as the Hidayah. This landmark publication of the HIdayah not only has been translated in its entirety for the first time but has been done so from Arabic, the language in which it was written.