Author: Yisheng Zhang
Publisher: World Scientific
ISBN: 9813277998
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 631
Book Description
The automotive industry requirements for vehicle weight reduction, weight containment, improved part functionality and passenger safety have resulted in the increased use of steel grades with a fully martensitic microstructure. These steel grades are essential to improve the anti-intrusion resistance of automotive body parts and the related passenger safety during car collisions. Standard advanced high strength steel (AHSS) grades are notoriously difficult to be formed by cold stamping; they are characterized by elastic springback, poor stretch flangeability and low hole expansion ratios. Hot stamping has therefore received much attention recently as an alternative technology to produce AHSS automotive parts.In this book, selected articles from the Fourth International Conference on Advanced High Strength Steel and Press Hardening held on August 20-22th, 2018 in Hefei, China, are compiled. It focuses on AHSS for the development of press hardening of high performance sheet metal for lightweight vehicle, advanced digital manufacturing technology, as well as the physical metallurgy principles of the hot stamping process.Aiming at the process design and industrial application for hot stamping of press hardened steel and high strength aluminium alloy sheet, the effect of temperature and strain rate on the formability and mechanical properties of the products is discussed. In addition, more practical cases are provided concerning accurate modelling and multi-physics coupling simulation of the hot stamping process. Furthermore, the influence of tool design on forming process, more precise process control strategies to increase production efficiency, and the improvement of hot stamping equipment by advanced design methods will also be presented.
Advanced High Strength Steel And Press Hardening - Proceedings Of The 4th International Conference On Advanced High Strength Steel And Press Hardening (Ichsu2018)
Author: Yisheng Zhang
Publisher: World Scientific
ISBN: 9813277998
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 631
Book Description
The automotive industry requirements for vehicle weight reduction, weight containment, improved part functionality and passenger safety have resulted in the increased use of steel grades with a fully martensitic microstructure. These steel grades are essential to improve the anti-intrusion resistance of automotive body parts and the related passenger safety during car collisions. Standard advanced high strength steel (AHSS) grades are notoriously difficult to be formed by cold stamping; they are characterized by elastic springback, poor stretch flangeability and low hole expansion ratios. Hot stamping has therefore received much attention recently as an alternative technology to produce AHSS automotive parts.In this book, selected articles from the Fourth International Conference on Advanced High Strength Steel and Press Hardening held on August 20-22th, 2018 in Hefei, China, are compiled. It focuses on AHSS for the development of press hardening of high performance sheet metal for lightweight vehicle, advanced digital manufacturing technology, as well as the physical metallurgy principles of the hot stamping process.Aiming at the process design and industrial application for hot stamping of press hardened steel and high strength aluminium alloy sheet, the effect of temperature and strain rate on the formability and mechanical properties of the products is discussed. In addition, more practical cases are provided concerning accurate modelling and multi-physics coupling simulation of the hot stamping process. Furthermore, the influence of tool design on forming process, more precise process control strategies to increase production efficiency, and the improvement of hot stamping equipment by advanced design methods will also be presented.
Publisher: World Scientific
ISBN: 9813277998
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 631
Book Description
The automotive industry requirements for vehicle weight reduction, weight containment, improved part functionality and passenger safety have resulted in the increased use of steel grades with a fully martensitic microstructure. These steel grades are essential to improve the anti-intrusion resistance of automotive body parts and the related passenger safety during car collisions. Standard advanced high strength steel (AHSS) grades are notoriously difficult to be formed by cold stamping; they are characterized by elastic springback, poor stretch flangeability and low hole expansion ratios. Hot stamping has therefore received much attention recently as an alternative technology to produce AHSS automotive parts.In this book, selected articles from the Fourth International Conference on Advanced High Strength Steel and Press Hardening held on August 20-22th, 2018 in Hefei, China, are compiled. It focuses on AHSS for the development of press hardening of high performance sheet metal for lightweight vehicle, advanced digital manufacturing technology, as well as the physical metallurgy principles of the hot stamping process.Aiming at the process design and industrial application for hot stamping of press hardened steel and high strength aluminium alloy sheet, the effect of temperature and strain rate on the formability and mechanical properties of the products is discussed. In addition, more practical cases are provided concerning accurate modelling and multi-physics coupling simulation of the hot stamping process. Furthermore, the influence of tool design on forming process, more precise process control strategies to increase production efficiency, and the improvement of hot stamping equipment by advanced design methods will also be presented.
Italian Manufacturing Association Conference
Author: Luigi Maria Galantucci
Publisher: Materials Research Forum LLC
ISBN: 1644902710
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 514
Book Description
The book presents new advances in the field of manufacturing technologies. It focuses on the design and engineering of manufacturing processes; additive manufacturing and reverse engineering; assembly, disassembly and circular processes; system simulation, optimization and digital manufacturing; and materials processing technology. Keywords: Human Robot, Short Term Production Planning, Thermoplastic Composite Components, Compostable Materials, Diffusion Bonding, Superplastic Forming, Hardening Technologies, Physical Simulation Tests, Numerical Model, Dissimilar Material Welding, Additive Manufacturing, Laser Powder Bed Fusion, Fused Deposition Modeling, Laser Sintering, Fused Filament Fabrication, Manufacturing System Laser Welding, Wind Blades, Bandsaw Machine, PVC Tubes, Submerged Arc Welding, Multi-Layered Coatings, Cryogenics, Metal Piercing, Picosecond Laser Processing, Carbon Nanotube; Fiber Reinforced Composites, Tools With Complex Geometry. Carbon/Epoxy Composite, Rheological Additives, PP/flax Fibers, Human Well-being, Extruded Rods & Pipes, Laser Welding, E-mobility, WAAM Process, Glass Fiber.
Publisher: Materials Research Forum LLC
ISBN: 1644902710
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 514
Book Description
The book presents new advances in the field of manufacturing technologies. It focuses on the design and engineering of manufacturing processes; additive manufacturing and reverse engineering; assembly, disassembly and circular processes; system simulation, optimization and digital manufacturing; and materials processing technology. Keywords: Human Robot, Short Term Production Planning, Thermoplastic Composite Components, Compostable Materials, Diffusion Bonding, Superplastic Forming, Hardening Technologies, Physical Simulation Tests, Numerical Model, Dissimilar Material Welding, Additive Manufacturing, Laser Powder Bed Fusion, Fused Deposition Modeling, Laser Sintering, Fused Filament Fabrication, Manufacturing System Laser Welding, Wind Blades, Bandsaw Machine, PVC Tubes, Submerged Arc Welding, Multi-Layered Coatings, Cryogenics, Metal Piercing, Picosecond Laser Processing, Carbon Nanotube; Fiber Reinforced Composites, Tools With Complex Geometry. Carbon/Epoxy Composite, Rheological Additives, PP/flax Fibers, Human Well-being, Extruded Rods & Pipes, Laser Welding, E-mobility, WAAM Process, Glass Fiber.
ICAMDMS 2024
Author: Rangasamy Rudramoorthy
Publisher: European Alliance for Innovation
ISBN: 1631904728
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 538
Book Description
We, the Department of Production Engineering, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India, are delighted to introduce the proceedings of the International Conference on the Advancements in Materials, Design, and Manufacturing for Sustainable Development ICAMDMS 2024. The conference proceedings encapsulate the knowledge of diverse insights and cutting-edge research shared by the participants of the conference in significant domains such as materials, design, manufacturing, industrial and production engineering converging on the theme of sustainable development. The technical program of ICAMDMS 2024 consists of 46 full papers, including nine oral presentation sessions at the main conference themes. The conference themes are: Track 1 – Advanced Materials; Track 2 - Design; Track 3 - Manufacturing; and Track 4 – Industrial and Production Engineering. Aside from the high-quality technical paper presentations, the technical program also featured eight keynote lectures. The eight keynote speakers are (1) Dr. Redouane Zitoune from Paul Sabatier University, Toulose-III, France, (2) Dr. Jinyang Xu from Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China, (3) Dr. Juan Pablo from Escobedo-Daiz UNSW, Canberra, Australia, (4) Dr. Santhakumar Mohan from IIT Palakkad, (5) Dr. Afzaal Ahmed from IIT Palakkad, (6) Dr. Ravi K R from IIT Jodhpur, (7) Mr. Vijay V from Lakshmi Machine Works – Advanced Technology Center, Coimbatore and (8) Ms. Thangamalar from Research and Development, Tractors and Farm Equipment (TAFE), Chennai. The Conference was enlightened with an industrial talk by Dr. S. Chandrasekar, Corporate Director, Roots Group of Companies, Coimbatore. ICAMDMS 2024 was sponsored by Propel Industries Pvt. Ltd., Coimbatore, PSG Centre for Academic Research and Excellence, Coimbatore, Janatics India Pvt. Ltd., Coimbatore, Baarga Die Castings, Coimbatore, Crossfields Water Purifiers Pvt. Ltd., Coimbatore, TESA Technology, Coimbatore, Guruvayurappan Textile Pvt. Ltd., Udumalpet, Sakthi Gear Products, Coimbatore and 2017-21 and 2018-22 alumni of the Department of Production Engineering. In this compendium, one can find a wealth of knowledge covering advanced materials, innovative designs, and sustainable manufacturing practices. We extend our gratitude to the Management & Principal - PSGCT, Head of the Department – Production Engineering, ICAMDMS 2024 advisory committee, conference committee, sponsors, participants, faculty members, staff, and students who have contributed to the ICAMDMS 2024 and made it a platform for meaningful discourse. As we delve into this intellectual journey, we anticipate that this proceeding will be a valuable resource for researchers, academicians, and professionals worldwide, fostering collaboration and inspiring future endeavors toward achieving a sustainable environment. Dr R Rudramoorthy, Dr. M. Senthilkumar, Dr. M. R. Pratheesh Kumar, Dr. J. Pradeep Kumar Dr. R. Rajamani and Dr.J.Baskaran
Publisher: European Alliance for Innovation
ISBN: 1631904728
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 538
Book Description
We, the Department of Production Engineering, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India, are delighted to introduce the proceedings of the International Conference on the Advancements in Materials, Design, and Manufacturing for Sustainable Development ICAMDMS 2024. The conference proceedings encapsulate the knowledge of diverse insights and cutting-edge research shared by the participants of the conference in significant domains such as materials, design, manufacturing, industrial and production engineering converging on the theme of sustainable development. The technical program of ICAMDMS 2024 consists of 46 full papers, including nine oral presentation sessions at the main conference themes. The conference themes are: Track 1 – Advanced Materials; Track 2 - Design; Track 3 - Manufacturing; and Track 4 – Industrial and Production Engineering. Aside from the high-quality technical paper presentations, the technical program also featured eight keynote lectures. The eight keynote speakers are (1) Dr. Redouane Zitoune from Paul Sabatier University, Toulose-III, France, (2) Dr. Jinyang Xu from Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China, (3) Dr. Juan Pablo from Escobedo-Daiz UNSW, Canberra, Australia, (4) Dr. Santhakumar Mohan from IIT Palakkad, (5) Dr. Afzaal Ahmed from IIT Palakkad, (6) Dr. Ravi K R from IIT Jodhpur, (7) Mr. Vijay V from Lakshmi Machine Works – Advanced Technology Center, Coimbatore and (8) Ms. Thangamalar from Research and Development, Tractors and Farm Equipment (TAFE), Chennai. The Conference was enlightened with an industrial talk by Dr. S. Chandrasekar, Corporate Director, Roots Group of Companies, Coimbatore. ICAMDMS 2024 was sponsored by Propel Industries Pvt. Ltd., Coimbatore, PSG Centre for Academic Research and Excellence, Coimbatore, Janatics India Pvt. Ltd., Coimbatore, Baarga Die Castings, Coimbatore, Crossfields Water Purifiers Pvt. Ltd., Coimbatore, TESA Technology, Coimbatore, Guruvayurappan Textile Pvt. Ltd., Udumalpet, Sakthi Gear Products, Coimbatore and 2017-21 and 2018-22 alumni of the Department of Production Engineering. In this compendium, one can find a wealth of knowledge covering advanced materials, innovative designs, and sustainable manufacturing practices. We extend our gratitude to the Management & Principal - PSGCT, Head of the Department – Production Engineering, ICAMDMS 2024 advisory committee, conference committee, sponsors, participants, faculty members, staff, and students who have contributed to the ICAMDMS 2024 and made it a platform for meaningful discourse. As we delve into this intellectual journey, we anticipate that this proceeding will be a valuable resource for researchers, academicians, and professionals worldwide, fostering collaboration and inspiring future endeavors toward achieving a sustainable environment. Dr R Rudramoorthy, Dr. M. Senthilkumar, Dr. M. R. Pratheesh Kumar, Dr. J. Pradeep Kumar Dr. R. Rajamani and Dr.J.Baskaran
Advanced High Strength Steel And Press Hardening - Proceedings Of The 3rd International Conference On Advanced High Strength Steel And Press Hardening (Ichsu2016)
Author: Yisheng Zhang
Publisher: World Scientific
ISBN: 9813207310
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 579
Book Description
This proceedings brings together seventy seven selected papers presented at the 3rd International Conference on Advanced High Strength Steel and Press Hardening (ICHSU2016), which was held in Xi’an, China, during August 25-27, 2016.In this rapid growing market in advanced high strength steel and press hardening, in particularly demand from automotive industry and sustainability community to develop light-weight materials for Body in white or BIW, has motivated us to organize ICHSU2016, soon after the successful conclusion of our ICHSU2015 last year to encourage experts all over the world to get together again to exchange note and ideas as how to move the R&D in press hardening technology forward in the new era.The purpose of holding ICHSU2016 is to satisfy the increasingly urgent requirement of reducing the weight of vehicle structures and increasing passenger safety. This conference arouses great interests and attentions from domestic and foreign researchers in hot stamping field, of the articles accepted, covering almost all the current topics of advanced high strength steel and press hardening technology, which includes materials & testing, modeling & simulation, process design, tribology & tools, equipment and product properties.
Publisher: World Scientific
ISBN: 9813207310
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 579
Book Description
This proceedings brings together seventy seven selected papers presented at the 3rd International Conference on Advanced High Strength Steel and Press Hardening (ICHSU2016), which was held in Xi’an, China, during August 25-27, 2016.In this rapid growing market in advanced high strength steel and press hardening, in particularly demand from automotive industry and sustainability community to develop light-weight materials for Body in white or BIW, has motivated us to organize ICHSU2016, soon after the successful conclusion of our ICHSU2015 last year to encourage experts all over the world to get together again to exchange note and ideas as how to move the R&D in press hardening technology forward in the new era.The purpose of holding ICHSU2016 is to satisfy the increasingly urgent requirement of reducing the weight of vehicle structures and increasing passenger safety. This conference arouses great interests and attentions from domestic and foreign researchers in hot stamping field, of the articles accepted, covering almost all the current topics of advanced high strength steel and press hardening technology, which includes materials & testing, modeling & simulation, process design, tribology & tools, equipment and product properties.
Advanced High Strength Steel and Press Hardening
Author: Yisheng Zhang
Publisher: World Scientific Publishing Company
ISBN: 9789813140615
Category : Hard-facing
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
This proceedings brings together one hundred and ten selected papers presented at the 2nd International Conference on Advanced High Strength Steel and Press Hardening (ICHSU2015), which was held in Changsha, China, during October 1518, 2015. To satisfy the increasingly urgent requirement of reducing the weight of vehicle structures and increasing passenger safety, ICHSU2015 provided an excellent international platform for researchers to share their knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of advanced high strength steel and press hardening technology. This conference aroused great interests and attentions from domestic and foreign researchers in hot stamping field. Experts in this field from Australia, China, Germany and Sweden, contributed to the collection of research results and developments. The papers cover almost all the current topics of advanced high strength steel and press hardening technology.
Publisher: World Scientific Publishing Company
ISBN: 9789813140615
Category : Hard-facing
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
This proceedings brings together one hundred and ten selected papers presented at the 2nd International Conference on Advanced High Strength Steel and Press Hardening (ICHSU2015), which was held in Changsha, China, during October 1518, 2015. To satisfy the increasingly urgent requirement of reducing the weight of vehicle structures and increasing passenger safety, ICHSU2015 provided an excellent international platform for researchers to share their knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of advanced high strength steel and press hardening technology. This conference aroused great interests and attentions from domestic and foreign researchers in hot stamping field. Experts in this field from Australia, China, Germany and Sweden, contributed to the collection of research results and developments. The papers cover almost all the current topics of advanced high strength steel and press hardening technology.
Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Advanced High Strength Steel and Press Hardening (ICHSU 2022)
Author: Yisheng Zhang
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 9464631147
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 456
Book Description
This is an open access book. The scope of papers is as follows (including but not limited to): Material and process of low temperature hot stamping (heating temperature 750-800°C) Cold stamping technology of advanced high strength steel 1180-1470MPa Technology and application of multi-material forming (mixed forming of carbon fiber composites, steel and aluminum) Laser blanking and defect prevention of advanced high strength steel Process of new coating of high strength steel and prevention of hydrogen embrittlement delayed fracture Research progress of multi-step hot stamping strengthening technology High strength steel/aluminum alloy and light-weight and high performance materials Hot stamping of high-strength steel/high-strength aluminium alloy Stamping and roll forming of high strength steel Cold/hot stamping of tailor-welded blanks Modeling and forming simulation of stamping components Application of advanced high strength steel stamping Material surface condition, friction and lubrication Material coatings, corrosion and corrosion protection Hot stamping Component design and body-in-white Heating and cooling methods and processes Microstructure and phase transition of cold-hot stamping forming material Tooling design and manufacturing Test and evaluation of advanced high strength steel stamping components Laser cutting and welding of advanced high strength steel stamping components Digital and intelligent technology and application of hot stamping forming equipment Lightweight design and advanced high strength steel components forming technology for commercial vehicles Other advanced forming technologies
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 9464631147
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 456
Book Description
This is an open access book. The scope of papers is as follows (including but not limited to): Material and process of low temperature hot stamping (heating temperature 750-800°C) Cold stamping technology of advanced high strength steel 1180-1470MPa Technology and application of multi-material forming (mixed forming of carbon fiber composites, steel and aluminum) Laser blanking and defect prevention of advanced high strength steel Process of new coating of high strength steel and prevention of hydrogen embrittlement delayed fracture Research progress of multi-step hot stamping strengthening technology High strength steel/aluminum alloy and light-weight and high performance materials Hot stamping of high-strength steel/high-strength aluminium alloy Stamping and roll forming of high strength steel Cold/hot stamping of tailor-welded blanks Modeling and forming simulation of stamping components Application of advanced high strength steel stamping Material surface condition, friction and lubrication Material coatings, corrosion and corrosion protection Hot stamping Component design and body-in-white Heating and cooling methods and processes Microstructure and phase transition of cold-hot stamping forming material Tooling design and manufacturing Test and evaluation of advanced high strength steel stamping components Laser cutting and welding of advanced high strength steel stamping components Digital and intelligent technology and application of hot stamping forming equipment Lightweight design and advanced high strength steel components forming technology for commercial vehicles Other advanced forming technologies
Advanced High Strength Steel and Press Hardening
Author: Mingtu Ma
Publisher:
ISBN: 9789813277984
Category : Hard-facing
Languages : en
Pages : 631
Book Description
Publisher:
ISBN: 9789813277984
Category : Hard-facing
Languages : en
Pages : 631
Book Description
Hot Stamping of Ultra High-Strength Steels
Author: Eren Billur
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319988700
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 251
Book Description
Providing a comprehensive overview of hot stamping (also known as ‘press hardening’), this book examines all essential aspects of this innovative metal forming method, and explores its various uses. It investigates hot stamping from both technological and business perspectives, and outlines potential future developments. Individual chapters explore topics such as the history of hot stamping, the state of the art, materials and processes employed, and how hot stamping is currently being used in the automotive industry to create ultra-high-strength steel components. Drawing on experience and expertise gathered from academia and industry worldwide, the book offers an accessible resource for a broad readership including students, researchers, vehicle manufacturers and metal forming companies.
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319988700
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 251
Book Description
Providing a comprehensive overview of hot stamping (also known as ‘press hardening’), this book examines all essential aspects of this innovative metal forming method, and explores its various uses. It investigates hot stamping from both technological and business perspectives, and outlines potential future developments. Individual chapters explore topics such as the history of hot stamping, the state of the art, materials and processes employed, and how hot stamping is currently being used in the automotive industry to create ultra-high-strength steel components. Drawing on experience and expertise gathered from academia and industry worldwide, the book offers an accessible resource for a broad readership including students, researchers, vehicle manufacturers and metal forming companies.
Design-basis Accident Analysis Methods For Light-water Nuclear Power Plants
Author: Robert Martin
Publisher: World Scientific
ISBN: 9813275677
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 717
Book Description
This book captures the principles of safety evaluation as practiced in the regulated light-water reactor nuclear industry, as established and stabilized over the last 30 years. It is expected to serve both the current industry and those planning for the future. The work's coverage of the subject matter is the broadest to date, including not only the common topics of modeling and simulation, but also methods supporting the basis for the underlying assumptions, the extension to radiological safety, what to expect in a licensing review, historical perspectives and the implication for new designs.This text is an essential resource for practitioners and students, on the current best-practices in nuclear power plant safety and their basis. Contributors of this work are subject matter experts in their specialties, much of which was nurtured and inspired by Prof. Larry Hochreiter, a prominent nuclear safety pioneer.Related Link(s)
Publisher: World Scientific
ISBN: 9813275677
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 717
Book Description
This book captures the principles of safety evaluation as practiced in the regulated light-water reactor nuclear industry, as established and stabilized over the last 30 years. It is expected to serve both the current industry and those planning for the future. The work's coverage of the subject matter is the broadest to date, including not only the common topics of modeling and simulation, but also methods supporting the basis for the underlying assumptions, the extension to radiological safety, what to expect in a licensing review, historical perspectives and the implication for new designs.This text is an essential resource for practitioners and students, on the current best-practices in nuclear power plant safety and their basis. Contributors of this work are subject matter experts in their specialties, much of which was nurtured and inspired by Prof. Larry Hochreiter, a prominent nuclear safety pioneer.Related Link(s)
Advanced Concepts In Nuclear Energy Risk Assessment And Management
Author: Tunc Aldemir
Publisher: World Scientific
ISBN: 9813225629
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 554
Book Description
Over the past 30 years, numerous concerns have been raised in the literature regarding the capability of static modeling approaches such as the event-tree (ET)/fault-tree (FT) methodology to adequately account for the impact of process/hardware/software/firmware/human interactions on nuclear power plant safety assessment, and methodologies to augment the ET/FT approach have been proposed. Often referred to as dynamic probabilistic risk/safety assessment (DPRA/DPSA) methodologies, which use a time-dependent phenomenological model of system evolution along with a model of its stochastic behavior to model for possible dependencies among failure events. The book contains a collection of papers that describe at existing plant level applicable DPRA/DPSA tools, as well as techniques that can be used to augment the ET/FT approach when needed.
Publisher: World Scientific
ISBN: 9813225629
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 554
Book Description
Over the past 30 years, numerous concerns have been raised in the literature regarding the capability of static modeling approaches such as the event-tree (ET)/fault-tree (FT) methodology to adequately account for the impact of process/hardware/software/firmware/human interactions on nuclear power plant safety assessment, and methodologies to augment the ET/FT approach have been proposed. Often referred to as dynamic probabilistic risk/safety assessment (DPRA/DPSA) methodologies, which use a time-dependent phenomenological model of system evolution along with a model of its stochastic behavior to model for possible dependencies among failure events. The book contains a collection of papers that describe at existing plant level applicable DPRA/DPSA tools, as well as techniques that can be used to augment the ET/FT approach when needed.