A Predictive Model for Rollover in Stratified LNG Tanks PDF Download
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Author: Janet Heestand
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 22
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Book Description
Author: Janet Heestand
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 22
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Author: Pooya Arjomandnia
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Liquefied natural gas
Languages : en
Pages : 256
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Book Description
[Truncated abstract] One of the major petroleum exports produced in Australia is Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), which is a highly processed and purified natural gas. It is stored as a cryogenic liquid at temperatures of about -162°C and pressures slightly above atmospheric. "Rollover" is one of the major issues concerning the safety and mechanical stability of storage and transportation facilities for LNG. Addition of a new LNG mixture to an existing LNG without adequate mixing can result in the formation of separate strata with different densities due to differences in temperature and composition, within the storage tank. Heat leaks through the bottom and the wall of a storage tank, cause temperature changes in the stored LNG layers. Rollover refers to the rapid mixing of stratified LNG layers due to the equalization of their mass densities over time caused by heat and mass transfer between the layers. Rollover leads to the release of an abnormal amount of vapour into the storage tank, which endangers its mechanical stability and may result in a loss of valuable product through venting, with associated environmental pollution. In this Thesis, the fundamental issues associated with rollover are reviewed, a summary of past simulations plus their limitations is given, and a new program for simulating rollover is presented. The new simulation links the software packages REFPROP 8.0 and Mathematica 7.0; the former is used to calculate the physical properties of LNG as a function of temperature, pressure, and composition, and the latter is used to solve the coupled ordinary differential equations describing the material and energy balance relations for each strata. Importantly the software REFPROP 8.0 uses the most accurate available model, the GERG-2004 Equation of State 1, to calculate the thermodynamic properties of the LNG. The model also allows different correlations and analogies to be used to calculate the coefficients of heat and mass transfer between the layers. The new model was used to simulate the La Spezia LNG rollover incident documented by Sarsten 2 in 1972. The simulation was found to be very sensitive to several parameters including those in the selected heat transfer coefficient correlation, the fraction of heat absorbed by the vapour phase, and initial temperature difference between the vapour and upper liquid layer. ... A modification of Turner's model applicable to LNG mixtures was constructed which used the Chilton Colburn analogy to define the ratio of heat to mass transfer for Rc > 5. For Rc
Author: Olivier Marcel
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 18
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Book Description
In order to improve safety and to optimize tank operations, Gas de France conducted theoretical and experimental studies on forced and natural LNG mixtures. The studies involved: - developing two models for predicting the rollover phenomenon, in co-operation with a CNRS laboratory; one model is intended for operators, the other for scientists; both were validated on the basis of natural variations in LNG stratification investigated in a 500 cublic meter tank, - monitoring the ageing of an homogeneous LNG batch and partial evolution of a stratified LNG stored in a 120,000 cubic meter tank, - carrying out stirring tests in a 500 cubic meter LNG tank, the resultsof which showed gaps in the theory. The aggregate results obtained in these studies help deepen theoretical and practical understanding of LNG mixtures, and can be used to plan new developments for the operating of LNG storage tanks. [Authors' abstract].
Author: David Wood
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0443134197
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 520
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Book Description
Sustainable Liquefied Natural Gas, the latest release in The Fundamentals and Sustainable Advances in Natural Gas Science and Engineering series, delivers many of the technical fundamentals needed in the natural gas industry with an additional sustainability lens. Introductory topics include liquefication and separation technology. Advanced applications include improving operational efficiency for carriers and cargo shipping schedules, exploiting cold energy for regasification operations, and an outlook on ways to further reduce emissions. Supported by corporate and academic contributors along with two well-distinguished editors, Sustainable Liquefied Natural Gas provides today’s natural gas engineers the knowledge to adjust liquefied natural gas operations in a more environmentally sustainable way. Provides case studies and visuals to illustrate how new principles can be applied in practical situations Presents innovative advances that are leading to improved environmental performance Bridges theory and applications with methods and examples from worldwide contributors in academia and industry
Author: D. Dobrotă
Publisher: IOS Press
ISBN: 1643682237
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 764
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Book Description
The need for green technologies and solutions which will deliver the energy requirements of both the developed and developing world to support sustainability and protect the environment worldwide has never been more urgent. This book contains the proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Green Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development (GEESD2021) which, due to the COVID-19 pandemic around the world and with the strict travel restrictions in China, was held as a hybrid conference (both physically and online via Zoom) in Shanghai, China on 26 and 27 June 2021. It provided an opportunity to bring together an international community of leading scientists, researchers, engineers and academics, as well as industrial professionals, to exchange and share their experiences and research results in the energy, environment and sustainable development sector. In total, 80 participants were able to exchange knowledge and discuss the latest developments in the field. GEESD2021 attracted more than 250 submissions, 88 of which were accepted after an extensive period of peer review by more than 100 reviewers and members of the program committee. These are included here, grouped into 3 sections, with 28 papers on sustainable energy; 34 on ecology; and 26 papers covering environmental pollution and protection. Offering an overview of the most up-to-date findings and technologies in the field of sustainable energy and environmental protection, the book will be of interest to all those working in this field.
Author: Mohammad Reza Rahimpour
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 044319226X
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 394
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Book Description
Advances in Natural Gas: Formation, Processing, and Applications is a comprehensive eight-volume set of books that discusses in detail the theoretical basics and practical methods of various aspects of natural gas from exploration and extraction, to synthesizing, processing and purifying, producing valuable chemicals and energy. The volumes introduce transportation and storage challenges as well as hydrates formation, extraction, and prevention. Volume 6 titled Natural Gas Transportation and Storage is separated into three sections. The first section discusses different natural gas transportation technologies (such as LNG, CNG, ANG, GTS, etc.). The second section introduces related apparatus for natural gas transportation and storage, including measurement systems, compressors, pumps, etc.as well as pipelines and controlling equipment. The last section explains challenges of natural gas transmission including inhibition of pipeline corrosion, cracking and wax deposition accompanied with pipeline cleaning challenges. Introduces various natural gas transportation technologies (LNG, CNG, ANG) Describes different apparatus for natural gas transportation and storage Includes various challenges of natural gas transportation such as pipeline corrosion and wax deposition
Author: John L. Woodward
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 047059022X
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 392
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Book Description
The expert, all-inclusive guide on LNG risk based safety Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is the condensed form of natural gas achieved by cryogenic chilling. This process reduces gas to a liquid 600 times smaller in volume than it is in its original state, making it suitable for economical global transportation. LNG has been traded internationally and used with a good safety record since the 1960s. However, with some accidents occurring with the storage and liquefaction of LNG, a good understanding of its mechanisms, and its potential ramifications to facilities and to the nearby public, is becoming critically important. With an unbiased eye, this book leans on the expertise of its authors and LNG professionals worldwide to examine these serious safety issues, while addressing many false assumptions surrounding this volatile energy source. LNG Risk Based Safety: Summarizes the findings of the Governmental Accountability Office's (GAO) survey of nineteen LNG experts from across North America and Europe Reviews the history of LNG technology developments Systematically reviews the various consequences from LNG releases— discharge, evaporation, dispersion, fire, and other impacts, and identifies best current approaches to model possible consequence zones Includes discussion of case studies and LNG-related accidents over the past fifty years Covering every aspect of this controversial topic, LNG Risk Based Safety informs the reader with firm conclusions based on highly credible investigation, and offers practical recommendations that researchers and developers can apply to reduce hazards and extend LNG technology.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Fossil fuels
Languages : en
Pages : 808
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Author: Frank Lees
Publisher: Butterworth-Heinemann
ISBN: 0123977827
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 3685
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Book Description
Safety in the process industries is critical for those who work with chemicals and hazardous substances or processes. The field of loss prevention is, and continues to be, of supreme importance to countless companies, municipalities and governments around the world, and Lees’ is a detailed reference to defending against hazards. Recognized as the standard work for chemical and process engineering safety professionals, it provides the most complete collection of information on the theory, practice, design elements, equipment, regulations and laws covering the field of process safety. An entire library of alternative books (and cross-referencing systems) would be needed to replace or improve upon it, but everything of importance to safety professionals, engineers and managers can be found in this all-encompassing three volume reference instead. The process safety encyclopedia, trusted worldwide for over 30 years Now available in print and online, to aid searchability and portability Over 3,600 print pages cover the full scope of process safety and loss prevention, compiling theory, practice, standards, legislation, case studies and lessons learned in one resource as opposed to multiple sources
Author: LAURENT André
Publisher: Lavoisier
ISBN: 2743063963
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 634
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Book Description
La maîtrise des risques technologiques et industriels est maintenant une exigence sociétale majeure. En effet à la suite de l'accident AZF à Toulouse, un foisonnement de protocoles et d'applications réglementaires a induit une évolution de la conception du danger et de la notion de risque, qui a conduit au passage d'une évaluation déterministe à une causalité probabiliste. Sécurité des procédés chimiques vise à fournir les outils permettant d'appréhender l'analyse du risque et l'appréciation des conséquences. La terminologie y est actualisée avec les nouveaux termes d'aléa, d'enjeux, d'intensité, de cinétique et de vulnérabilité. Les connaissances de base sont présentées suivant les récentes typologies classiques des caractéristiques des effets des phénomènes de dangers. Outre les méthodes simples et classiques d'analyse des risques (APR - HAZOP - Arbres), l'aspect méthodologique est complété par la présentation de la méthode du nœud papillon et de quelques nouvelles méthodes systémiques intégrées (MOSAR - ARAMIS - LOPA). La démarche de la maîtrise des risques est enrichie d'une revue très complète des concepts de défense en profondeur, de couches de protection, de lignes de défense, de fonctions de sécurité et de différentes barrières rarement proposés simultanément. Enfin, le contenu de l'étude de dangers est décrit d'après la base réglementaire de leur guide d'élaboration. Compte tenu de son approche systémique et pédagogique, ce livre est accessible au débutant tout en répondant aux exigences des spécialistes. Sécurité des procédés chimiques s'adresse donc aussi bien aux ingénieurs, industriels, techniciens, cadres des services publics, des communautés urbaines et des collectivités territoriales, enseignants, chercheurs qu'aux élèves ingénieurs des grandes écoles scientifiques et aux étudiants de licence, master et doctorat des universités…
